State.

By order of the Society,
JAMES MADISON, Pres't.

the subject of agriculture, and to cherish that cerning the bringing up of their children, and not be well for our legislature to prevent the spirit of imitation and emulation, which is the when disabled by disease, infirmities or old age, increase of their number by obliging all slaves source of improvement in every art and enter-they are certain of their usual support without who hereafter shall acquire their freedom, by prize. You will oblige, Sir, the Society of Albemarle, mendicity. Their work is usually light, never Among the several means that suggest themever being under the necessity of recurring to any means whatsoever, to leave the state? by laying this communication before that over above their power, and it is not uncommon to see selves to us, none seem so well calculated to anwhich you preside; and by transmitting its senti- them return home after having finished their swer the end in view as those by which the white ments thereon; which will afford particular plea-day's work at 1 or 2 o'clock, and frequently even population would be considerably augmented.sure, if they should accord with the views of this earlier than this. There are few or no instances This, however, requires some exertions on our Society, and promise so valuable a co-operation of this among the poor class in Europe. The part and some money judiciously expended; for in carrying them into effect. slave having finished his task is perfectly master as the tide of emigration from Europe does not of his own time: he sleeps, or he works in set this way, it is necessary to give it a direc the ground allowed him for a garden, by which iton. As for emigration from other states to this, OBSERVATIONS, &c.-OLIVES, GRAPES, comfort. But whether he sleeps or works for rope, because, by it, we would gain population means he is enabled to procure a few articles of we conceive it not so desirable as that from EuWOOL AND SILK. We have just received the following Tract kind of trouble either for the present or the fu- the other, not only the increase of population of himself, his mind is absolutely free from any at the expense of our neighbours, and that by from its worthy author, whose benevolent feel-ture, for himself or for his children. In short this state would be effected, but also that of the ings and intelligent mind, impel him frequently he is fully satisfied that happen what may, he United States. Neither would emigration from to exert his talents for the benefit of Society. To will be supplied with food and raiment, and he is other states favor the plan here to be developed; improve the condition of his fellow beings, to never in danger of seeing the constable seize his besides, we have not for the inhabitants of other exalt their character and augment the sum of bed for house rent, &c. Notwithstanding all this, states, except mechanics, inducements to emigrahuman happiness, are the high objects of his we admit that slavery is far from being desira- tion equal to those offered by the rich soil of the constant and generous solicitude. ble, either for the slave or the master: Apathy, Western country. Edit. Am. Farmer. indolence, and want of energy and industry are Observations by A Member of the Board of Pub-servants lead still an easier life. Their number pute, and that is, that the power and wealth of alike, generally, the portion of both. Our house particular which, it is presumed, no one will disAll writers on political economy agree in one lic Works of South Carolina, suggested by re- is such in every family that each of them has states is always in proportion to their effective cent events, respecting a change of POPULA- but little to do, and here, perhaps lies a great population. Therefore the great object of gov TION and cultivation or production of new part of the evil. Town slaves, whether me- ernments is, or ought to be to promote the popu objects of industry, such as OLIVES, GRAPES, chanics, or house servants, are always very well lation of their country in proportion to its terWOOL and SILK, particularly in parts of that fed and well clothed. They are selected from ritorial extent and resources, by introducing eveIt has frequently been asserted, and probably indulgence of masters, many have been allowed to able for them, that the people may be industriamong the most intelligent, and, by the misplaced ry article of culture, commerce or industry, suitwith truth, that slavery is an obstacle to im-learn to read and write. It is among these idle ous, honest and happy, as well as numerous. We provements and to the increase of the white po-pampered fellows that we must ever expect to have here an uncommon inducement for endeapulation. The late distressing events in Charles- find discontent, and it is a well known fact that vouring to produce such a state of things, and it ton prove that it certainly is attended with con-all the blacks concerned in the late attempt at an is that were our state thickly inhabited by an insiderable danger. Very few persons in the Southern, as well as in and were, almost without exception, fully in the ver think of making any attempt at an insurrecinsurrection belonged to very indulgent masters, dustrious class of white people, our slaves would ne the Northern states look upon it in any other light enjoyment of their master's confidence. Many of tion. Besides this, if it should ever be thought than as a great evil entailed upon us by our an-them were, or pretended to be, very religious, advisable to suppress slavery entirely and send cestors, and, like hereditary diseases of the hu- and several were preachers. In the revolution away the emancipated blacks to where they man body, the cure is extremely difficult, and of St. Domingo, it is almost without an excep- might be independent and happy, if they would be all that can be done with comparative facility is tion also, that the most indulgent masters were industrious, we should have a population of whites to administer palliatives. Some means at this the first sacrificed. Severe masters kept their ready to spread itself on our richer lands. time seem necessary to be adopted to check the slaves at work on the plantations a very long Supposing the state of South Carolina to congrowing evil, whether it is intended ever to sup-time after that country was in a state of re-tain sixteen millions of acres, (accuracy is not press slavery totally, or merely to modify it so as bellion and the negroes had been declared free here essential) it is thought that nearly one half of to correct in a great degree the worst effects of by the French government. it and prevent, if possible, the recurrence of the late disturbances. It is not intended here to dis-that great severity is the surest means of keep-of which ought to be deducted about three milFrom these indisputable facts it would appear amounting therefore to about eight millions, out it is pine barrens, sand-hills and other pine lands cuss the subject of slavery; but, taking the pre-ing slaves in due subjection. But God forbid that lions for the water courses and our rich swamp sent situation of things as we find them, the such a plan be adopted! Humanity forbids it, lands bordering on them, and a small g question is, what is best to be done consistently and when we have recourse to severe punish-of pine land of a better quality, which is prewith humanity towards our slaves, and our duty ments, it ought to be only in obedience to the sumed to be a full allowance. There remains to ourselves and posterity?. quantity In order to answer this question, it will be necommands of the most imperious necessity. cessary to take a brief view of the present state slaves in towns, and which it becomes our duty sent but a very scanty population of such inAnother great cause of discontent among the barrens and sand-hills, which support at pre then an extent of five millions of acres of pine of things, considering at the same time the pro- to remedy, is that many mechanics and others efficient people, with some few exceptions, bable causes that led to the evil complained of. There is not the smallest doubt that the con- are intelligent and industrious, they undertake the least to the wealth or power of the state.hire their own time from their owners. If they that it may not be considered as adding in dition of our slaves has been very greatly and work on their own account, by which they make The land itself is considered as of little or no vaprogressively ameliorated since the revolutiona- a great deal of money which they spend as they lue in its present state. Is this vast tract of counThe spirit of philanthropy which has please, and by that means, create a great degree try really of no value? and is it not capable of usebeen more generally diffused with education, of jealousy among the others who are not allow-ful productions and of supporting a more numerknowledge and milder manners, joined particu-fed similar privileges. If they are vicious and illous and better class of people? This is what we larly to the self interest of the owners of slaves, disposed, it puts it in their power to do a great are going to examine. saving machinery has rendered the labour of the mong the slaves, one which perhaps justice and we intend to cast indiscriminately any censure on slaves much lighter than formerly, beside which equity prevents our remedying, or which at least all the inhabitants of the sand hills. We know In what precedes let it not be imagined that they are better fed, better clothed and treated less cannot be remedied but on the plea of expedien-of some exceptions of honest and industrious harshly. If we compare the situation of our slaves cy and the great law of nature, self-preservation, people, which serve to prove that their lands with that of the labouring class of other coun-is the great number of free negroes and other co-have some value, as some of them live decently tries, the former will be found, most undoubted-loured people who live among us. Some few of and raise numerous children; and, were they ly, to have considerably the advantage. What-them are honest and respectable, but the great-taught the raising of productions better adapted ever be the dearth of provisions, clothing, fuel, est number are otherwise. Their mixing with to their soil, might be in comparative affluence. &c. they are sure to be abundantly supplied.When they are sick, they have always good me sels and the example of the idle or dissolute might be raised, it is presumed, in this tract of our slaves renders them dangerous by their coundical attendance; they have no uneasiness con-lives which many of them lead. Four different articles of first rate importance Would it country, viz: Olive oil, wool, silk, and wine.

ry war.

have availed much. The introduction of labour-deal of mischief. Another source of disquiet a

The Olive Tree is supposed not to thrive well at berry tree grows very well here, as the writer that injurious luxuriance experienced in richer a considerable distance from the sea; but it does of this can prove by ocular demonstration, having soils, which is probably one of the causes of the not require a rich soil, and it is probable would upwards of one hundred of them. The climate rot. 4th. The climate is similar to those known grow and thrive in the pine barrens in the lower is very suitable for the tree as well as for the to produce the best wines. Indeed it would be part of the state. Particular and convenient spots worm, and our sand-hills are eminently calculat- a very strange case (were it a fact) if the vine of these lands might be selected for the purpose ed to raise great quantities of silk of the best could not be made to succeed here. It is found of making the experiment with great probability quality; for it is found that, as the olive oil is of to do well in all countries in similar latitudes, etof success. The writer of this, for want of ex- a superior quality when raised on a poor sandy ther North or South. Europe, Asia, Africa and perience, can say nothing positive on the subject, soil, so is the silk produced from worms on the South America produce wines, and why not South except from what he has seen in countries where leaves of the mulberry tree that grows on a poor Carolina? It will be objected, perhaps, that the the olive is cultivated most successfully, and the soil, found to be of the finest quality. A refer-soil of our upper districts is better suited to the writings of eminent authors. The celebrated ence to the author already quoted, "the Abbe Ro- different articles of culture here proposed; but writer on agriculture, the Abbe Rosier, says: sier," will prove this satisfactorily. besides its being very doubtful, the intended ob"The choice of soil is in general very indifferent It is to be observed that the raising of silk is ject would not be answered. We certainly do *for the olive tree, since we see it grow and very little or no obstacle to the cultivation of not wish to discourage the introducing of any "succeed well in sandy, stoney, gravelly, and any thing else; for the life of the worm is only new culture in the upper districts; but we must "also in volcanic soils; it is even in those soils, of 4 to 6 weeks, when the crop is completely ob- keep in mind that the great object is to give value "that it yields the finest oil," &c. Is it not worth tained, and attention may then be turned to any to an extensive tract of country which at present while to make some attempts at introducing the thing else. To cultivate this valuable article with possesses none; increase the population, wealth culture of so valuable a tree? Our most eminent advantage, it would perhaps be indispensable to and importance of the state by adapting different statesmen have recommended it. procure a few individuals from the South of articles of culture to the different kinds of soil

There is no kind of doubt but SHEEP would do France or from Italy, who, for this object, joined suited to them, and particularly in those soils well in this country, and the great demand for to some other, might be suitably settled in that are not probably suited to the production of wool, particularly of the finest quality for the our sand-hills. The growing disposition for any thing else that has as yet been discovered. manufactures in the Northern States, gives us manufactures in the Northern states indicates to With such prospects as are here exhibited, the greatest encouragement to raise this most us what we ought to do to supply them with the shall we not make an attempt that promises such invaluable animal as an article of commerce, the raw materials they want. Every effort of this vast resources, and advantages of every kind? carcases of which would also be a most valua-kind tends to cement the bonds of our union, and The culture of the grape requires, or rather adble addition to our meat markets. Many objec-this consideration, independent of any other, ought mits of a dense population. It has a tendency to tions have been raised against the rearing of to induce us to avail ourselves of all the advan- diminish the practice of intoxication, by furnishsheep, and those who have tried it have suc- tages which our soil and climate offer to our pa- ing a lighter beverage for the working class of ceeded but imperfectly. It cannot be denied that triotism, as well as to our industry. people; and the advantages of habits of tempersheep, like any other domestic animal, cannot That silk can be raised in this country cannot ance and sobriety are incalculable. By it a vast be raised to advantage without having some care admit of a doubt; for it has repeatedly been raised extent of country, now of no value, would rival and attention paid to them; but the expense at- in a small way, and many of us may remember a in products some of our best lands. Who can tending on these cares will probably always ex-worthy member of the Legislature from Abbe- foretell the value of these lands? Similar ones ceed the proceeds, so long as we keep them in ville wearing in Columbia during the last war, in other countries, when under this invaluable culsuch small numbers as has been done heretofore in silk homespun clothes. It is not within our reach ture are, sold at enormous prices. What advanthis country. We find in the invaluable corres-at this moment to ascertain the amount of silk tages in a political point of view! Nearly five pondence of Gen. Washington with Arthur Young raised in other countries, either in quantity of sub-millions of acres of land now unproductive and and Sir John Sinclair, among others, the follow- stance or in its value in money; but we know it is uninhabited, after a few years, bearing nearly the ing observations: "Wolves are named as a mo- very great, and it is undoubtedly a considerable same prices as some our most valuable lands, and tive for not keeping sheep; surely they cannot source of wealth wherever it is raised in quanti-thickly settled by a hardy, industrious and ho"be serious who urge it. They abound all over ties, by affording employment for many poor peo- nest people. What a source of revenue to the "Europe, in France and Spain, among the great-ple and furnishing materials for the richest ma-state, and what an efficient force for the defence "est flocks in the world; and no wolf could get nufactures. and protection of the country? If we do not a"into my sheep houses, or at least I may say, The next and last object of culture recom-dopt measures tending to obtain some such ends, "that nothing is so easy as to keep him out, even mended for our sandy lands, and probably the how can this state keep pace with the progress of "of a yard. Dogs are also an enemy; but Ame- most important in every respect, is the GRAPE. the other states in population and power? "rica surely has laws, as well as we, that make Colonel John L. Sullivan, in his very valuable It is not intended here to induce a belief that "every man answerable for the mischief done little essay on the "principles of political eco- every spot of these five millions of acres is suit"by his dog. By night, if secure from wolves" nomy applicable to the public works, com-able for grape vines. It is not so, nor is it desira"they are secure from dogs; and by day, shep-"merce and finance of South-Carolina," says, ble that it should be so. A considerable propor"herds may have loaded fire arms to kill all (page 8 ;) "The Southern states, whenever it is tion must be cultivated in corn, peas, potatoes, &c. "that approach. While they are kept by" for their advantage, will supply the rest of the by the vine dresser himself for his support and that "scores, such objections may hold good; but when" states (besides their present staples,) with all of his family. A considerable part of this land will "by hundreds and thousands, they must vanish."" the sugar, oil and wine, they may require.- probably never be in a state of cultivation; but it It is very evident that so timid an animal as the "A report of the secretary of the treasury, a will answer for sheep-walks, pasturage for catsheep must always be protected against its ene-"few years ago, estimates the value imported in tle, timber for building, fuel, &c. Admitting even mies, and that a fair experiment can never be" one year, to have been, in wine, eight millions that the population in this tract of country should made with them unless it is with a number com-" of dollars, in spirits, eight millions," &c. and (in not exceed, on an average, one person for every petent to defray the expense of a shepherd. A page 21,) "Those extensive tracts of sandy soil fifty acres, still it would form a population of one shepherd with a pair of dogs, it is believed could" may be found congenial to the vine, and like hundred thousand; but it is susceptible of mainbe easily procured from Europe and kept here" the same soils in the South of Europe, where taining many more, probably one family or more at a very small expense; as the wages of such a health reigns perennial, yield those mild tonic on every fifty acres. This country being settled man are there very trifling. Hundreds of exten-“wines so friendly to health, temperance and pros-by persons accustomed to labour and industry, in sive flocks would find abundant and wholesome" perity." Many other writers have expressed the collection of manures, and encouraged by the pastures in our sand-hills, and a sufficiency of the same opinion, and it is a matter of surprise example of abler cultivators, would soon change cow-peas, &c. might easily be raised for their that the experiment has never been fully made. the face of the country and render it comparativewintering. The writer has no doubt, from the attention hely fertile.

44

This object, it is true would not directly tend has, for some years past, paid to this object, that That emigration from Europe which is naturto increase much our population, as very few per- an experiment properly and fully made would ally directed to the Northern and Western states, sons are sufficient for a great number of sheep; but be attended with complete success. may be partly diverted to this by offering ad

by adding considerably to our wealth and means That Grapes will grow in our sand-hills is vantages to emigrants. Almost any numbers of of subsistence, would promote the intended object. to be inferred from the following considerations: cultivators of the vine may be procured from SILK is the next object to be considered. The 1st. They do well in similar soils in Europe and different parts of France by defraying the exmulberry tree, on which the silk worm feeds, is other countries. 2nd. Our sand-hills abound penses of their voyage, and by the promise of a found to grow spontaneously all over the state, in with native grape vines, some of which may certain quantity of land to each individual or faour sand-hills as well as on the rich banks of our be usefully cultivated.-3rd. The cultivated mily, after having worked a small number of rivers. The imported seed of the European mul-wine is found to thrive well; not to grow with years for the importer, or for him who would give

ble.

To the Editors of the Statesman.

Your obedient servant,

JESSE BUEL.

them their lands, with the necessary means of per editors, but retired from the political arena them. I think they are not surpassed for beauty forming each his settlement. Besides the cul-and the perplexities and arduous duties of editor and goodness by any which I ever saw. tivation of the vine, they would raise their own of a public journal, to enjoy retirement, peace provisions, so as to be as independent as practica- and pleasure in the cultivation of his ample fields. As an agriculturist he is justly entitled A question here naturally occurs, which is to be ranked among the most useful of that vaBUTTER, CHEESE AND WINE. What will be the expense of forming such an luable class of citizens. The county of Albany Extract from the Report of Messrs. Bartlet: establishment? This is, perhaps, not the pro- owes much to his spirited exertions, and his exand Harvey, to the Rockingham Agricultuper place to enter into more of the many details ample in promoting the interests of agriculture. ral Society, at the late Cattle Show in Exeof the plan; but the expense would necessarily His farm, situated a few miles from the city of ter, N. H. depend on the number of families first brought in, Albany, which when purchased by him a few “The article of butter itself is deemed by and this to be sufficient to make a very full ex-years since, was merely waste land, and hardly periment, need not be considerable; but, how-considered worth cultivating, has become under your committee of so much interest to the citi zens of New Hampshire as to have deserved ever the plan is carried into execution, it must his management and indefatigible industry, one much more consideration than it is in their be the work of time and of the efforts of disin- of the best and most productive in the county power at this time to bestow upon it. The hills terested patriotism or legislative assistance. A The vegetable raised by Mr. Buel to which his and vales of New Hampshire, in a climate where small number of families having been thus brought communication relates, is held in high esteem at most kinds of grain can never be an object of and settled; they would undoubtedly invite their Albany, and we doubt not those he proposes cultivation, beyond the immediate wants of the friends to join them, and, in the course of time, sending to this city will be soon disposed of after farmer, suggest to us the propriety of studying when their successes could no longer be doubt- their arrival, of which we shall give notice. the best means to avail ourselves of the profits ed, persons having capital to enable them to emiof grazing.-Your committee will not stop to grate at their own expense, purchase land and As you profess to devote a portion of your pa- give estimates of the net proceeds to the farform settlements, would come and add to the number as well as to the stock of industry and per to the interests of agriculture, I take the li-mers of the article of butter; for we need no berty of communicating some facts relative to stronger evidence in favour of it as a lucrative wealth of the state. Thousands of poor people in the turnip culture, which I have prosecuted this source of income, than the fact of the great France, Germany, &c. whose industry, hard laquantity annually sent to market from this state, bour and the strictest economy can scarcely af-year to a greater extent than before. My farm, on the Albany commons, is a sandy above that of domestic consumption.-A merford them the means of supporting life, would loam, and, so far as I can jndge, very much re-chant of Boston, formerly a citizen of this State, be happy to come here, and even supposing, sembles the celebrated turnip soil of Norfolk, in whose extensive purchases and sales of this ar(which is very improbable,) that they could not England. The idea, which is prevalent in many ticle gave him very accurate means of judging succeed in raising the vine to advantage; they places, that the turnip requires a moist, peaty, of the quantity of butter sent to that market would still be better off than in their own coun- or very rich soil, is erroneous. It is equally an from New Hampshire, estimates it at no less try, where they have no prospect of ever ac-error that they will not grow on old lands, pro- than six hundred tons a year. quiring an inch of property. Here by their la- vided they have a dry and sandy soil. In Nor- It is not our present purpose to inquire, whebour, they would be certain of their support, folk there have been raised fine crops on soils ther this quantity may not be greatly and prothey would enjoy tranquillity and freedom, of which were eight-ninths silex; and perhaps they fitably increased, but merely to suggest some which they can have no hope in Europe. They do best where the sand does not constitute less considerations in relation to the immense saving, would be here in a country as healthy as any than 70 per cent. of the soil. I find I grow the which may be made upon this in its quality. spot on earth; for this is most undoubtedly the best crop on the sides and tops of my most san- The gentleman above alluded to, who feels a character of our sand-hills. Therefore, even in dy hills; while in places more moist, and deep interest in the welfare of his native state, the event of a very improbable failure of the abounding in more vegetable matter, they are of has ascertained that of all the butter from New principal object of culture, the others could not diminished size, ill flavored, and stringy. Hence Hampshire sold in that market, about one third fail, and while we would have increased the it has become a primary rule in my practice to only is found to be of the first sort, one third sewealth and importance of our state, we should sow this crop upon my lightest soils. cond sort, and one third of the third sort, which enjoy the philanthropic pleasure of having bettered the condition of thousands of peopie, by line better. For table use, the later the turnip is grown reduced its worth two cents per pound on the Those late sown, are more crisp, "seconds," and five cents on the "thirds ;" maplacing them in the full enjoyment of all the ad- juicy, firm, and better flavoured, than those king a loss of more than twenty five thousand vantages of a free government, viz: Abundance, which are maturing during the heats of Septem-dollars in one season. It is with propriety termLiberty and Equality. ber. I therefore sow late; the common sorts ed a loss, because this difference of quality ariLet us allow ourselves for a moment to indulge from the 25th July to the 6th August, and the ses principally from defect in the manner of main the prospect of this state furnishing to the Swedes early in July. king and preserving it. To this loss may also United States all the wines and brandies for their As a crop for cattle food, I have yet but little be added the delay and difficulty of finding a consumption. What enormous sums retained experience, except with the ruta baga. Of the market at all. Any arguments against increasin the country, produced by the soil and the in- utility and profit of these I am fully satisfied. ing the quantity for want of a market, surely dustry of its inhabitants! Have we not a right They are raised as cheap as Indian corn. The do not apply to the improvement of the quality, also to expect besides wine and brandy, raisins, average product is from 500 to 600 bushels. In and the latter may be accomplished with little almonds, figs and other fruit, which we now get a root cellar, or in piles of 100 bushels buried or no addition to the expense. Your committee at great expense, from the same countries from upon the surface of the ground, they keep per- however by no means assent to the idea, that which we get our wines? Furnishing at the fectly well, and are fed without being cut to neat the want of a market can with any propriety same time to the manufactures of the North, a cattle, with as little labour as any food. great proportion of the wool and all the silk I have raised turnips five years, with uniform they may work up into cloths, stockings, ribsuccess, and always as a second crop. You probands, &c. Let us also view in the prospect, bably recollect the high reputation they obtained the great security we should enjoy as the natural in the Albany market as a table vegetable. This consequence of so great an increase of our white year I have grown seven or eight acres, of differpopulation, and the great facility which this state ent kinds, viz. the flat red top and green top, the of things would give us to abolish slavery, if Norfolk white, the Aberdeen yellow, the globe Florida or South America, is such that none but ever it should be thought advisable to do so. and ruta baga; and they all prove excellent of the best butter preserved in the best manner Such a state of prosperity is so dazzling that it their kind. The two first yielded at the rate of can be offered at all. Whenever we complain seems as if we were basking in the sunshine of 760 bushels per acre. The whole were raised of the butter market, let us enquire how much visionary schemes, rather than coolly and sober-on ground on which I had previously taken (the of the butter is made of cream that has been ly deliberating on the means of attaining a prac- same year) clover, rye, wheat, flax and peas. kept until it is actually spoiled, packed up with Most of the ground had a light dressing of mathe plentiful supply of dark and coarse salt cana good proportion of all the butter milk; which nure, which was ploughed under, and the seed sown broadcast, and harrowed in. They were not prevent from fermenting and becoming ranthinned and weeded with the hoe once only.

ticable reality.

TURNIP CULTURE.

be urged against increasing the quantity of our butter, provided it be of a proper quality. entered in competition with that of other naSome of our best butter has of late successfully tions in the East India market; and the nature of the climate, where alone we must look for a market even of our own Southern States and

cid-put into kegs or firkins so badly constructThe following communication relating to ed and of so bad materials as to retain their I contemplate sending a few hundred bushels contents only during the cold season, in a norththe culture of turnips is from one who to your market in a day or two, when I beg you ern latitude. To improve our condition w lately belonged to the fraternity of newspa-will do me the favour to call at the boat and view not shut our eyes to our faults and imperfections

e must

It is with regret the committee find themselves The cheese of Mr. Gordon appeared to the "To each gallon of clear juice was added two compelled to admit, that there is through the committee to be subject to the same objection; gallons of water, and to each gallon of the mixState a culpable negligence in the manner of ma-still buyers would have great reason to rejoice ture was added three and a half pounds of white king and packing butter; and it is still more that our market was supplied with cheese of so Havana sugar, and put immediately into a clean painful to come to the conclusion which we can- good a quality as that of Mr. Gilman and that wine barrel; after it had done fermenting it was not resist, that Rockingham, on this head, deserves of Mr. Gordon. It would exhibit a wonderful bunged tight." more censure than any of her sister counties. improvement from its present condition. It is The red wine of Mr. Stevens was made by the While her population and wealth would justify however to be hoped that such is not the de-following receipt.

us in looking for praise worthy examples in all plorable condition of our dairies in the country, "To each gallon of clear juice was added two the arts, the products of the dairies of Hills-that only four persons make cheeses fit to be gallons of water, and to each gallon of mixture was borough, Cheshire, Grafton and even the yet seen, and that either shame or fear ought to de- added three and a half pounds of good brown sualmost unsettled Coos, give us specimens of ter all others from exposing the product of their gar, and put into good barrels; after it had done skill worthy of imitation; and Strafford is now labour to the view of their neighbours. fermenting, it was stopped tight. In February availing herself of the talents and assiduous zeal In the examination of the wines, the commit-after it was made, one gallon of the best 4th of her best citizens in agricultural improvements. tee bestowed that attention which so interesting proof Cogniac brandy was added to each barrel, It is not an apology for us to say that our soil is an investigation required, and were aided by the and stirred up thoroughly."

UNINTENTIONALLY DEFERRED.

The following article on DYEING appeared about a month since in the New York Statesman, in reply to a letter contained in that paper, and which was republished in No. 31 of this Vol. page 247.-Edit. Am. Far.

TO MY BROTHER DYER OF CINCINNATI, OHIO,
I was yesterday informed that an answer was

not new, that our fields and pastures are com-well timed opinions of many more experienced Both these samples were of the vintage of 1821. paratively unproductive. The soil of Rocking-judges, and a very general regret was express- Mr. Tilton's was of the vintage of 1820, and ham will compare with any county-much of it ed that few samples were exhibited. The com-made in the same proportions but without the has an advantage in the facility of procuring mittee indulge no extravagant fancies that our brandy. As the committee have no second predressing that no other section of the state can currant wine is to become a substitute entirely mium to award, it is unnecessary to discrimi boast. So much of it as is in the vicinity of the for those now imported. If it were of equal qua-nate between these wines.-We venture to say tide waters has always an inexhaustible supply lity there is no pretence we could at once change that the friends and guests of the owners will -to all parts of the county lime and plaster are a habit so fixed, or alter tastes, which have not need the praise of the committee to do these easily and cheaply conveyed. Under the auspi-long been accustomed to particular wines, or wines ample justice. Mr. Stephens has, the last cies of this society, with the liberal patronage what would be quite as difficult, to alter the and present year, made from his garden five barof an enlightened legislature, which we have no fashion as to what we should use. Take rels of this wine. And those who need such doubt will be extended to bring the aids of sci-from the veteran wine taster-who has every inducement to commence the manufacture of it, ence to the labours of the husbandman, it can- day puzzled his head either with the wine, or should be informed that it is an article quick in not be doubted, that the time is fast approaching with questions concerning its age, or the particu- the market for cash, at two dollars per gallon. when a committee to examine claims for premi-lar side of the hill on which the grape grew, from The present state of our machinery and proums on the products of the dairy, will not for which it was made-take from his eloqnent ha- cess of making it, will, no doubt, attract the atwant of competitors, be confined to the notice of rangue upon his "London picked particular," tention of the skillful and ingenious, and receive a few specimens of very small quantities. It is, it would be a proclamation of science to not a that improvement which it demands, and of however, in the present instance due to the com- few fashionable dinner tables. Such revolutions which it is unquestionably susceptible. petitors for the premiums on butter to say, that are not be expected, and perhaps not at once to in general the quality was such as to do them be desired, while for every gallon they pay a high credit for neatness, care and skill; and dollar toward the support of government. But the committee regret that our markets so sel- it is to be hoped an increased manufacture of dom, if ever, furnish like evidence. currant wine may diminish gradually the conThe three samples, between which the com-sumption of the more expensive imported wines, mittee found it most difficult to decide, were and supplant entirely the use of those of inferior those of Mr. Bradbury Robinson, of Greenland, quality. Large as may be the quantity at preMr. Biley L. Thing, of Brentwood, and Hon. Na-sent of imported wine; not much less is that thaniel Gilman, of Exeter. Mr. R.'s and G.'s but-now sold for imported wine, compounded in this ter was in cakes neatly pressed in moulds. Mr. country of ingredients, some of which are very Thing's closely packed in firkins.-They were deleterious to health. If any persons have a forth-coming to some of my observations on dyeall very perfectly manufactured, properly season- taste so vitiated as to drink for pleasure this ing, and in the Statesman of this day, it has made ed and of fine flavour. That of Mr. Robinson, compound, which is almost the only wine found its appearance. It was some time before I while it was fully equal, if not superior to the at the country shops, and also at most shops in could comprehend the meaning of the author, other in every quality in which the palate was sea ports, it is not of great importance what may or find out what application it had to any thing concerned, excelled in its colour and generai be the result of the experiment. But it is known I had written on the subject. On looking over appearance, and to him the committee awarded that wine is often prescribed by physicians, and my papers, I found my friend and countryman the first premium. To Mr. Thing, the second there is too much reason to believe, that many had very strangely mis-read my article on the premium was awarded. unfortunate patients, whose constitutions might subject of dyeing. The only candidates for premiums on Cheese, have withstood the original disease, have be- I would recommend my correspondent before were Miss Mary Adams of Londonderry, Mr. come victims to such poisons. he attempts to call another to account for theoBenjamin Sandborn of Kingston, Hon. Nathaniel The currant grows almost spontaneously in retical errors, to learn first to read what that Gilman of Exeter, and Mr. John Gordon of Ex-this country; it may, with ease be produced in person has written on this subject, and then to eter. For the richness, fineness of flavour, and any quantity-the process of making the wine understand what he is writing about himself. perfect state of preservation, the cheese of is easy and cheap, and its quality, while it is My brother artist may be a good practical dyer Miss Adams was considered best; and to her much above the inferior imported wines, has none in many of the colours, and be able to make the committee award the first premium. The of the deleterious properties of the manufactur- woad, and no doubt would be willing to make cheeses of Mr. Sandborn were deemed next in ed compounds. In judging of its quality, we money by both; this is very natural and very quality, and to him the second premium is ought to consider what improvements age and justifiable; but when he attempts to theorize on awarded. The other cheese offered were of good fining, what selection of fruit, place of ripening, the art, it is another thing, and he must not be quality. The old cheese of Mr. Gilman was of and mode of making, may add to it. Bestow displeased if I inform him that he has herein very fine flavour, but the committee believe, upon it half the labour and care that the epicure displayed a total ignorance of the subject.— from its hardness and dryness, too much power deems necessary for his "Madeira," and it will Whoever heard before of woad being a mordant? of the press was applied. While the curd is to then more richly deserve the appellation it has Let me advise him to search Bancraft, and tell be separated from the whey with the utmost already received from a most distinguished pa-me the next time he attempts to write, what exactness-it is believed to be best done not by triot and naval hero, that of "excellent wine." part of woad acts as a mordant. the press. By cutting (not breaking) the curd The samples of wine exhibited, were, of white It is painful to me to have to expose the ignorand suffering it to drain a sufficient time, the and red, by Mr. Samuel B. Stephens of Exeter; ance of a practical dyer, because he is a valuwhey will separate itself, and the press will be and of red, by Joseph Tilton, Esq. of Exeter. able citizen, and capable of rendering essential used only to give the curd its form and com- The wine from the white currant, for body and service to his adopted country, in as much as pactness; while if the curd and whey are, as too flavour, was preferred; and the committee award the art is at a very low ebb here. If money be often happens, put together into the press, the to Mr. Stevens the premium. This wine had no his object, and he is in want of a good income force which expels the latter, carries with it the distilled spirit mixed with it, and was made by and can bring proof of his practical talent, I will less solid though not less rich part of the curd. the following receipt: endeavour to find him one that will be to his sa

tisfaction; but as the young and rising artists of dients used in producing the colour, one of which from water but mineral and animal substances, this country are as liable to imbibe erroneous no-you have seen since you have been in this coun-how can this be better effected than by distilling tions as they are correct ones, he will excuse me try" when the subject did cause me to speak of the water? Here all the alleged impurities must if I attempt to show him, wherein he has fallen them. The practice and theory is here strangely be gone, every thing must be in the best state into error on the theory of dyeing. jumbled together.-And is it really true that you for colouring, and yet this water will not prohave seen one of the ingredients in this country duce good colours.

LETTERS on the POOR LAWS, originally published in the Petersburg Intelligencer, and addressed to the Representative of that town.

LETTER I.

In the course of your criticisms on Hopson, you have the two following clauses referring to that is used in producing scarlet?-this is truly In a few days I shall answer the queries that my opinion as addressed to the Editors of the surprising! and you must think so, for it appears have been put relative to other subjects, and alStatesman. to be a secret of too much value to be exposed. though I have felt an irresistible propensity to "Your correspondent who has written on the I should not wonder if you had met with black ridicule some of his opinions, he will not find scarlet dye, appears to be acquainted with only a oak bark, or some orange coloured root in the me deficient in giving him the best advice, or part of the theory of that art, as two essential woods that was a substitute for tumeric, as otherwise in assisting him in any way that can ingredients are not mentioned, one of which I these are often used in England; but if you best promote his interest; but I would advise have seen since my arrival in this country.-have I would advise you to seal up your lips him in future to deal in plain matter of fact, and Your friend is also in an error in supposing he hermetically and never let it escape, for it is of not to attempt that which is beyond his reach. can render colour more brilliant by using steam, too much consequence to be given away!!! If HOPSON. I have made use of steaming in dyeing for nearly you should remain in that country until next thirty years, and am well acquainted with its August, and put on your spectacles, and search advantages and disadvantages. It is a cheap the plants in the neighbourhood of Cincinnati, and expeditious mode: but it cannot be used for you will no doubt meet with the cochineal fly in fine colours, such as Saxon blue, green, pink, great numbers, it being there every year about crimson, scarlet, orange, yellow, and all other that season; but should you make this discovery delicate colours, but at the expense of their beauty." I hope you will keep it close, as you may be SIR-I do not know if you have ever seriously "All dyers should know, that when bright much injured by making it known! colours are wanted, the first step to be taken is considered the subject upon which I am about to also in an error in supposing I can address you, but as you are a general reader, I I am to clear the water of all mineral and animal sub-render colour more brilliant by using steam." am confident it cannot have entirely escaped your stances. This is all that is necessary to prepare In removing from the state of New-Jersey to notice. The great and rapidly increasing burthe liquor for any bright colour; but if raw wa- Brooklyn in the state of New-York, in June last, then of the Poor Laws demands some alleviation; ter be added, or steam suffered to flow into the some of my papers got mislaid and I cannot find and he will deserve well of his country who arvessel, the beauty of the colour will be destroy-two of my first essays; but this I am confident rests the progress of so considerable an evil. I ed, in proportion to the quantity admitted." ot that no such assertion was ever made in any am aware that a proposition, to abolish the whole In this short compass you have included more of them-as far as I remember, I asserted that errors than could be explained away in fifty pa- many of the bright colours could not be done system of the Poor Laws, may subject its advocates to the censure of all those kind old woges of close letter-press. I cannot credit that with a steam heat, as it had been found only to men whose heads are as tender as their hearts the essay was written by yourself, you most as- paint them, by which I meant that the dye did and that much popularity, with the unthinking, suredly could not, had you been capable of wri- not penetrate through the goods, and that on this must be sacrificed by the first attempt to abanting it, have issued such a parade of nonsensical account those who used steam usually had fire-don the Poor to the 'hard charity of an unfeeland contradictory theory. The next time you places under their boilers to employ a fire-heating world; yet I am so convinced by arguemploy a substitute let me beg of you for your when it was wanted. This has ever been my ments, which are doubtless as familiar to yourown sake, to look out for some person who will impression until I was informed by Messrs. self as to me, that every permanent provision express your thoughts more consistently. Haights', who are inferior to none in the theory for paupers necessarily increases their numbers;

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I have never given any receipt, or described and practice of dyeing, that some beautiful reds that I am anxious, by means of these short letters any mode of dyeing scarlet after the plan pursu- and other colours, I saw in their dyeing house ed in England, with cochineal. I first gave an were done by steam-heat. I must acknowledge before that portion of our fellow-citizens whose to you, to lay the reasoning upon their subject account of a new mode discovered by me in the that this information has, at any rate, suspended want of leisure has prevented their attention to years, 1807, 8 and 10, with nitro muris tartrate all the decisive objections I had previously en-this branch of political economy. The very genof potash, and of course all other ingredients com- tertained to this mode of colouring, and if iteral and profound ignorance of the great body of monly used were left out, excepting the colour- should be found to answer as well upon cloth as our people upon this subject is not less a matter ing matter, and if you will take the pains to look it has done upon their yarn, there cannot be a of astonishment than of regret ; and goes far to inover that article again, you will find I stated doubt of its being capable of producing any validate the truth of our once proud assertion, that I never had an opportunity of bringing this and every colour in the greatest possible perfec- that the people of this country, in whatever relatto perfection. In another paper to my very li- tion. ed to their rights or interests, were more enberal friends, Messrs. Carter and Prentiss, I gave "All dyers should know that when bright cothe process which was first discovered by your lours are wanted, the first step to be taken is to not be expected that new arguments can now be lightened than those of any other nation. It will humble servant, of dyeing scarlet with the colour-clear the water of all mineral and animal sub-advanced to maintain propositions, which more ing matter of a shell lac, or what is called lac stances." than twenty years of continual opposition and at

blame.

2 L

lake, and here also the process is very different I should like to know of this writer by what tack have not been able to destroy or even to from that of dyeing with cochineal. In that es- means he should get rid of mineral substances check in their gradual progress to general recep say, I stated that the receipt was lately obtained from water? would he pass it through quick lime tion. But many persons may read a short article from England; and, for your further informa- or through what? He will oblige me by explain- in a newspaper, who have not taken the trouble, tion, let me inform you that it was copied from ing the term mineral, is it of a metallic, earthy, nor spared the time to investigate the subject in the specification of the patentee, so that if it be or of a saline nature, and what effect does his a more elaborate work. My object will be gainerroneous, you may know where to attach the metallic substance produce on fine colours? It ed if a spirit of enquiry should be produced ais necessary to have an answer to these queries mong our citizens, which must inevitably result In order to elucidate the subject of the first of before I can judge of the correctness of his posi- in the conclusion, that Poor Laws independently these essays, on the use of nitro muris tartrate tion that it is necessary to remove it. of the burthen they impose upon industry, inof potash, I merely mentioned that in the old "But if raw water be added, or steam suffered aqua regia nearly saturated with to flow into the vessel, the beauty of the colour leviate. If this result be once generally attaincrease the very misery they were intended to alprocess tin, was u d in the proportion of three pounds will be destroyed, in proportion to the quantity ed; if the great body of the people be once fairto one of chineal." That "the materials were admitted." added whilst the liquor was boiling, the acid first, This is the last article I shall have to answer, which I object, if they be satisfied that they have ly convinced of the true tendency of the laws to and the others in succession. Soon as the cream and it caps the climax of the whole. Can dyeing hitherto only inflamed a wound which they atof tartar is precipitated into the liquor, a curd-go on without letting raw water run into the fur-tempted to heal; it would not then be, (as it cerling appearance is immediately formed, &c."- nace many times in the course of the day? In tainly would prove now,) an act of political marThis is the nearest approximation I have made, dyeing of scarlet the liquor is so much wasted by tyrdom to propose to the general assembly a refor giving a receipt for the usual scarlet dye, winding the cloth into a buck of raw water, that peal of the whole system. and as it was given to throw light on another during a day's working it has to be filled up one process, it could not be considered as a receipt. third or more with raw water, eight or ten times, imputed, and believed without much investigaThe charge of being uncharitable is readily It seems I cannot be "acquainted with the the-and without any thing being added to correct its tion; but even when undeserved, it is among ory of dyeing because I left out two of the ingre- rawness. If nothing is wanted to be removed those which are most irksome in sufferance.