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system, as is now to be found through the coun- of the roast beef and plum pudding of 'Old the Cattle Show that day, which attracted the try in support of the "hockside," and its oppo- England. Yet such is the fact, it does not wound attention and admiration of the members of the site or in other words the Maryland and Virgi- my feelings to confess that the latter two dish-Agricultural society. A week after, the crop nia side. Every man of reflection, and who looks es are superior to our own. But to acknowledge was gathered, and thoroughly smoked in a bardeep (more especially if he should belong to their hams equal to ours would be giving up rel with brimstone, which killed the larva of that very knowing and respectable family, the every thing, and such is the estimate placed the worm, when it is metamorphosed into a Croakers,) must see that this is bringing about a upon our supposed preeminence in this particu-butterfly, and perforates the ball in coming "bone" of contention which is one day or other lar, that I doubt whether there is not many a out. The balls were then preserved that the to set these two sister states by the ears-as merry landlady, who proud of her renown for silk might be spun at leisure. the Missouri question, has recently done with curing bacon, and whose dish fills with essence In cutting open a ball of the preceding year, more of the same happy family. To be Hock- at the first incision, would not think it more the dead worm was found to be as dry as powites and anti-hockites will one day (no doubt reasonable" to give up the fisheries" than to der, and by rubbing it between the fingers, fell distant) be the badge of distinction like the give up the question of supremacy in the to dust, while the ball was free of stain. Ir White and Red Rose of York and Lancaster. curing of hams. Sure it is that the superior five weeks a crop of 25 pounds of silk was ga Pardon this digression, and return to the sub-excellence of an English over a Maryland thered as good in all respects, as any ever raisject-whilst we have been instructed and pleas-ham cannot be acknowledged without having ed in the South of France or Italy, from worms ed by the communications from both the gen-been first tasted by' tlemen, it was thought that it would not be other

"RUSIN URBE."

SILK WORMS.

raised in a piazza, with no other check to the free operation of the air, than what was occasioned by the Chinese blinds, the sashes having been left open; which proves, that the climate of our middle states is favourable to the raising of silk worms.

EDIT. A. M. FAR.

wise than appropriate to detail a conversation with August 28th, 1822. an English dealer (to use his own phrase) in pigs, a native of Hampshire now resident in Baltimore, who states that the part of England The Editors of the Gazette have been fa- The writer on this subject supposes, that imfrom whence he came was above all other parts distinguished for the curing of bacon, and that voured with a translation of some remarks on mense quantities of the cods or raw silk may be the process by which this excellence was ef- the Raising of Silk Worms, grounded upon the raised in this country, as well as cotton, and sent abroad to be spun; thereby producing no fected is by singing or burning the hair instead experiments of the writer. From these experiments it appears that the contemptible source of revenue. of taking it off by scalding, in the way that we are accustomed to pursue, and that so much raising of Silk Worms is not only very sim- He also offers the opinion, that better the more was the singed bacon esteemed, that ple but attended with little labour, and does goods can be obtained from France and Italy, it would command from four to five and six not divert the hardy hands of men from the and at a cheaper rate, by sending them our na shillings more in the hundred than that which work of their fields, as women, girls and boys live cods. was cleansed in the ordinary way by scalding; may be advantageously employed in spreading and when my informant left England, which the leaves of the white mulberry tree, which is A friend has promised us a paper on the subwas about three years since, that cleansed by all the nourishment the Silk Worm requires.ject of the silk worm. Should he see this i scalding, commanded 78 shillings, and the sin- Shortly after the declaration of independence, ged 84 shillings the hundred. He represented many of the ladies of Philadelphia turned their may remind him of it. the mode of cleaning to be very simple. The attention to raising silk works at their own hog having become perfectly dry after it is homes, and they wore gowns of silk of their killed, place it upon the ground or a board, co-own raising; and to this day, rows of the mulver it over with straw and set it on fire, and berry are still standing in the vicinity of that after burning the hair quite off, at the same city. Numerous causes could be here enumeratime taking especial care not to burn the skin, ted why the good work was not persevered in. it should then be hung up and swept clean, But the object of the writer is, to induce thou-cester Cattle Show-the exhibition of Stock was and scraped gently, so as to avoid breaking sands, who cannot be more profitably employ-considered very fine-the working cattle are su the skin; after it has been washed down, it is ed, to re-commence, or start anew, in one of perior to any thing ever exhibited in Massachu to be opened and cleansed within, &c. My the most delightful pursuits and for this pur-etts before the town of Worcester alone turned narrator stated another peculiarity of no great pose gives the following experiment. out 125 yoke of oxen, all attached to one chainIn the first week of May, when the leaves of altogether, there were exhibited about 300 yok consequence, and not having it is believed any effect upon the quality of the article in ques- the mulberry began to expand, the writer, of oxen. Col. Powell of Pennsylvania and Dr. tion; yet as at variance with our mode it is who resides about two miles from Philadelphia, Stewart of Baltimore, were there, and expressed mentioned. The Hampshire practice is to cure took out of a china tureen, a paper upon which themselves highly pleased. Mr. Stephen Wil the shoulder, middling and gammon; united in the butterflies of the preceding year had laid liams' improved short horned Bull was much ad this form there would necessarily be less rust their eggs. The tureen had remained untouch-mired. But I do not think him equal to Col or outside.* Now I confess myself at a loss for ed in a closet of an upper room on the north Lloyd's Champion.

Editorial Correspondence.

DEAR SIR,

Boston, September 27, 1822.

I have this moment returned from the Wor

a reason shewing why this singing operation side of the house, where there had been no fire. Many of your Eastern friends were at the should improve the bacon. Yet as it was sta- The paper of eggs was opened before an open Show. Mr. Parsons' stock, Holderness, obtained ted to me as a received fact, and that there window, in order to ascertain whether they the first premium. You are confidently expect must be the difference the price denotes, I would hatch by the simple action of the atmos-ed at the Brighton Show, and Capt. Winship tell thought it would not be foreign from the object phere, without the aid of artificial heat. Be-me, from the entries already made, that there wil of your paper to throw it to the public, that tween the 5th and 8th of the month, more be a good exhibition. I hope you will find it con the knowing ones, and the curious, if they worms, not larger than ants, were hatched, than venient to attend. thought proper might amuse themselves with he could keep with the small quantity of mulreasoning into causes, or make_experiments to berry trees he had been able to collect. establish or controvert facts Because the pe- In the piazza fronting the south, wainscoated, culiarity in the curing of English hams is re-closed with ten windows, and Chinese blinds, a lated, it is not to be inferred that I have ever wire 10 feet by 4 was prepared. The worms atbeen prevailed upon to believe for a moment tached themselves to the branches of mulberry that an English ham can be brought in com-laid on the paper where they had hatched, parison with one of our own curing-true it is and then deposited on the wire frame. An ex- PRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY, to taste an English ham has never been my lot, tent of about 18 inches square was at first suffi- Red wheat, $1 27 to 1 31-White do., $1 35 to neither have I ever been favoured with a cut cient to contain the whole of the worms. The 1 45-Corn, 55 cts, for new, 60 to 65 cts for oldfresh leaves were distributed to them with a Oats, 35 to 37 cts.-Rye, 65 cts.-Flour from

THE FARMER.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1822.

*There seems to be good reason in this-espe-free hand. Their growth was so rapid, that in the wagons, $6 37 to 6 50-Shad, No. 1. trim cially as some good judges recommended to salt less than a week they occupied the whole of med, $7 50 to $8-No. 2, $5 50 to $7-No. 1 it on boards, and to let every thing drain off. the frame! In the fourth week they were too untrimmed, $7-No. 2, do. $6-Herrings, No. 1. On the other hand our old friend Sylvanus, crowded. Signs of their coming to maturity $3 25 to 3 37-No. 2, $3 to 3 12-Beef, Norther who has got to be authority on this subject, says, were visible-small sticks and brush were ar- mess per bbl. $10 to 10 25-Baltimore, prime do that middlings, shoulders and hams, shonld re-ranged for them to climb and work upon. By $9 to $975-Hams, 12 to 15 cts.-middlings, 10 main in salt, and smoked different periods of time the 3d of June, they had so far advanced in 11 cents. Other articles same as last report. according to their thickness.-EDIT. A. M. FAR. spinning, that a sample of silk was exhibited at TOBACCO-No sales, very dull.

No. 29.-VOL. 4.

AMERICAN FARMER.-BALTIMORE, 11th OCTOBER, 1822.

HORTICULTURE.

POMARIUM BRITANNICUM,
An Historical and Botanical account of Fruits,
known in Great Britain, by Henry Philips,
-Second Edition.

(Continued from page 218.)`

MULBERRY.-MORUS.

In Botany, a Genus of the Monacia Tetandria of the world.
Člass.

frost."

ous days, than any other fruit.

Ovid has celebrated this tree in his story of Pyramus and Thisbe:

225

The planting of mulberry-trees was much The mulberry must have been a most valuaencouraged by King James the First, about the ble tree to the Persians and Chinese in anciyear 1605; but parties running so high at that ent times, on account of it's leaves feeding the period, the attention of the nation was occupi-silk-worms, which enabled them to supply all ed on political affairs; and the procuring of silk the known world with silk, the price of which, in England was neglected, and has never since in Europe, was an equal weight of pure gold, been attempted, although the mulberry-tree has even as late as Justinian's time, A. D. 526. Mabeen found to thrive exceedingly well, and the dame de Genlis gives the invention of silks to silk-worms to spin as well as in any other part the Chinese; she relates in her work, (La BoThe mulberry-trees are now tanique, Historique et Littéraire) that the Emalive, and bearing fruit in many parts of the press Siling Chi, wife to Hoamti, was desired country, that were planted in the time of James by that emperor to examine the silk-worms, and That the mulberry-tree is a native of other the First, which is a proof of their durability. endeavour to turn their web to some useful purparts of Asia besides China and Persia, we I have lately seen a mulberry-tree, of the nigra pose, which she did, after various trials and have the authority of the Bible, where, in the species, which is supposed to be one of the experiments; and by feeding them with mul2d book of Samuel, we read that David came oldest in England, in the garden of the Rev. berry-leaves, she discovered the means of windupon the Philistines, and smote them over Dr. Crumbie, adjoining Greenwich Park; and, ing the silks, and the making of silk stuffs, which against the mulberry-trees. Again, in the notwithstanding its neglected and dilapidated she embroidered with flowers and birds. VolPsalms, we read, "He destroyed their vines state, it is one of the greatest curiosities I have tair states, that the valuable insect that produwith hailstones, and their mulberry-trees with seen in the shape of a fruit-tree in this coun- ces the silk, is originally from China, from try. It throws out ten large branches so near whence it was carried into Persia, though not This fruit was first brought from Persia in-the earth, that it has the appearance of half a until very late, together with the art of weavto Greece and Rome, and was more esteem-score of large trees rather than of one; and ing the down in which it is enveloped. ed by the Romans, even in their most luxuri notwithstanding many of the projecting branches Should a few spirited land-proprietors make have been sawed off, still it completely covers the experiment of grubbing up their hedgea circumference of 150 fect; and although the rows, and planting fences of mulberry-trees, I elder-trees have fixed their abode in some parts have no doubt but that in a few years they would of the trunk, and other parts are covered with reap as great a profit from their hedges as from their corn. It would find immediate employ ivy, yet it continues to give shoots as vigorous as the youngest tree, and produces the fi- for many labourers, and would in time require the assistance of thousands of the lower classes nest mulberries in England. It is a regular bearer; and the gardener assured me that he to gather the leaves and attend to the breeding gathered more than eighty quarts a week du- and feeding of the silk-worms, the winding of the silk, &c.: indeed, the whole process is calring the season. culated as an employ for the aged and the infirm, It is observed in Evelyn's Sylva, that this tree who, being unable to do laborious work, must Pliny observes (book xv. c. 24,) that "there possesses the peculiar property of breeding no now, of necessity, add to the weight of the pais no other tree that was so neglected by the vermin, neither does it harbour any caterpillar rochial taxes. I am fully of opinion that it would be wit of man, either by grafting, or in giving it except the silk-worm. The fruit, when ripe, the foundation of a permanent reduction in the poor names, except that of making the fruit large stains the hands; but when unripe, is a good rates, which must continue to augment, unless and fair." "At Rome," he continues, 66 cleanser. employ be found equal to the increase of the make a difference between the mulberries of It is one of the latest trees to blossom, and population. It is worthy of notice that the trees, Ostia and those of Tusculum." This author one of the earliest to ripen its fruit; which, which are planted for the feeding of the silkobserves, in his xvith book c. 25, that, "of all when ripe, is of a cooling aperient nature, but worms, are seldom suffered to grow to a height the cultivated trees, the mulberry is the last quite of an opposite quality when unripe, being to injure the land; but they are kept as shrubs that buds, and which it never does until the a strong astringent; and it has been already ob- or espaliers. The great nurseries of mulbercold weather is past; and was therefore called served to harbour no insects, yet it is the pecu-ry plants, in the plain of Valencia, in Spain, are the wisest of all the trees; but when it begins liar food of a voracious worm. produced from seeds obtained by rubbing a rope to put forth buds, it dispatches the business in The root of the mulberry-tree has an acrid of esparts with ripe mulberries, and then buone night, and that with so much force, that bitter taste; it is powerful in its effects; and has rying the rope two inches under ground. As their breaking forth may be evidently heard." been used with great advantage against worms, the young plants come up, they are drawn and The mulberry was much used in medicine particularly the tape-worm. The juice of this transplanted; the trees are afterwards set 'out by the Romans, particularly for the diseases of fruit, mixed with cider, is esteemed the best of in rows in the fields, and pruned once in two the mouth, the windpipe, the uvula, and the all the English vinous liquors. years.

The berries, stain'd with blood, began to show
A dark complexion, and forgot their snow;
While, fatten'd with a flowing gore, the root
Was doom'd for ever to a purple fruit.
The pray'r which, dying, Thisbe had preferr'd,
Both gods and parents with compassion heard:
The whiteness of the mulberry soon fled,
And, rip'ning, sadden'd in a dusky red.

we

stomach. The leaves and the roots were also Miller mentions eight varieties of this agree- It is now 2,143 years since wrought silks were used medicinally by them. (Pliny, b. xxiii. able fruit; which appears to be again duly ap-first introduced into Greece from Persia; and c. 17.) preciated at the dessert, as I find it is cultiva-about forty-nine years afterwards the Grecians

The mulberry-tree is stated to have been in- ted in a hothouse belonging to T. A. Knight, obtained them from India. troduced to this country in the year 1548, and Esq., who, I believe, is the first person that has In Rome a law was passed by the senate in it is said that it was first planted at Sion House, attempted to force this excellent berry. In the the reign of Tiberius, forbidding men to debase where the original trees still thrive, and which garden of Thos. Wm. Coke, Esq. M. P. at themselves by wearing silk, as being fit only I have seen since the first part of this work Holkham Hall, Norfolk, there are two mulberry-for women.

has been put to press. The interior of these trees trained to a trellis, upon a south wall. Heliogabalus was the first Roman that wore trees is so entirely decayed, that the timber has These trees are about 16 feet high, and the a garment all silk, which must have been about so far returned to its native earth that it will lateral extent of the branches of one of them the year 220, A. D. The Emperor Aureliacrumble in the hand; yet its branches, that are is upwards of 94 feet, and the other exceeds 97 nus, who died in 275, denied his empress a supported by props, are so well nourished by feet. They have been planted about 30 years; robe of silk, because it was too dear. In the means of the bark, that the fruit and the foli- and it is found that the fruit is much larger year 555 some monks, who had been in India, age appear as luxuriant as those of the youngest than that produced on standard trees, and their brought some eggs of the silk-worm to Constantrees: a strong proof of the durability of the time of maturity much earlier, and affording an tinople, where, in time, they produced raw mulberry-tree in this country. The first Duke abundant succession from the middle of July silk, which was manufactured at Athens, Thebes, of Northumberland said he could trace these until October. They are pruned twice a year, Corinth, &c. trees back three centuries.

leaving spurs of two inches long, which, at the Charlemagne sent Offa, king of Mercia, a This fruit is mentioned by Tusser, in 1557, winter pruning, are shortened to about an inch present of a belt, and two silken vests, in the and by Gerard in 1597, who notices both the in length. It is both a common and a bad prac-year 780, which is the earliest account we white and the black mulberry, and says they tice to make grass-plats under mulberry-trees, have of silk being seen in this country. grow in sundry gardens in England: he adds, by this means retarding the ripening of the In 1130 the Sicilians were taught to breed that in Italy they do maintain great woods fruit by the coolness of the grass; whereas the silk-worms, and to spin and weave silk; from and groves of them, that their silk-worms may heat reflected from the earth would greatly pro- whence the art was carried to Italy, Spain, and feed thereon." mote the ripening. the south of France. Some noblemen's ladies

wore silk mantles at a ball given at Kenilworth [I have not yet been able to ascertain, although As to the soil of the olive-tree, we may conCastle, in Warwickshire, in 1286; and it was this circumstance has occurred in the gardens clude, from several passages in Scripture, that worn by the English clergy in 1554. of persons eminent for their knowledge of fruits, it grew naturally in Syria; but particularly near Stockings made of silk were first worn by as witness Mr. Wilmot, of Isleworth; James Jerusalem, if we may judge by the Mount of Henry the Second, of France, in 1543; and in Wyatt, Esq., Hounslow; William Gilpin, Esq., Olives, so often mentioned in the New Testa1549 mulberry-trees were propagated through East Sheen; and in the garden of the Earl of ment. It was first planted in Italy in the thir all France; and the breeding of silk-worms was Landesborough, Yorkshire. teenth year of the reign of Servius Tullis, the much encouraged by Henry the Fourth of that Thompson has beautifully distinguished it from sixth king of Rome; and in that very year country. the common peach in his Seasons:was Nebuchadnezzar restored to his understanding and his kingdom, after having spent seven years among the beasts of the field.

Henry the Eighth of England received a few
pair of silk stockings from Spain; but knit silk
stockings were not known until they were made
by Mrs. Montague, who presented the first pair
to Queen Elizabeth. Thus silk has gradually
come into use, and it is now so common in
this country, that it would be difficult to find a
female servant in the streets of London, or any
part of the kingdom, who had not some portion
of her dress composed of silk.
The alba, or white mulberry, is a native of with sugar, is a useful laxative for
China.
(Brookes, vol. 6.)
The nigra, or black mulberry, is the tree of
the largest size, and the fruit is of a blackish
red colour, and from it a good wine is made:
this variety is a native of Persia.

-As I steal along the sunny wall,
Where autumn basks with fruit empurpled deep,
My pleasing theme continual prompts my thought;
The ruddy, fragrant nectarine; and, dark
Presents the downy peach, the shining plum,
Beneath his ample leaf, the luscious fig.

The rubra, or red mulberry, is a native of
Virginia.

OLIVE.-OLEA.

The olive seems to have been highly appre

ciated by the Romans; as Pliny says, "except the vine, there is not a tree bearing fruit of so great account as the olive. Fenestella informs us," says this author, "that during the reign of The flowers have an aromatic bitter taste, Tarquenius Priscus, which was about the 183d and, when fresh, an infusion of half an ounce in year from the foundation of Rome, there were water, or a drachm, when dry and sweetened no olive-trees either in Italy, Spain, or Africa, children. which is a strong presumption that they grew originally only in Syria." Theophrastus states, that in the 440th year of the city, there were no olive-trees in Italy, but on the coast, and within forty miles of the sea; but Pliny says, in In Botany, a Genus of the Diandria Monogy-his time, they were to be found in the very nia Class. heart of Spain and France, but that the olives Of this tree we have very ancient mention, of Syria, although smaller, produced the best The Japan mulberry-tree is called Papyrife- since it is related, in the Book of Genesis, that oil. Virgil mentions but three kinds of olives: ra, from the bark of which a kind of paper is the dove which Noah sent out of the ark, re- Columella mentions ten varieties, but says he made. turned with an olive leaf in it's mouth, by which believes they were much more numerous. The mulberry-tree's seldom producing fruit he knew that the waters of the Deluge had aba- The olive-tree was first introduced into Enguntil it has arrived at a considerable age, has ted. Since this time the olive-branch has been land in the year 1570; but there is little inbeen much against it's cultivation; but it is used as an emblem of peace by all civilized na-ducement for us to cultivate it, since it is by no now discovered, that by grafting it from the tions; and it is observed that a green bough an-means handsome, and we have no desire for its aged trees, or, to use a common phrase, putting swers the same purpose amongst the most savage ripe fruit. Besides, the climate in general is an old head on young shoulders, it soon becomes people in every part of the world. not sufficiently warm to assure us of a crop, fruitful. That the olive-tree was anciently very much though I have no doubt but it would flourish in esteemed by the Hebrews, is proved by the pa- many situations on the south side of the Sussex rable of Jotham :Downs, where the fig-tree thrives: indeed, in "The trees went forth on a time to anoint a some parts of Devonshire it is found as a stanMono-king over them; and they said to the olive-tree, dard tree, and is seldom injured by the frost. Reign thou over us. But the olive-tree said un- According to Columella, this tree flourishes to them, Should I leave my fatness, wherewith best in dry hills that are full of white clay; for This fruit is thought to have derived it's by me they honour God and man, and go to be in moist and fat fields it produces plenty of name from Nectar, a beverage supposed to be promoted over other trees?"-Judges, chap. ix. leaves, but no fruit. Though this author condrunk by the heathen gods. tradicts the idea that the olive will not grow It is a native of Persia, and was brought into David also seems to have considered the sixty miles from the sea, he states, that where this country, with the peach, about the year olive as a blessing when he says, "Thy children an oak has stood it cannot be raised. 1524. It does not appear at that time to have like the olive-branches round about thy table: been distinguished by any name distinct from Lo! thus shall the man be blessed that feareth cultivation, and produces fruit but once in two The olive-tree requires but little care in the other peaches of which it is a species, as Ge- the Lord." years. This fruit the modern Greeks during rard was living when it was first obtained, and The Grecians appear to have thought no less Lent eat in its ripe state, without any preparapublished his History of Plants about thirty-five of this tree and it's fruit than the Israelites. Intion, but a little pepper, or salt and oil. years later, wherein he describes four kinds of their fabulous histories, we are informed, that peaches, and says, "they are set and planted in the gods having been called on to settle a dispute We receive it from the south of France, from gardens and vineyasds: I have them all in my between Neptune and Minerva, arising from the Spain, and Portugal, pickled in the following garden," continues he, "with many other sorts,' desire of each of them to give name to the new manner: it is gathered unripe, and suffered to

NECTARINE. AMYGDALUS, MUC

PERSCEA.

In Botany, a Genus of the Icosandria gynia Class.

verse 7.

which shows there was a variety when first in- city of Cecrops; they determined to give the steep in water some days, and afterwards put troduced. He mentions one kind of peach which preference to the one who should produce the into a ley of water and barilla, or kali, with the appears to have been the Nectarine, Persica ru- most beneficial gift to mankind. Neptune, stri-ashes of olive-stones calcined, or with lime. It bra. "The fruit of peaches," says Gerard, king the ground with his trident, created a horse; is then bottled or barrelled with salt and water, "of this sort, be round, of a red colour on the but Minerva, by causing an olive-tree to spring and in this state do we meet with it at the desoutside: the meat likewise about the stone is of from the earth, gained her point, and from her serts of our most wealthy tables, where fashion a gallant red colour. These kinds of peaches was the city called Athenæ, now Athens, since has done much in having introduced and given a are very like to wine in taste, and therefore the olive, the emblem of peace or agriculture, fondness for olives, which seems to be an acquirmarvellous pleasant." was much preferable to the horse, the symbol of ed taste: however, they are grateful to the Pliny says, of all the peaches, the one most war and bloodshed. Minerva and the Graces stomach, and are considered good to promote diadmired in Rome is that named Duracina, from are also represented as crowned with olive-gestion and appetite. the solid substance of the meat; which seems branches.

But olives are chiefly cultivated for the sake

to agree with the quality of the nectarine, the A contribution of olives was given by all the of the oil that they produce, which is not only a principal distinction of which, from other peach Grecians who attended the Panathena, a fes-profitable article of commerce, but forms a prines, consists in the firmness and fineness of it's tival held at Athens in hononr of Minerva. cipal one of food to the inhabitants of the plapulp, it's superiour flavour, and smooth skin. Those who excelled in any of the games during ces where these trees are found. This oil is There have been many instances of necta- this festival, were crowned with a wreath of contained in the pulp only, whereas other fruits rines having grown not only on peach-trees, olives, which grew in the grove of Academus, a have it in the nut or kernel. It is obtained by but on branches bearing both beaches and nec-place near the city, with spacious and shady simple pressure, in the following manner; the tarines, without either budding or grafting: walks, belonging to a man of that name. Plato olives are first bruised by a mill-stone, and afwhether this is owing to it's being so nearly al- having here opened a school of philosophy, all terwards put into the trough of a press for the lied to the peach, or by the pollen of the nec-places of learning have been since called Aca- purpose, which, by means of turning a strong tarine being conveyed by the bees or the wind, demies., screw, forces all the liquor out, which is called

virgin oil. A coarser kind is obtained afterwards, and ugly, then they colour their eyebrows that frush." He vehemently condemns calking, or
by adding hot water to the bruised fruit.
they may not appear old." More than half the heels turned down,-" Unless in time of frost, be-
The oil of olive seems to have been of great knowledge in selling horses, consists in how to cause necessity hath no law; and it were better
utility to the ancients, since Aristæus, son of cheat, and in buying, to detect the tricks of the the horse should spoil his legs, than the rider
Apollo by Cyrene, was regarded as a rural dei-dealer. "It is an infallible maxim (says our should be in continual hazard of breaking his."
ty for having taught mankind to extract it, and author), that a man should never buy a horse [neck].
also to make honey, cheese, and butter. The which is both light-bodied and fiery, because such
wrestlers were anointed with it; and it was made horses destroy themselves in an instant. Many

a substitute for butter, which among the Romans people do ignorantly confound fieryness with
was used as a medicine.
vigour, or high mettle; whereas, true mettle
doth not consist in fretting, or trampling, dancing,

ON SHEEP.

Hants, Oct. 2, 1821.

We find, in the book of Leviticus, that oil SIR-Volumes have been written on the most formed a principal part of the meat offerings, and so forth, but in being very sensible of the spur. profitable management of that most valuable aniwhich the Israelites presented to the Lord: Not but that fiery horses are many times high mal the Sheep, and it has been generally allow"If thou bring an oblation of a meat offering ba- mettled, but their fault is in being so with this ed, that by turnips, cabbages, and other green ken in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes fretful disposition." Again: "A horse low in spring food, they may be bred and nourished to of fine flour mingled with oil, or unleavened wa-case, cannot be made plump unless he eat much the greatest profit, and I believe that to be strictfers anointed with oil. And if thy oblation be a hay, which makes his belly like that of a cow with ly the case. But on extensive grass farms, I wish meat offering, baken in the frying pan, it shall calf." This puts us in mind of the hay and water for information, whether that sort of stock may be made of fine flour with oil." system at livery stables, mentioned by Taplin, who not be managed with a profit nearly equal at

The best olive-oil at present is obtained from Provence.

"How to know if a Horse have a good appetite,
or be subject to the TICK

Pliny informs us, that in the 500th year of the remarks very truly, that a horse which has eaten least to that of the larger? My own conception city, when Appius Claudius and L. Junius were much hay is not fit to travel or labour, because is, that it may, and for this obvious reason: turconsuls together, a pound of oil was sold for the stomach being too much filled, presses on the nips, and other green spring food, are of compara twelve ases; but that in the year 680, ten pounds lungs, and impedes the breath. Also, he says, tively late introduction, within the last century of oil sold for one as, and that, in twenty-two that horses which are kept on straw, or poor food, at the most; they were unknown, and certainly years after that time, Italy was able to furnish are obliged to eat so great a quantity, for so lit- not in general use, till within these last 50 years, the provinces with oil; and it was much used tle nutriment, that they are not fit for business, and yet flocks equally large were maintained in at their baths, having, as they supposed, the nor can be put to labour without danger to their those times, as in the present, and certainly to property of warming the body, and defending it wind; nor to any profit, they are so sluggish and profit, or they had been abandoned for stock of a against the cold. unweildy. different description: besides, in France, Italy, The custom of robbing horses of their corn at Spain, Germany, and the Netherlands, where stables (or otherwise charging for that which was very large flocks are kept, this sort of food is Olive-oil is esteemed good for the breast and never given to them), is the worst species of theft wholly unknown, or at least not so appropriated; lungs; it tempers the sharp choleric humours imaginable. At livery stables, they will bring whence an inference may be fairly drawn, that in the bowels, is useful against all corrosive out your horse as round as a barrel, and as bright such stock is maintainable without it. I should mineral poisons, as arsenic, &c.; opens the uri- as a star, but by the time you have driven or rode suppose, that they keep a certain portion of grass nary passages; and is good for the stone and the him moderately ten miles, he will be all in a froth untouched for their support, and in very bad gravel. with fatigue. weather maintain them upon hay and other dry The wood of the olive-tree is used by cabinetfood. clearly practicable with a certain profit, and I This management, therefore, must be makers, from it's being beautifully veined, and admitting an excellent polish. should wish to have the ideas of some of your "If a horse be light-bellied, it were convenient valuable correspondents on the subject, and to to try him one night, giving him 15 or 20 pounds learn what estimated quantity of hay would be Selections from late numbers of the London Far-weight of hay, and if there be none next morning consumed by a certain number of sheep of midmer's Journal, received at the office of the he has a good appetite. Take notice, while he is dling quality and size, such as the most approved American Farmer. eating his oats, if he be not subject to the tick, South downs. Such estimates, founded upon pracwhich is pressing the edge of the manger with tical knowledge and observation, would be exhis upper teeth, and giving a kind of belch through tremely valuable to every grass farmer; and as his throat, whereby he loses part of his oats." this idea cannot be the first suggested, I much This has been since called crib-biting, which does wish to avail myself of the experience of others not mean a horse that gnaws his manger through on the subject: without it, every grass farmer It would be curious to inquire how many of the wantonness, but one which has an infirmity in the must turn sheep wholly out of his stock, and subconclusions in this body of Horsemanship and throat, or lungs, which inclines him to cough over stitute larger animals. Wishing for every atFarriery, which are said to be founded on expe- his meat. tainable information on this interesting subject, rience, have been since confirmed by that test of" Of the art of shoeing," the Sieur's observaI remain, Sir, your humble servant, truth. The first we meet with is this:tions are generally rational and useful: there are J. 9. four rules, he says, to be observed. The first is, "The eye-pits should not be too much sunk," Toe before, and quarter behind,"-by which he for if they are deep and hollow, they are ugly, means that the nails should have good hold at and make the horse appear to be old. Horses the toes of the fore feet; but on the hind feet, the that come out of an old stallion, have it from their very youth, some more, some less."

Sir WM. HOPE's "Complete Horseman," abridged from the French of the Sieur DE SOLLEYSEL.

Published in 1717.

"OF THE EYE-PITS."

"OF THE EYE."

ceived; for thereby they not only spoil the back

ON NEAT CATTLE. October 4, 1821. hold should be in the quarters, because the horn is thin on the toes. The second rule is, "Never SIR-The letters in your Journal turning much to open a horse's heels." That is, in paring the on Neat Cattle, I send you a few extracts from my foot, do not cut the heel away. The third rule is, common-place book. If you think them useful, "If you can perceive above the bottom, or ap-"20 make use of as thin and small nails as possi-publish them; but use your own discretion. I ple, of the eye, as it were, two grains of chimney ble;" and the fourth," To make the lightest shoe pick up information from various authorities, but soot fixed to it, it is a sign the chrystal is clear and you can,"-meaning, according to the nature of chiefly from practical men; and I like to reduce transparent; and if to this, the bottom of the eye the labour. "Those who think it frugality to knowledge to maxims. Your's, &c. be without spot, or whiteness, then the eye will shoe with thick heavy shoes, and seldom, are deSCRIP-SCRAP. be good." "OF THE AGE." sinews, but lose more shoes than if they had been No. 142.-Quadrupeds commonly turn after the "Another certain mark of old age [having de- light. Do not pare your horse's feet almost to the scribed the usual marks by the mouth] is when a quick, as some people do, who think thereby to horse seeleth; that is, when upon his eyebrows prevent the so frequent shoeing of their horses. about the breadth of a farthing of white hairs, The foot pared, you must fit the shoe to it, which mixed with those of his natural colour. A horse must not press upon the sole at all, but rest on the never seeleth until he be 14 years old, and always horn; neither too broad nor too narrow in the before 15 or 16, at farthest. Horse-coursers web: neither must its spunges extend any farther [dealers] commonly pull out those white hairs than the heel [by the spunge, he means the end, with pincers; but if there be so many that it can- or heel of the shoe], but must follow the exact No. 100.-You may breed fatting stock, but you not be done without making the horse look bald compass of the foot, just to the corners of the

dam of the sire.

No. 144.-In crossing the breed of cattle, always
put the hot (pure) blood at top.

No. 86.-Breeding in-and-in will lessen the vigour
of the male, and the sire of the animal bred;
but will often give a tendency to fatten.
No. 143.-Never breed from a chance-good ani-
mal.

cannot breed a good milch-cow.

tle.*

AMERICAN FARMER.

No. 145.-Peaty pastures will cure scouring cat-then why is not that sole preferable, which will ling having declared his opinion to Mr. Waistell No. 68.-Calves should have no change of pasture, rather you had justly stated my former argu- chased Mr. Maynard's cow and heifer, for £31. retain its original shape the longest? I had much that he was not a good one), and in 1786 he purand they will have no quarter-evil. N. B. I have kept cows (five to ten) for more panegyric. I would just add, before I conclude, Mr. Scott's Sockburn cow.) Mr. Charles Colling ments upon this subject than have used the least 10s., (bidding about the same time, 50 guineas for than 20 years; rearing two to five calves annual- if the length of the joint upon a straight axle, and was then an established breeder. In the spring ly, and followed the old farmers' precaution a flat sole parallel thereto, be duly considered, it of 1790, he exhibited in Darlington market his (taught me in 1795). I have constantly secured will be evident that a plane will be required for first two yearling bulls for sale, and succeeded in my calves in one field for the whole summer and it to move upon to be free from binding and selling them both; Mr. Coates of Smeaton was autumn; except in 1816,-when rearing but one grinding. Should it be replied, this may be re- the purchaser of one for £26., and Mr. Robert calf, I suffered it to run with my dairy cows. medied by giving more play upon this long joint; Thomas of the other, for £23. These bulls sureThat calf, at about five months old, was seized then it should be considered, the more there is ly may be called improved short-horns, and imwith the quarter-evil and died! It is the only between the hurter and linch-pin, the heavier the mediately descended from Hubback (whether swings and blows against them, and the more play Mr. C. C. and Major Rudd allow it or not); and there is between the bushes and the axle, the as the latter of these bulls, which won the premore the wheel will rake outwards, or under the mium at Durham in 1793, in Mr. Ralph Grimcarriage, and the more liable to either break ston's name, * was the sire of the g. grandam of obedient and humble servant. down or tumble over. From, Sir, your most my cow Stranger, it will appear that my breed has perhaps as much of Hubback blood in it, as any other breed in the kingdom (not even excepting that of the Messrs. Colling), as the Sockburn cows in my brother's time had access to both ly, had his proportion.

calf I ever lost in that disorder.

ON WHEELS.

A Common Leicestershire Farmer.

September 22, 1821. SIR-I wish your correspondent J. C. had given a true account of the difference in strength between a bended axle and a straight one, or reference where it might be obtained: I would not again have attempted to trouble you, or even if RECEIPT FOR MAKING GREEN GRAPE these bulls; and Chapman's Son of Punch, surethat which he hath given would have applied to the bended wheels, in the way he has represented it.

WINE.

We hear, indeed,

If he understands how to tree a bended wheel, fortunate in making British Wines, I herewith ly of this bull, (for he only kept him two years,) Lewisham Nursery, Oct. 7, 1821. he must know the downright spoke should always But I am by no means reconciled to the idea SIR-Having for a number of years been that Mr. C. Colling himself ever thought so highbe vertical upon a level surface, and therefore send you a receipt for making Green Grape Wine, as is now so confidently held out; otherwise would very capable of supporting as great a weight as the of counteracting the side swings and blows by the country, who have large quantities of grapes been sold to a gentleman of that name, at North straight wheels, beside the additional advantages as there are many farmers, and others in the nameless bull? for it is well known that he was which is particularly applicable this late season, he have parted with him at seven years old, a hurters against the boxes upon uneven surfaces. that will not ripen, and which they will find, by not called Hubback till many years after he had If the under spoke was not vertical, the wheel making use of them in this way, will turn to a would bind upon the axle-tree, and grind upon very good account. Care must be taken to have of Sons of Hubback, and if ever Mr. C. had any Seaton, in Northumberland. the inner edge of the shoe, similar to the flat sole the casks, bottles, &c. very sweet and clean, and such, the two yearlings, above alluded to, must upon a convex road; and I should be glad if J. C. would teach me, or any of your readers who are I have no hesitation in pronouncing this the fi- have been of them. Not one of Messrs. Collings inclined to believe his statement upon the bended scantling, what portion of the weight the upown bulls (their best bulls, as Major Rudd has it) could call him sire; and it is surely most wonderper spoke sustains: I conceive the greater the To make Champagne from Grapes equal to lines of bulls from Fuljambe (the son of the Blackful, that they should have never thought it worth pressure upon the under spoke, the greater the while to keep one of his begetting. The long tendency to raise the opposite one out of the bull; and that no virtue is allowed to have well bull) to Cecil, and from Punch to Pilot, have sprung from the loins of Mr. Hill's Blackwell

nave.

nest British wine that can be made.

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

JOHN WILLMOTT.

Gather the Grapes when they are just turning,
foreign.

I am sorry, Mr. Editor, to see that you advocate or about half ripe ; pound them in a tub, and to been found in any blood, but in this drop of the cause of flat soles, † when I should have every quart of berries so pounded, put two quarts the Kyloe, in the veins of Hubback, is most wonthought you convinced that the flat sole can in no of water: let it stand in a mash tub, for 14 days derful. Mr. Hill's bull, besides being the sire case wear out the middle more than the edges, when it is to be drawn off; and to every gallon of except by chance they run upon a convex rib: liquor put three pounds of lump sugar: when dis-of Mr. Barker's Bull, and the Sockburn bull, was solved, cask it, and after working, bung it down. * Cattle bred in a peaty country, are very sub-it should be bottled and tied down, or wired, if it In about six months it will be fit to drink, when also the sire of George Coates' old bull, which ject to scour, and the above must be restricted to is intended to be kept more than one year. won the premium in 1791. cattle which already scour on high land; then the ments need no comment. I am, Sir, your humThese plain statechange may remedy the evil, and vice versa. ble servant, Scouring young cattle, put on marshy pastures, where the soil is clay, and the fences ditches, are JOHN HUTCHINSON. generally cured of the disorder by eating the tender tops of reed.-Probatum est.-ED.

PEDIGREE OF IMPROVED SHORT-HORNS.

Stockton, Oct. 10, 1821.

ON PLOUGHING. SIR, The Bull Hubback being now pro-Gallawater, four oxen and two horses used to By flat sole, we mean a sole not rounded, stead of the main root of the Ketton and Barmp- and a surly old fellow, who held it, was someSIR,-About 30 years ago, on the banks of the October 3, 1821. nounced the grand cause of improvement, in- draw, or rather drag, a thing we called a plough; ridged, or rough with nail heads, and not a hori- tons,zontal sole. As to stating the arguments justly, horns,-it behoves every breeder in the king- sometimes the horses, and sometimes beating or -so celebrated above all other Short-times scolding the driver, sometimes the oxen, we confess that we have made some alterations in dom to prove his own stock related to this thrashing all the seven of us. Such scenes, howour correspondents' letters, for the purpose of en- wonderful animal (if he can); which I con-ever, I believe, are for ever passed away from the abling ourselves to perceive more clearly what ceive it by no means difficult for almost every south-east of Scotland, and it is now about 25 appeared to be meant; believing that this would breeder in this district to do, as no bull (as I will years since that these oxen have been fattened on be the better way of conveying that meaning to shew) has been more easy of access. our readers. The subject itself is very difficult to three years at W. Fawcett's, near Haughton-on- sulky old man become hedger and ditcher; and the state in a definite manner, and those who have it Skern, at one shilling a cow, before the late Mr. driver (now the Gallawater Ploughman) and the He served turnips and clover, and sold to the butcher; the in their power to turn to No. 560 (June 8, Robt. Colling and Mr. Waistell purchased him two old horses, on the same farm, and in the same 1818), will find an article quoted from Mr. (as we have it), "for the sole purpose of serving field, with a better plough, turn over the soil in a Gray's Plough-wrights' Assistant, in which the feeding heifers:" but I am now in possession of much better manner.

The conclusion which I

cause of the bended wheel is well defended, but the evidence to shew, that Mr. Waisteli, during the have derived from facts, is this, that two horses, defence very hard to be fully understood. Once more nine or ten months he remained a partnership with a proper plough, may plough properly any we think the principal interest of this subject lies in bull, had his twelve breeding short-horned cows soil: not that two horses shall turn as big a furthe conclusion of the Legislature as to the turn-served by him, and that he was open and free to row as four or six, but that when deep ploughing pike act; the abuses of the broad-wheel system, the whole neighbourhood, during that period. is required, two two-horse ploughs will do more, we hope, will put Parliament on its guard against Mr. Charles Colling became possessed of him in and better work, than a four or six horse plough; future exemptions, the main effects of which are Oct. 1785; he was then rising 5 years old; his price trouble and imposition.-EDIT. not more than £8. 8s. (the late Mr. Robert Col- * See Durham Register.

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