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Syren, from this port for Baltimore; that vessel

DISEASES OF SWINE.

sire of Exile is considered one of the most splen

sailed several weeks ago, but it is by no means im- I have recently lost several fine, fat hogs; they did coach horses in England; his grandsire is probable that you may receive this letter before were half grown when they died, after being un-the famous Yorkshire horse Mollineaux, sold for she shall reach the U. S. as well on the general well but a few hours; some of my neighbors thought 1100 guineas; it is the mixture of the Cleveland account of the season of the year, as of the unu-it might be owing to the sore throat; but I could Bay with the racing blood, which produces the sually bad weather she must have experienced not discover any signs of inflamation, when I open-old English hunter; and it is the cross from them on the coast of Norway. You will perceive, that ed them. I hope, Mr. Skinner, that some of your that makes the Jersey horse more valuable than I have not omitted to follow you as far as my in-correspondents may teach me how to prevent or perfect opportunities enable me, in your laudable cure this disease.

and public spirited endeavours to improve the

sum less by nearly 1.20,000 than that of the present amount of sums levied under Turnpike

Acts.

THE FARMER.

gure.

Tuckahoe and Young Tom.

The very celebrated race horse TUCKAHOF.

bred by John Wickham, Esq. of Richmond, wil stand the ensuing season at Wooten's tavera on the York road and at the Maryland tavern, o the Frederick road-each four miles from Baltimore. He will go to the Maryland tavern on WEDNESDAY Morning, and there remain until SATURDAY night-the remainder of the week he will be at Wooten's.

the Southern, giving them bone, size, and high round action. The colour of these horses is conW. M. fined to the various shades of bay, always with state of our agriculture; indeed I have derived Nelson County, Va. Feb. 1822. mealy noses, and they combine the fine symmetry, This is rather late in the season for hogs to die smoothness of coat and clean legs of the blooded. great satisfaction in doing so. I sent to you, by the Syren, a small quantity of in this way-about Christmas-time the disease is In fine it is now admittd in Europe that this breed Swedish black oats and turnip seed; part of very prevalent; and so it be taken in the legitimate only can increase the size of the blooded horse them, as explained, is for your acceptance-the way, it is difficult to say, how a fat hog could make without taking from their activity, wind and firest for distribution among some of our common his exit in a more becoming manner.-Editor. BARNEY DEAN, Manager. friends. You will pardon my taxing you with EXILE will remain 15 days at Crowl's stathis trouble. My present purpose in writing to The whole revenue of Charles the First, from bles, in the city of Baltimore. you, is to state some circumstances, and to ask 1637 to 1641, including all that he derived from your advice and your aid on the same subject.During an excursion to the mines some 18 months ship money, and other illegal exactions, amountago, I visited several of the principal iron cstab-ed annually to 1.895,819 5s. The revenue of Scotland at the period of the lishments, which as you may imagine, are connected with extensive farms and cultivated tracts union, is stated by Sir John Sinclair at 110,691, (in the hands of rich proprietors,) for the maintenance of the numerous labourers, employed in the different operations, connected with the staple fabric of Sweden. One or two of those proprietors, who are very eminent and very worthy men, in consequence of a conversation I had with them, on the subject, said that they would cultivate the ruta baga, in the most careful manner possible, and in a more extensive manner than they had done, on purpose to procure the best possible seed, for my agricultural friends at home; Wharf four 36 per bbl.--Wheat, white, 133 to the year has gone round, and though the seed 135 cents-Red, 130 to 133--Con, white, 72 to 74 Judge Winchester's Old Tom, will stand during was ready at the sailing of the Syren, unfortu--yellow, 70 to 72-Rye, 70 to 75--Oats, 33 to 35 the same period, changing places with Tuckahoe; -Barley, 30-Whiskey, 31 cts.Wool, 30 to 30 that while one is at Wooten's the other will nately it was in the country, and excepting the cents per bushel, wholesale be at the Maryland tavern, and so vice versa. small quantity I sent you, was not to be had in 50-Beans, 130 --Grass Seeds, Clover, $8-Timothy, $5-- That those disposed to patronise the best breed time. I now, however, find myself in the possession of six hundred pounds of perhaps the most Orchard, 34-Herds, 3 per bushel, at retail-of Horses may this year have no excuse, on the genuine and soundest Swedish turni, seed, that has Salt, coarse, 54 to 65 cents-Liverpool ground, score of terms, Tuckahoe will be let to Mares ever been raised; indeed, it is impossible to have 5-do. fine, 40 to 44 per bushel-laster of Pa-at the very reduced rate of $10 each, and Young Tom at $5-to be sent in all cases with the Mares; better. The gentlemen who raised it, are Mr. ris, ground, $7 per ton or 195 cents per bbl.if not paid before the first of July, doubl Tamm, of Osterby-Brok, one of the most famous Mess Beef, $11-do Pork, 13-Herrings, 2 to those sums respectively will be rigorously excountry gentlemen of Sweden, Mr. Swedstierna 24-Shad, 5 to 6 per bbl.-Codfish, 3 to 3 and Count Schwiern. These gentlemen are known cts.Hams, 11-Cheese, 11-Butter, 20 to 25 Tuckahoe has been sent into this neighborhood to Mr. Keyser, (or the two first of them are,) who per lb.-Eggs, 10 to 12 cents per doz.-Cotton, was here some years ago. My object is to pro-Gecigia Upland, 15 to 17 cents per 1b.-Louisi- at the instance of Gen. Charles Ridgely, of HampIcure for the farmers of America, the best and ana or Alabama 18 to 20-Feathers, 40 cts. per him in his blood and his foa, equal to any horse Iton, who once owned him, and who pronounces

most certain seed; and I believe I have com-
pletely succeeded.
Yours, &c.
CHRISTOPHER HUGHES, JR.

IMPROVEMENT IN THE

CULTURE OF POTATOES. A correspondent has requested us to insert the following:-" The first year, (he says) I cut the potatoes in three pieces, the top, the middle and

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, APRIL 12, 1822.
PRICES CURRENT-CORRECTED WEEKLY.
Flour from the wagons, superfine, $6 1-4-

lb.-Tar, 175 cts.-Turpentine, 175 to 200-Ro-
sin, 150 per bbl.-Spirits of Turpentine, 45 to 50
cents-Varnish, 30-Linseed Oil, 75 to 80 per
gallon-MARYLAND TOBACCO, fine yellow, $20-
do. spangled, $10 to 18-fine red, fired, $12 to 14
--good, do. do. $8 to 10-Patuxent, good red, $9
to 10 common, do. $5 to 8-inferior, $3 to 4-Eas-
tern Shore, $3 to 4-seconds, 14 to 5.

EXILE.

YOUNG TOM,

Bred by Cornelius Howard, esq. and got br

acted.

in the Union.

from a distance, but no responsibility for accidents
Good pasturage will be provided for Mares

or escapes.
Agents for the owners:
At Wooten's,
At the Maryland Tavern,

PEDIGREE.

JOHN WOOTEN, RICHARD STONE.

TUCKAHOE, was got by Florizel, who was nev

The imported "Cleveland Bay," will be let toer beaten, and was got by sorrel Diomede an imthe bottom parts, (I suppose every person knows Mares the approaching season, at Carroll's Man-ported son of the celebrated Eclipse, out of a fall the top of the potato from the bottom, as the or, 15 miles from Baltimore on the Frederick town pred mare. Tuckahoe's dam was got by the imprincipal eyes are on the top) and planted these in turnpike. The season to commence on fifteenth ported horse Alderman, who was got by Pot-8-0's, three rows. The top plant was ten days earlier of April, and end on the fifteenth of July. Terms one of the best sons of Eclipse, out of Lady Bthan the middle plant, and a much greater crop; TWENTY DOLLARS, and one dollar for the lingbroke who was got by Squirrel out of Cythe middle plant was earlier that the bottom, groom, which must accompany the Mare, for if o- pron, the dam of King Herod, her dam by Clockand a better crop; the bottom produced but amitted, the horse will in no case be brought out of fast, an imported horse of high character, grad very indifferent crop. For some seasons past the stable, so it will be useless trouble to send dam by Col. Symmes' Wildair, a noted horse of the I have only planted the top eyes, and I may the Mare-50 cents a week pasturage, which best blood in this country, out of a thorough bred safely say, I have the best crop, and driest must be paid before the Mare is removed. An potatoes in the country. None need be deterred experienced groom has charge of the horse, and from this plan on the ground of waste; for after every attention will be given to Mares, but no the top is cut off, the remainder keeps better and accountability for accidents of any kind. longer for use than if the potato was preserved EXILE is a beautiful dark bay sixteen hands entire. As proof of this, lay a whole potato on high, will be three years old in May He is adthe top of the ground, or in any exposed place, mitted by the best judges who have examined him and it will shew, that the top plants grow faster, to be the finest description of horse ever importand are many inches long, before there is any jed into this country, as well on account of his growth from the bottom." breed, as his great bone, and fine figure. The

mare.

Printed every Friday at $4 per annum, for JoHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOSEPH ROBINSON, at the North West corner of Market and Belviderestreets, Baltimore, where every description of Book and Job printing is executed with neatness and despatch-Orders from a distance for Bining, with proper directions, promptly attended to.

No. 4.-VOL. 4.

AGRICULTURE.

AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, 19th APRIL, 1822.

The Cottager's Manual.

FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BEES THROUGHOUT
EVERY MONTH OF THE YEAR.

25

are well acquainted with her person, it is by no profit will be greater to the proprietor than if the means a task of difficulty; for as the Bees are swarm had been kept separate. The great obthen in a state of disjunction, the person of her jection which exists towards the keeping of late majesty is easy to be recognised, and her capture or virgin swarms arises from the uncertainty of becomes inevitable. the weather, and the chance of the Bees not maIn regard to the third swarms, there is no other king a sufficiency of food to maintain them during method to be adopted with them than to return the winter. To the president, vice presidents, the treasurer, them instantly to the parent hive, it is the height It will frequently happen, that for several days and members of the British Apiarian Society, of folly to keep them. after the swarm has been hived, the rainy weathwho, by their laudable endeavors, have encour- It frequently happens this month, that the Bees er sets in, which prevents the Bees from collectaged the culture of the Bee, amongst the cotta- in the common hive lie out in clusters, and by the ing any food-and many fine swarms are annually gers, this manual is dedicated, with feelings of ignorant cottagers it is supposed to be an indica-lost from want of proper attention to this circumthe most profound respect, by their secretary. tion of an approaching swarm, or they give a still stance. In all cases, when the weather proves more erroneous reason for it, namely, that it is unfavorable after the hiving of a swarm, some the old Bees expelling the young ones from the food should be administered to the Bees; and The second swarms are generally thrown at the hive; the actual cause is the want of room in care should be taken that the food be given at early part of this month, and towards the latter the hive for the Bees to deposit their store, and night, and the vessel or plate in which it was put the virgin swarms may be looked for. In regard the only method of obviating this injury to the should be taken away as early in the morning as to the second swarms, much judgment is required welfare of the hive, is to place an eek consisting possible. Every precaution should be taken in the management of them, and in many res-of three or four bands under the hive, and the at this season of the year not to entice the pects it is the most difficult part of apiarian sci- Bees will immedintely commence their labors in stranger Bees to a particular hive, by the adence, for every thing concerning the second the empty space,-this is, however, speaking of ministration of food; and for this reason, it swarms depends upon the skill and attention of the common hive,-in the Huish Hive it is easy to would be advisable to remove the hive to which the proprietor. In the first place, a second extract a comb, and thereby not only obtain a the food is given to a remote part of the garden, swarm gives no signal of its departure, nor is the certain quantity of honey, but the vacuum be- and at the greatest possible distance from the time of its leaving the hive limited to any number comes replenished with a fine new comb, which apiary.

JUNE.

[CONTINUED.]

of days; I have known a second swarm leave the in the following year will serve as a depository of The purchased swarms should be removed as hive on the second day after the first swarm, and I the brood, whereas the combs with which the soon as possible: the combs at this season of the have known it not to leave it until the tenth; eek is filled, are seldom of any use after the year are very soft, and the slightest motion is apt there being therefore no positive indication of the year in which they were made. to break them. departure of the second swarm, it behoves the This is one of the best months in the year to esJULY. proprietor to keep a vigilant eye upon his hives, tablish an apiary by the purchase of the first The swarming season may now be considered and to take particular notice from which hive the swarms, but in this, as in most other cases of hu- as past, and the chief attention of the apiarian swarm departed. Many parent hives are de-man transactions, deception is the groundwork of must now be directed to preserve his hives from stroyed by exuberant swarming, and it becomes, the action; it is not one case in twenty in which the attack of stranger Bees and Wasps. therefore, a part of the duty of the apiarian an individual receives a first swarm, although he As the influence of the sun is very great this rather to return the second swarm to the parent pays the full price for it; for unless he be actu- month, it would be advisable to shade the hives, hive, than to keep it as a separate colony. It ally present at the departure of the swarm, and as many are annually destroyed by melting of the must further be considered that second swarms takes it immediately to his own premises, he ge- combs; particularly those of the swarms, which are in this country very seldom or ever worth pre-nerally receives a second swarm; and as in this from their newness are more liable to be influenserving, and the only time when any value can case a failure is almost certain, the purchaser be-ced by the heat. This is a proper season of the be attached to them, is when two fly off together, comes discouraged, and the Culture of the Bee year for depriving a hive of a part of its store, as and a junction can be formed of them. In this falls into disrepute. For how is a second swarm little doubt exists that the vacuum will soon be recase, that which individually possessed no value, to be distinguished from a first by a mere scholar plenished-some caution is however necessary, as becomes by union of intrinsic worth, for it is cer- in the art? It is only by the number of the Bees it is very probable that the lower part of the tain, that two early second swarms united, are that even an adept can tell it on the first view of combs may be filled with brood, which on no acvery little inferior in value to a first swarm. Nor the swarm, although there is one particular cir- count should be taken away.

is this junction of two swarms attended with any cumstance attending the working of a first and It is during this month that the attentive apiadifficulty. Supposing the two swarms to have second swarm which will immediately distin-rian will see the first symptom of the approachalighted upon separate branches-proceed to guish them, and this is, that the first swarm in- ing decay of some particular hives; and although shake one of them into the empty hive, and then variably begins the construction of the combs in it be impossible to prescribe particular rules immediately shake the other; leaving it to the the middle of the hive, whereas a second swarm for every case that may present itself in an Bees to kill the superfluous Queen Bee. This ad- begins the combs at one of the sides. Few per- apiary, yet a correct knowledge of the parvice is however given upon the supposition that sons, however, have the courage to turn up a ticular signs by which a dwindling hive may the proprietor has not the skill nor the courage to hive to inspect the manner in which the combs be known, may ultimately lead the apiarian to the undertake the massacre of one of the Queens have been worked, and from a direct ignorance of adoption of those remedies by which the hive can himself for there cannot be a question as to the the actual nature of Bees, they are lulled into a be saved. To distinguish one of these signs, it comparative excellence of the two methods-I false security, and the consequence is, a failure is necessary that the apiarian should know the would rather prefer groping in a mass of Bees for in all their apiarian undertakings. difference between a Bee entering the hive with

an hour, to catch one of the Queens, than leave It will frequently happen that third swarms honey, and one without: the shape of the former the operation to be performed by the Bees; and are thrown about the middle of this month, but is cylindrical, and presents a glossy appearance; this opinion is founded upon the principle that it being of no use whatever, individually speaking, its body appears extended, as if inflated with is not only possible, but very probable, that in they ought without any further consideration to wind: whereas the body of the Bee without the conflict both of the Queens may perish. be returned to the parent hive. honey is contracted, and the division of the

If, however, a second swarm should fly off, A particular, but rather a false value is placed wrinkles is more easy to be discerned. Now one either early or late in the season, singly, I would jupon the virgin swarms, which are generally of the symptoms of decay is, when few Bees c at all times advise that it should rather be return-thrown this month, and it is supposed that the the cylindrical shape are observed to enter th ed to the parent hive than preserved as a se-honey made by a virgin swarm is superior to that hive-the second is, when few are seen to enter parate stock; and to effect this aim, it is ne- which is made by a first swarm. The error of with the pellets of farina on their legs. Third, cessary to place the back of a chair parallel this supposition is too obvious to require any com- when an apparent inactivity or tranquillity reigns with the entrance of the hive, over which a sheet ment; nor do I consider the possession of a vir- in the hive. Fourth, when ants, earwigs, or or table cloth may be spread; then holding the gin swarm to be attended with any benefit to the other vermin, are observed to enter the hive hive containing the second swarm over it, give a proprietor, and it is certainly a manifest injury to without experiencing any opposition from the few sharp knocks at the top, and the Bees will the hive which has produced it. In the common Bees. Fifth, when the Bees desist from taking their fall immediately on the cloth; proceed then, ei-hive there is no method of obviating it; but in periodical flights. Sixth, when on turning up the ther with your finger or a stick, to guide a few of the Huish Hive, I would recommend immediate- hive, the Bees shew no symptoms of anger; but the Bees to the entrance of the parent hive, and ly the extraction of the side combs; and should rather croud to the top of the hive. Seventh, they instantly testify their joy by a humming noise, the swarm depart after the operation, to return when no brood appears sealed in the cells.and crowd into the hive. This is is the best pe- the Bees to their parent hive; and as a vacuum Eighth, when the Bees reject the food which is riod to catch the Queen Bee; and to those who will then be found in which they can work, the given them. These cases all require a particular

AUGUST.

system of management, and much must be left to hives should take place." Though a decided horde of thieves by a handful of brimstone.*the judgment and skill of the apiarian. enemy to the system of suffocation, I have been The cottager, in general, entertains an opinion The drones are very often killed in this month, thus explicit upon it; for as long as it prevails that the wasp kills his Bees; this is, however, by and a particular value should always be put upon amongst the cottagers it is as well that the best no means the case, for the wasp will pay no atthose hives which kill their drones the earliest.-method should be adopted, by which the greatest tention whatever to the Bees, if he can but sucI have invariably found that the produce of those profit can be obtained. ceed in stealing the honey; it will, however, frehives is much greater than those which kill their This month is the best in the year for the pro-quently happen, that the natural cunning of the drones late in the season. prietor to determine on the particular stocks, wasp enables it to discover a weak hive, and the which it will be prudent to preserve through the continual annoyance which the hive consequentwinter; and let him keep a strict watch upon the ly undergoes, added to the robbery of the honey, In many counties of England, and particularly weaker hives, as the pillaging system is about to obliges the Bees to vacate the hive, leaving the the western, the keepers of Bees begin in this commence. whole of its contents a prey to the marauders. month to suffocate their Bees, from an ill-founded The common spider, this month, spins its web A cottager, therefore, cannot be too attentive to supposition, that the honey season is over, and in our gardens; and it is incredible the number of guard his hives against the attack of the waspthat the Bees are thenceforth living upon their Bees which are annually destroyed by this artful it is not of that trifling consequence which many store. It is, however, a plan not only injudicious, insect. Let it be the constant study of every in-keepers of Bees attach to it, but is the cause of but highly injurious to the proprietor; for it dividual, who values the life of a Bee, to destroy the ruin of many wholesome hives, which the must be obvious to every one that the month of every spider which he meets with in his garden; imprudence or negligence of the proprietor has August is particularly remarkable for the bloom nor can this advice be too often repeated to the left exposed to the depradatory attack. of certain plants and flowers, from which the Bee cottagers, who, having, generally speaking, no Having adopted every precaution requisite collects a vast store of honey. I have only to no-idea of keeping their apiaries clean, suffer the against the wasp and other insects, and the protice the mignionette, one of the richest flowers spiders to spin their webs on the very stools, on prietor having convinced himself that his hives which blows in regard to honey, and the heath, which their hives are placed. A more efficacious are in good health, the less they are incommoded which continues in bloom until the month of Oc-method of impoverishing the population of their this month, the better. If the sun beats very tober. This month is also noted for being more hives could not be adopted. strongly upon a hive, which frequently happens

*The devastation committed in the year 1819,

FROM THE HALLOWELL GAZETTE..

Remarks on the means of preserving inhabited buildings, in which much wood is employed, from destruction by fire.

sultry than any other of the year, and conse- There are two points to which the attention of the beginning of this month, a shade should be quently a greater secretion of the mellifluous the apiarian should be this month directed:-the immediately applied to it. I have known many Buid will be the result:-this is evident from the first is, the pillage of the hives by stranger Bees; hives completely ruined by the melting of the honey-dews* with which this month, in a fine and the second is, the attack of the hives by combs from the influence of a meridian sun, and season, particularly abounds; and few people are wasps. In the first case, a removal of the at-the whole of the Bees actually suffocated in their ignorant of the increase of weight which will be tacked hive has been recommended; and cer-own sweets. perceptible in a hive, after a few days on which tainly, if the removal could be effected to that (To be concluded in next number.) the honey-dew has abounded. It is, in fact, the distance, beyond the range of the attacking Bees, manna from heaven for the Bees, and I would not the calamity might at once be put a stop to; but suffocate a single hive, until every hope had van- as this is an advantage which can seldom be enjoyed by the wasp, was almost incredible. One gentleished of a honey-dew. It also happens in this by a keeper of Bees, I would recommend instead man adopted the expedient of offering a premium month that the Bees begin to kill their drones, of it, that on the very first symptom of an attack, for every wash's nest, and in a very short time which is the immediate signal for the ignorant the entrance should be immediately contracted, 132 were brought him; calculating every nest to Bee-master to purchase a bundle of matches, so as to admit only two Bees to enter at a time, and contain 5,000 insects, which is taking it at a very wherewith to suffocate his Bees;-this is per- every crevice about the hive by which a Bee low ratio, 660,000 insects were destroyed in the vi formed on the erroneous supposition that the mas-could enter carefully closed. The tin entrance cinity of one mansion. sacre of the drones indicates the close of the attached to the Huish Hive is well adapted for honey season; but it is impossible to entertain a this purpose, the opening can be contracted or enmore erroneous idea, it having, in fact, no affini-larged at pleasure, with celerity and cleanliness, ty with the honey season. It is, in the first place and I believe I can be borne out in my assertion, a certain indication of a prosperous hive; and, in by the skilful proprietor himself, that the hives the second, it is a proof that the progress of fe- of Captain CALL, of Taplow Hill, during one of cundation has ceased in the hive for the season: the most violent attacks which I ever beheld, upI would not, therefore, advise any person to take on twenty-eight hives at one time, were all saved The recent calamity by fire at Bowdoin Colthat particular event as the signal for the suffoca- by the use of that simple instrument. The at-lege, in this state, and the fear that all the necestion of his Bees; for in some hives it takes place tack of the wasp may be defeated in the same sary precautions which the case admits, may not very early, and the proprietor, by this prema- manner, but this insect appears to possess a de-readily occur to those who may be charged with the restoration of this building; call for an atture step, loses a great portion of that honey gree of boldness and cunning, which is wholly which the Bees would deposit in the cells, in foreign to the Bee. It will with the greatest tempt to establish some principles on this subject; which the Bees were bred. So far from attempt- adroitness watch its opportunity to enter the hive, especially as they will have extensive applicaing to suffocate my Bees, were I ever guilty of but it will never enter at the front, if by the netion in a country abounding in wooden architecsuch a barbarous practice, I would not hesitate to gligence or carelessness of the proprietor an take from my hives a portion of the honey, with opening has been left behind. We shall begin by noticing Lord Stanhope's I have good method on these occasions; and after producing the well-founded hope of the vacuum being re-grounds for believing that more hives are impov-evidence" to put the fact of the success of his explenished before the close of the season. There erished by the robberies of the wasps than is is no other just criterion for the suffocation of the nerally conceived, and the most certain way of periments beyond all possible doubt," shall proceed to some short remarks connected with the hives in this country, than the total decay of all diminishing the number of these arch-enemies of the wild and cultivated flowers and shrubs; and the Bees, is to hunt out their nests, and either subject, shewing that much may be done consistent both with convenience and economy, even until that has taken place, no suffocation of the blow them up with gunpowder or suffocate the in many cases where buildings have been erected without previous attention to the object in question.

ge

ture.

Description of a most effectual method of secur
ing buildings against fire, invented by CHARLES
Lord Viscount MAHON, [who afterwards be-
Taken from the Philosophical transactions of the
came the well known Earl STANHOPE,] F. R. S.
Royal Society in London, for 1778.
Read July 2, 1778.

* Although custom has sanctioned the appella- * As a proof that the hives, by proper mantion of honey-dew to the saccharine and glutinous agement, will even increase in food after Septemfluid which is often perceptible in summer on the ber, Irefer the reader to the Transactions of the oak, the bramble, the laurel, and other trees and Western Apiarian Society, in which it is stated, shrubs, I consider the appellation to be false; but that a hive removed to a heath, on the 3d August, I make use of the term, for the best of all reasons, was brought back on the 3d November, with an inthat I do not know of another, by which I could crease of three pounds; another was moved on make myself intelligible. Were it in reality a dew, the 1st September, and brought back on the 19th it would be found indiscriminately on all trees, October, with an increase of one pound. It must Sec. 1. The new and very simple method shrubs, and flowers; but I believe it to be an exu-be stated, that during the time the hives were at which I have discovered of securing every kind dation from certain trees, arising from a particu- the heath, they had only fifteen dry days; what of building (even though constructed of timber) lar secretion of their juices, operated upon by the then would have been their increase, had the weath-against all danger from fire, may very properly be exterior atmosphere. er been uniformly fine? divided into three parts, namely, Under-flooring,

Extra-lathing, and Inter-securing* :—which par-pieces of laths are applied in the same manner :) Sec. 11. The mortar-wash I make use of is ticular methods may be applied in part or in but the coat of rough plaster [applied here] merely this: About two measures of quick lime, whole, to different building; according to the va- ought to be little more than half as thick, as the and one measure of common sand, should be put inrious circumstances attending this construction, coat of rough plaster applied in the method of to a pail ; and should be very well stirred up with and according to the degree of accumulated fire single under-pinning. water, till the water grows very thick, so as to be to which each of these buildings may be exposed, Sec. 7. In the method of double under-flooring, almost of the consistency of a thin jelly. This from the different uses to which they are meant as fast as this coat of rough plaster is laid on, some wash, when used, will grow dry in a few mito be appropriated. more of the short pieces of laths (cut as above di-nutes.

I. Sec. 2. The method of under-flooring may rected, Sec. 4) must be laid in the intervals be- Sec. 12. Before the flooring boards are laid, a be divided into two parts; namely, into single and tween the joists, upon the first coat of rough plas-small quantity of very dry common sand should double under-flooring. ter; and each of these short laths must be (one af- be strewed over the rough plaster-work; but no! The method of single under-flooring is as fol-ter the other) bedded deep and quite sound into the over the tops of the joists. The sand should be lows: A common strong lath of about one quarter rough plaster whilst it is soft. These short pieces struck smooth with a hollow [or arched] rule, of an inch thick (either of oak or fir) should be of lath should be laid also as close as possible; which ought to be about the length of the distance nailed against each side of every joist and of every and in the same direction, as the first layer of from joist to joist, and of about the eighth of an main timber which supports the floor which is in- short laths [and without being fastened with inch curvature; (which rule, passing over the tended to be secured. Other similar laths ought nails.] sand, in the same direction with the joists, will then be nailed the whole length of the joists, Sec. 8. A coat of the same kind of rough plas-cause the sand to lay rather rounding in the midwith their ends butting against each other: These ter should then be spread over this second layer of dle of the interval between each pair of joists.) are what I call fillets. The top of each fillet short laths, as there was upon the first layer above The following boards may then be laid and fasought to be at one inch and a half below the top described. This coat of rough plaster should (as tened down in the usual manner; but very partiof the joists or timbers against which they are above directed, Sec. 5, for the method of single cular attention must be paid to the rough plaster Bailed. These fillets will then form (as it were) a under-flooring) be trowelled level with the tops of work, and to the boards being most perfectly dry sort of small ledge on each side of all the joists the joists, (but it ought not to rise above them.) before the boards are laid, for fear of the dry rot; [and timbers.] The sooner this second coat of rough plaster is (of which, however, there is no kind of danger, Sec. 3. When the fillets are going to be nailed spread upon the second layer of short laths just when this precaution is made use of.) on, some of the rough plaster (hereafter men- mentioned (Sec. 7) the better. Sec. 13. The method of under-flooring I have tioned, Sec. 9,) must be spread with a trowel all What follows (as far as Sec. 13) is common to also applied, with the utmost success to a wooden along the side of each of the fillets, which is to lay the method of single as well as to that of double stair-case. It is made to follow the shape of the next to the joists: in order that those fillets may under-flooring. steps; but no sand is laid upon the plaster-work be well bedded therein, when they are nailed on; Sec. 9. Common coarse lime and hair (such as in this case. (so that there should not be any interval between generally serves for the pricking-up-coat in plasII. Sec. 14. The method of extra-lathing may the fillets and the joists.) tering) may be used for all the purposes before or be applied, to ceiling joists, to slooping roofs, and Sec. 4. A great number of any common laths (ei- hereafter mentioned; but it is considerably cheap-to wooden partitions.—It is simply this. As the ther of oak or fir) must be cut nearly to the length er, and even much better, in all these cases to laths are going to be nailed on, some of the above of the width of the intervals between the joists. make use of hay instead of hair; in order to pre-mentioned rough plaster ought to be spread beSome of the rough plaster referred to above (Sec. vent the work from cracking. The hay ought tween these laths and the joists (or other timbers) 3) ought to be spread (with a trowel) successively to be chopped to about three inches in length; but against which these laths are to be nailed.-(The upon the top of all the fillets; and along the sides no shorter. laths ought to be nailed very close to each other. of that part of the joists which is between the top One measure of common rough sand, two mea- When either of the ends of any of the laths laps of the fillets and the [upper] edge of the joists. sures of slacked lime, and three measures (but over other laths, it ought to be attended to, that The short pieces of common laths, just mentioned not less) of chopped hay, will prove (in general) these ends be bedded sound in some of the same kind ought (in order to fill up the intervals between a very good proportion, when sufficiently beat up of rough plaster. This attention is equally nethe joists that support the floor) to be laid in the together in the manner of common mortar. (The cessary for the second layer of laths hereafter contrary direction to the joists; and close toge-hay must be well dragged in this kind of rough mentioned, Sec. 16. ther, in a row; (so as to touch one another as plaster, and well intermixed with it; but the hay Sec. 15. The first layer of laths ought to be much as the want of straitness in the laths ought never to be put in until the other two in-covered with a pretty thick coat of the same will possibly allow without the laths lapping gredients are well beat up together with water.) rough plaster spoken of above, (Sec. 9.)—A seover each other :) their ends must rest upon This rough plaster ought never to be made cond layer of laths ought then to be nailed on; the fillets spoken of above (Sec. 2 ;) and they ought thin, for any of the work mentioned in this paper. each lath being, as it is put on, well spunged and to be well bedded in the rough plaster. It is not (The stiffer it is, the better; provided it be not bedded sound into the soft rough plaster. (For proper to use any nails to fasten down either these too dry to spread properly upon the laths.) this reason no more of this first coat of rough plasshort pieces of laths, or those other short pieces If the flooring boards are required to be laid ter ought to be laid on at a time than what can hereafter mentioned (Sec. 7.) very soon, a fourth or fifth part of quick-lime (a) be immediately followed with the second layer of Sec. 5. These short pieces ought teen to be in powder, very well mixed with this rough plas-laths.) covered with one thick coat of the rough plaster, ter, just before it is used, will cause it to dry very The laths of this second layer ought to be as spoken of hereafter (Sec. 9;) which should be fast. close to each other as they can be, to allow of a spread all over them; and which should be brought Sec. 10. When the rough plaster-work between proper clench of the rough plaster. (with a trowel) to be about level with the tops of the joists has got thoroughly dry, it ought to be The laths of this second (b) layer may then the joists; but not above them. The rough plas-observed, whether or not there be any small cracks be plastered over with a coat of the same kind of ter, in a day or two, should be trowelled all over in it; particularly next to the joists. If there are rough plaster; or it may be plastered over in the close home to the sides of the joists; but the tops any, they ought to be washed over with a brush, usual manner. of the joists ought not to be any wise covered with wet with mortar-wash, (which will effectually III. Sec. 16. The third method, which is that it.‡ close them; but there will never be any cracks at of inter-securing is very similar, in most respe ts, Sec. 6. The method of double under-flooring is, all, if the chopped hay and the quick lime be pro-to that of under-flooring ;—but no sand is after in the first part of it, exactly the same as the me-perly made use of.) thod just described; (the fillets and the short

Of the notes which follow, those only marked (a) and (b) belong to the author of this memoir.

In the first of these cases the work is altogether horizontal; in the other two, perpendicular inclined, or sometimes horizontal.

N. B. Through the whole of this memoir only one kind of plaster or mortar is mentioned, unless when otherwise expressed.

It ought to be well-washed sand.

$ By this seems to be signified, that the pieces of hair are to be drawn straight.

(a) I have practised this method in an extensive work with great advantage. In three weeks this rough plaster grows perfectly dry. The rough laster, so made, may be applied at all times of the year with the greatest success. The easiest meAs there is plaster enough provided for the thod, by much, of reducing the quick lime to powpurposes in question, more is not only useless, and der is, by dropping a small quantity of water on a loss of plaster; but may prevent the boards ly-the lime-stone, a little while before the powder ing truly on the joists, to say nothing of other in- intended to be used: the lime will still retain a very sufficient degree of heat.

conveniences.

is

wards to be laid upon it. Inter-securing is applica ble to the same parts of a building as the metho of extra-lathing just described; but it is not often necessary to be made use of.

Sec. 17. I have made a prodigious number of ers heriments upon every part of these different methods. I caused a wooden building to be constructed at Chevening, in Kent, in order to perform them in the most natural manner.-The methods of ex

(b) If a third layer of laths be immediately nailed on, and be covered with a third coat of rough plaster, Ithen call the method treble lathing but this method of treble lathing can almost in no case be required.

tra-lathing and double under-flooring were the (No extra lathing is necessary for the generality of experiments; of which each consequently conONLY ones made use of in that building. of houses.) firms the other.-3d. The Austrian Ambassador On the 26th of September of last year (1777) I Sec. 22. I purpose giving to the world before it at London, struck with these remarkable results, had the honor to repeat some of my experiments is very long a detailed account of many other ex- communicated the particulars to the Flemish before the President and some of the Fellows of periments I have made upon this subject, and of the government, then belonging to his master the the Royal Society, the Lord Mayor and Alder-various advantages arising from my method; Emperor of Germany; when the well known men of London, the Committee of City Lands, (with several particulars relative to the different Abbe Mann was quickly sent to England to ex'several of the foreign ministers, and a great num-parts of each of the methods above described; amine into the particulars. He spoke favorably ber of other persons. and relative to their joint or separate application of both plans, and especially (it is believed) of

Sec. 18. The first experiment was to fill the to different kinds of buildings, and to the different Lord Stanhope's; and their Royal and Imperial lower room of the building (which room was constituent parts of a house ;)—to which I shall Academy of Sciences and Belles Lettres, in order about 26 feet long, by 16 wide) fall of shavings add a full explanation of the principles upon to extend the knowledge of the facts, printed the and faggots, mixed with combustibles; and to set which they are founded, and the reasons for their Abbe's report separately from their Transacthem all on fire. The heat was so intense that certain and surprising success. In the mean tions, with a supplement by the Abbe, in which the glass of the windows was melted like so much time I have taken the liberty of troubling the So- were included some fresh experiments in confircommon sealing wax, and ran down in drops; yet ciety with this short account.* mation, by Col. Brequin. This then, in various the flooring boards of that very room were not The paper of Lord Stanhope finishing here, ways, corroborates what was done in England.‡ burnt through; nor was one of the side timbers, it now belongs to us to authenticate his state- To this amount of evidence there is nothing floor-joists, or ceiling joists, damaged in the small-ments. to opposc, but the fact, that the principles in quesest degree; and the persons who went into the The internal evidence in their favor chiefly tion have not been adopted in general practice. room immediately over the room filled with fire, rests on the fact, that his account stands print-But this is merely negative proof, and easily set did not perceive any ill effects from it whatever;ed in the Transactions of the Royal Society of aside.-1st. Few house-holders in old countries (even the floor of that room being perfectly cool London, pursuant to a vote of its President and live in tenements built by themselves. 2d. If during that enormous conflagration immediately Council; and that none of the numerous persons they did, many have neither money, nor strength underneath.)† referred to as his witnesses, have chosen to contra- of mind to act upon their own opinions; and

Sec. 19. I then caused a kind of wooden building dict his statements during a long course of years. many are too willing to confide to their good luck, (of full 50 feet in length and of three stories high It is certainly no diminution of the force of this and to run hazards. 3d. Speculators will build in the middle) to be erected, quite close to one evidence that the experiments recorded are in whatever will seil, or let, and put them to least end of the secured wooden house. I filled and herfect consistence with sound theory; a truth, present cost. 4th. The convenience of insurance covered this building, with above eleven hundred which will soon be demonstrated: offices induces others besides speculators to run

kiln fagots, and several loads of dry shavings; Our external evidence will be confined to three risks. 5th. Many improvements are made on and I set this pile on fire. The heighth of the heads.-1st. As it was not on the above occasion, the old methods of building; but still they are flame was no less than 87 feet perpendicular, from that Lord Stanhope made his first public exhibi-far short of the improvements in question. 6th. the ground; and the grass upon a bank, at 150 tion on this subject; by proving this, we shall Workmen probably have given little countenance feet from the fire, was all scorched, yet the secur- have acquired a title to refer to two distinct sets to plans, which do not appear immediately sered wooden building, quite contiguous to this vast of proofs of the general facts. The celebrated viceable to their particular interests. 7th. The heap of fire was not at all damaged, except some Earl of Chatham then, who was the father-in-law knowledge of plans like these under discussion, parts of the outer coat of plaster work. This ex-of Lord Stanhope, shall be our authority here; has been gradually wearing out, till we have now periment was intended to represent a wooden for under date of Sept. 22, 1777, he writes thus nearly to begin the struggle on the subject over town on fire; and to shew how effectually even a to his then youthful son, the memorable Mr. Pitt. again.

wooden building, if secured according to my new" On Friday, Lord Mahon's indefatigable spirit is Not only the recent fire at Bowdoin College, method, would stop the progress of the flames on to exhibit another incendium [or conflagration] (but we add) the controversy at Boston respectthat side, without any assistance from fire-en-to Lord Mayor, foreign ministers, and all lovers ing building in wood, and the propensity to this gines, &c of philosophy and the good of society; and means style of building in new settlements where wood

(To be continued.)

See the Remarks noticed in the Postscript.

NOTICES OF THE

Sec. 20. The last experiment I made that day, to illuminate the horizon with a little bonfire of abounds, (and these are now many over the was the attempting to burn a wooden stair-case, 1200 fagots, and a double edifice. Had our dear globe); make this a favorable moment for offersecured according to my simple method of under-friend [namely the author] been born sooner, Ne-ing a few additional remarks on the subject, to flooring. The under side of the stair-case was ro and the second Charles could never have amus- which we shall next proceed; particularly, as extra lathed.—Several very large kiln fagots were ed themselves by reducing to ashes the two noblest much as may be said to abate the trouble and cost laid and kindled, under the stairs and upon the cities in the world."-2d. The plan of Lord Stan-attending Lord Stanhope's plans, both in new and steps: This wooden stair case notwithstanding hope was not without other independent support; old buildings. resisted (as if it had been of stone) all the attempts for it had succeeded, by the use of iron plates inthat were made to consume it. I have since made stead of plaster, in the hands of Mr. David Hartfive other still stronger fires upon this same stair-ley, (who signed the treaty between the U. S. case, without having repaired it; having moreover and Great Britain in 1782.) This gentleman filled the small space in which this stair-case, is, made a display of a double experiment on this entirely with shavings and large fagots: but the subject in 1774, at Lord Despenser's in West stair case is however still standing and is but lit-Wycombe; where the fire from two cart loads of tle damaged. dry fagots placed in a room 15 feet by 14, could Sec. 21. In most houses it is necessary only to not penetrate upwards through the ceiling; nor secure the floors; and that according to the me- could the fire from several fagots resting on the thod of single under-flooring described above (in floor above, descend into the room below, though Sec. 2, 3, 4, and 5.)-The extra expense of it (all then vehemently heated; the boards of the floor By all judges of Cattle, the Devonshire Breed materials included) is only about nine pence per above being merely a little blackened by the trial. is confessed to be one of the most beautiful, and square yard: unless there should be particular A second operation on a much larger scale took at the same time one of the most valuable, which difficulties attending the execution, (in which case place before the King of England and a large con- our Islands produce. They are of a large size, it will vary a little.)-When quick lime is made course of spectators, on one of the commons near and of a red colour. The colour of the COWS use of, the expense is a trifle more. London, with an effect equally happy. Lord varies from light blood-red to dark mahogany; The extra-expense of the method of extra-lath- Stanhope and Mr. Hartley therefore may be con- and the face, knees, and hocks, sometimes aping is no more than six pence per square yard sidered as having performed corresponding sets proach to black. The BULLS are nearly the for the timber, side walls and partitions; but for the ceilings about nine pence per square yard.—|

† It will be seen hereafter, that there was plastering upon more or less of this building on its out

er side.

* N. B. It is not known that this promise was ever fulfilled by the author.

For the authorities for these particulars, see1st. B'p. Tomline's life of Mr. Pit: 2a. The English Annual Register; particularly for July, 1774: 3d. It will appear that this building was destroy- The Journaux des Scances for November 11, ed, and intended to be destroyed, by being on fire 1777, and May 7, 1779, and vol. 2 and 3 of the on the outside as well as within; it was not made Memoirs of the above named Foreign Society, fire-proof printed at Bruxelles.

NORTH DEVON CATTLE. Mr. BINGLEY, in his Memoirs of British Quadrupeds, gives the following account of this Breed of Cattle.

same, but are also generally dark in the forequarters, and mottled on the sides and back.The OXEN are often long in the Coat; and a glossy mahogany colour, with waving curls, is held in great esteem.

Any white, except on the tip of the tail, is disliked by the Breeders, from its being supposed to shew a mongrel tendency. Round each eye there is a light ring. The horns taper to a point, and are of a light yellow colour. The

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