was not in the least moved. From this and simi-Chevreul, a chemist, who employs himself in He was of the class of circuit preachers whose lar facts, M. Du Trochet concludes that vegeta saponification, or the manufacture of soap, has residences are always transient, and who are tion is governed by an internal principle, and not made an observation rather humbling to our thus most free from either local prejudices or by the attraction of the bodies towards which it pride; namely, that human fat and hog's fat pro-partialities. And he declared to us, were he oblitakes its direction..... ..... Since bees have duce nearly the same proportions of oxygen, ged on oath to select the healthiest spot from the been so attentively observed, we ought certainly carbon and hydrogen; so in this respect at least northern bounds of Canada to the southern to be acquainted with the natural history of these we are no way superior to animals who live on bounds of Maryland, judging particularly from little animals, particularly when we consider the acorns! FROM THE RHODE ISLAND AMERICAN. the vigorous frames and constitutions of the aged number of works which have been written on portion of the population, he would point out a this subject. The Abbe de la Rocca who lived neighbourhood in Talbot county, on the Eastern long in the Archipelago, has written, in French, Shore of Maryland. A singular record in confirJames Sisson, Esq. who lives on Warren Neck, mation of this statement has just fallen into our three large volumes on the natural history of bees. The subject, indeed, seems to be inexhaus-about three miles from the village of Warren, hands, the authenticity of which is indisputable. R. I. is well known to the public as an enterpri-It may be justly remarked too, that tract of countible. A Swiss family, named Huber, have unsing Agriculturist. He is always seeking im-try within which those persons resided, is very dertaken to maintain permanent observations on bees, and to compose a new natural history of Provement in what is most useful to his fellow-small; from a third to one half of the designathose animals. Though the head of this family citizens, viz.: Orchards, the introduction of new ted five miles being covered by the tributary wabe blind, he seems to have perceived many things kinds of grain, the best mode of cultivating his ters of the Choptank. It should also be stated, which have escaped the notice of his predeces-farm, &c. He imported from Bremen, in Nov. that the persons recorded were the venerable sors. The Hubers have been for these twenty or 1820, two pairs of the largest kind of Geese, sup-heads of families. The same district embraced thirty years, in the habit of making observations posed to be the largest in the world, weighing at the same time a number of as aged and hale on bees, and it is probable that they will in due when fatted, 20 pounds, and it is confidently as servants. We might probably challenge any as time succeed in discovering all the secrets of the serted, some weigh 30 pounds. At first he was thinly populated tract of similar size in the Unihive. This family lately communicated to the rather discouraged, as they would not eat Indian ted States to produce such a list. Academy a work in which they attempt to over-corn, and the spring following they sat early and Persons of 70 years and upwards, most of them both geese reared but one to maturity. That hale and hearty, on the 27th day of March, 1808, throw the common opinion, that it is the pollen of flowers which furnishes bees with materials one, however, this spring, brought off two litters, and residing within fifty miles of the Oak in Talfor wax; they have observed that bees produce and the two old pairs each brought up a litter bot county, viz. he has now 17 young and 5 old ones, all perfectly Peter Brown wax only when they have extracted the honey or nectar of flowers; if bees gather the pollen it is white and healthy, and of full size. They feed Mary Harrington ness From the Easton Gazette, July 13. LAND. 98, Mary Rigby 78 John Seamore 86 71 William West 71 70 77 Rachael Seamore 74 70 Hugh Orem 76 75 William Hubbard 76 70 Eliza Lurty 72 76 John Markland 74 tor of insects, has discovered the receptacles of the wax, placed opposite the second stomach of the insect. M. Latreille seems also to have discovered the cause of the shrill noise, made by crickets and grasshoppers. He supposes it to proceed from a musical instrument composed of a sort of drum or box, filled with air, and laying on each side at the lower part of the abdomen. On this drum, case, or violin, as it may be called, membranes are stretched which answer the purpose of strings, while the hinder thighs of the animal serve as bows. If M. Latreille has really made this discovery, it must be confessed that crickets, REMARKABLE LONGEVITY IN MARY&c. are very ingenious little musicians, though their performances are neither very varied nor It is not easy to imagine more beauty of landvery agreeable, particularly where a great num-scape on a surface so nearly level, than is afford- The distresses produced by the drought are ber of these violin players are collected together. ed by the combination of fertile lands and fine felt in nothing more severely, than in the effects .. M. Savigny, another naturalist, waters of many situations on the rivers of the on cattle, on farms where there are no streams has chosen Worms as the subject of his study; Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay. The of running water; and of all the cattle, the he has already discovered twenty-two species in land and waters run into, and intersect each milch cows suffer most-any thing that will mithe vicinity of Paris. The family of creeping ani- other in every variety of form; and as you pass tigate this evil, although it may not be perfectly mals appears more numerous than it was thought up these noble waters the jutting and protecting effectual, will be useful. The only relief I to be. M. Férusac has already made out three points and deep and spacious inlets are every mo- know, and I find it a very great one, is, the hundred species of land and river molusca, of the ment delighting you with a new, and ever chang-turning cattle out at night instead of confining gasteropodal genus with lungs. M. Férusac like-ing scenery of the softest and most reposing char- them in cow-pens or cattle yards. wise supposes he has discovered that the ve-acter of beauty, we ever recollect to have be- A foreigner, who had been bred a herdsman, getation which anciently covered hills, was analo- held or admired. But this lovely country is said some years ago found fault with me for penning gous to that which now covers plains, and that by those, who do not know it, to be unhealthy my milch cattle at all at nights during the sumin former times the vegetation of our plains was and if unhealthy, certainly not desirable. To mer season, and an Irish dairy woman, who reanalogous to the present vegetation of the torrid the feeble frame and languid eye of disease sided with me a short time, was equally oppozone: such, at least, is the inference he draws nothing is comfortable or beautiful. sed to the same thing. The Herdsman asked from the remains of ancient vegetation which Sometime since we were conversing with a me if I kenw the habits of cattle! My reply are now found on different soils. Hence he con- preacher of the Gospel of the Methodist church was, I believe I did, and undertook to describe cludes that the temperature of the surface of the on the healthiness of different sections of our them as follows, viz: At about 9 o'clock in globe has considerably changed; and that there country. He was a man of intelligence and of the morning in summer they look for water, is a declination of vegetation, from heights to low careful observation; was born and reared far and then retire to the shade, where they remain, places. The report stated that M. Férusac wish-to the north of us, where Hygeia, the loveliest if unmolested, during the hot part of the day, and ed to draw similar conclusions from the wrecks of Goddess of ancient fable, is supposed to have se- about 4 o'clock in the evening they water again the animal kingdom; particularly from the re- lected her abode. His professional duties had and go forth into the field to graze, where they mains of mammoths in the northern countries. carried him to Canada, again brought him south-will continue feeding, if left to themselves, unBut this hypothesis is destroyed by the circum-ward by that mode of easy visitation journeying, til about 10 o'clock at night, when they lie down stance that mammoths having wool and long which would afford him the best opportunity of and do not move again until a little before dayhair are well able to endure cold. Thus there is forming an intimate acquaintance with the man- light when they resume their grazing, which no ground for supposing that the climate has ners, habits, condition and health, of every they continue until about 9 o'clock, when they changed in the countries where they lived. M. neighbourhood within the range of his travels.— look for water. To this the Herdsman remarked, Your true friend, DISTEMPER IN DOGS. H. P. and with this knowledge, you persevere in pen-it will be perceived that they are fed lavishly up pronounce it good in the superlative degree. It ning your cattle, by which means you deprive on this kind of worm. At other times, this bird is as far superior to the common hasty pudding them of more than an half of their best and fa-feeds upon different species of worms and bugs as one dish can be to another. vourite time for feeding, when the grass and which are found upon the surfuce of the ground, ground are cool, and when the grass is filled which services are of immense value and benefit with dew. The observation was irresistible-I to the farmer, and ought to recommend it to his abandoned the argument, but as happens in too peculiar care and patronage. But its innocence old tin bucket or coffee pot, and punch many many other cases, not the practice. I had and utility are inadequate to protect it from the holes therein, and then bend it in form of a half been induced to think that the manuring the wanton cruelty of boys and sportsmen. What moon, and nail it to a board. ground by keeping the cattle in cow pens was of immense numbers of these, our benefactors are P. S. How would you like a description of a more importance to me, than the additional annually destroyed through mere wantonness and cheap, convenient, simple and useful washing quantity of milk. I lost sight of the injury my cruelty, while we are constantly hearing of the machine? cattle sustained themselves, and I acknowledge, ravages of worms and bugs in the various departwith no little contrition, that I never once ments of vegetation. Even whole corn fields have thought of the barbarity of which I was guilty, been laid waste the present season by this larger in denying to the poor animals the enjoyment species of worm, which calamity might have been Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated Warm of one half of their feeding time at the most obviated by having spared and fostered the robin Springs, N. C., 22d August 1822. luxurious hours. -The utility, in fact, of this invaluable bird, is "I recollect having seen in your American FarWant, which is always the result of laziness so obvious, that even legislative interference is mer, an account of several kind of Dogs, and or bad management, obliged me this season, imperiously demanded to rescue it from the bloo- supposing you had noticed the distemper or a fafor the first time, to take the Herdsman's and dy fangs of the fowler. Other states have their tal sickness which frequently affect young dogs, dairy-maid's advice. My cattle were driven protecting laws for the benefit of innocent and particularly the hound, Spaniel and pointer, I now up to be milked night and morning, and imme- useful birds, and why should we be distanced in send you for publication, what I consider an indiately after milking they were turned out into the sacred cause of humanity? The subject may fallible cure, and worthy of being made public, the pasture again both in the morning and at appear trifling and novel at first, but a little re-viz:-Four grains of Tarpeths Mineral or Emenight. In a week, notwithstanding the drought flection will convince any one that it is by no tica Flavourn, and one grain Tartar Emetic, mixand my pastures were daily and hourly growing means unimportant." ed with a small quantity of butter; these ingreworse, I found the milk much increased, and in dients form the dose, and which are to be put the second week, it was doubled in quantity. down the throat of the dog; which can perhaps This is the result of experience, to which I This section of the country has not experienc-after the dose is given, you will find the animal be best done by the aid of a funnel; the next day was driven by necessity; and the knowledge of! ed such a drought in the recollection of persons greatly improved in health, and in most cases fiothers directed me in the course. Let others avail themselves of the suggestion if they please. been no rain of any consequence since the 21st of who have lived nearly a century. There has nally cured.". Another inducement offered by the Dairy February, the time of the flood, a period of nearwoman ought not to be omitted. She said in ly six months, and for the last two months Heaven dry weather, the cows, by being penned toge- has withheld its showers altogether,-like upon ther, and more especially if mixed together an African clime, the sun pours his sultry hours, with the dry cattle, will in a very short time parches the earth, dries up springs and streams. make your cowpen very dusty and filthy, and We hear daily of springs that were considered therefore it was an unfit place to milk in-the never-failing, disappearing, and that people like udders and the coats of the cows which are the thirsty throng of Israel, have to go miles in filled with dirt and dust, and although a pail of quest of water to sustain themselves. YORK, (Pa.) August 13. Gazettee. Editorial Correspondence. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 13, 1822. PRICES CURRENT.—CORRECTED WEEKLY. Red wheat, $1 20 to 1 23-White do., $1 23 to 1 27-White corn, 77cts.-Yellow do., 73 to 75Oats, 33 to 37 cts.-Rye, 55 to 58 cts.-Flour water might be carried to the pen to wash the Not a mill out of ten that can grind a grain, from the wagons, $6 87 a $7-Shad, No 1. trimudder, yet much dirt must fall into the milk and those few that can, cannot supply the demand med, $7 50 to $8-No. 2, $5 50 to $7-No. 1, from the coat of the cow at the time of milk- for flour.-Farmers have gone 20 miles to mill untrimmed, $7-No. 2, do. $6-Herrngs, No. 1, ing, and the dust from the cattle in the pen was and were then generally disappointed in getting $3 25 to 337-No. 2, $3 to 3 12-Beef, Northern irremidiable. The plan was to have the milch as much ground as would answer their immediate mess per bbl. $10 to 10 25-Baltimore, prime do. cows driven up into a clean yard, milked, and wants. A few weeks continuance of dry weath-89 to $975-Hams, 10 to 12 cents-middlings, 6 to turned out again directly. er will cause a great scarcity, and probably im- cents-Cotton, West India, per lb. accordAs manure is a great object both to farmers and pose a necessity of getting flour from Baltimore ing to quality, 15 to 25 cents New Orleans graziers, the better plan might be in summer, or elsewhere. prime, 16 to 18 cents-Georgia, upland, do. 14 to drive your cattle into a shaded, littered pen The summer crops have almost totally failed, to 16 cents-Cheese, N. England, 12 to 15 cents, or yard, convenient to water, where they some fields will not yield a grain of corn, and the scarce-Coal, Virginia, per bushel, 25 to 30 might stay from 9 o'clock in the morning until best of them not more than a few bushels to the cts.-English do., 40 cts. Flax per lb. 10 to 103 4 o'clock in the evening-this is a period of the acre. cents-Hops, fresh, per lb. 10 to 12 cents-Hogs' twenty four hours in which the heat compels lard, per 16. 9 to 10 cents-Hides, E. Shore, per them to abstain from feeding, when if they are lb. 8 to 10 cents-Leather, soal, per lb. 24 to 25 put into a well littered shady yard, the macts.-Upper do, whole hide, $3 to $4 25nure is saved and the cattle are not at all impeded Loudon County, Va. August 20. Salt, St. Ubes, per bushel, 50 cts.-Cadiz, do. in their feeding. DEAR SIR-I wish to write on a subject of 50-Turks' Island, 60-Wool, Merino, full blood, 42 cts.-Liverpool, blown, 40 cts.-Ground do. great interest to all persons who can obtain an ear of new corn. I am led to think that as Barlow Common country do., 20 to 20 cts.-Hay, per per lb. 35 to 40 cts.-Do. mixed, 28 to 30 cts.conceived it not a condescension to celebrate HasThe following observations of a Vermont Farm-ty Pudding in pretty rhymes, it will not be deroton, $18 to $20-Straw, do. $12-Oats, country, er, show that we should consult our real interest, gatory to my humble character, to write a short pr. bushel, 20 cts-Beef, fresh, per lb. 6 to 10 cts. as well as the finer feelings of our nature, by de- formula for making one of the most delicious re-to 10-Mutton, per lb. 5 to 8-Lard, 124 cents—Pork, do. per lb. 5 to 8 cents-Veal, per lb. 6 fending the innocent robin from the attacks of both pasts, boys and men. There are also other kinds of Butter, 25 to 37-Cheese, per lb. 12 to 183"That ever blubber'd o'er the fire." birds who prey on the insects which devour our Eggs, per dozen, 16 cents-Potatoes, per bushel, Take a few ears of new Indian corn, before the 80 to $1-Wood, hickory, $5 to $5 50-Oak, do. crops, and whose industry would amply reward saccharine milk has entirely evaporated or as $3 12 to $3 75-Pine, do. $2 to $2 25. us for protecting them.-Farmer's Journal. "I know of no method whatever to extirpate ter rasping a sufficient quantity, not attempting to Good do., nonesoon as it is sufficiently hard to rasp or file,-af- MARYLAND TOBACCO-Fine yellow, nonethis larger species, which human ingenuity can sift it, prepare the raspings in the same manner to $18,-Very little in market-Sales have been -Fine red, and spangled,, $14 devise. But Providence seems to have provided that you would hasty pudding (mush)—then with made this week for good Red, Patuxent from Bean antidote to this evil, in the rebeaula, or com-good rich milk, while the pudding is yet hot, nedict, $7 to $10-good seconds, $4 to $6-Common Robin.-This innocent and useful bird preys make repeated applications to the tongue and mon Tobacco, very plenty—no demand. with peculiar avidity upon this species of worm. Jaws-and be assured, Sir, better cating you This fact may be ascertained by visiting a nest of never enjoyed. I not only recommend it to you, young robins in the vicinity of a corn field, when but to all Epicures, and I think you and they will AGRESTIS. AGRICULTURAL. PUBLISHED BY JOHN S. SKINNER. PRINTED BY J. ROBIN No. 26.-VOL. 4. (Continued from page 194.) In Botany, a Genus of the Pentandria Mono- to bind. = a vine. 66 was vomit, throw it up again, in order to sharpen Although wine is not made in Egypt, vines 201 their appetites for supper. Plato, who strictly restrains the use of wine, licious perfume: the greater part of those that are much cultivated, and the grapes have a deAn Historical and Botanical account of Fruits, and severely censures the excess, says that are eaten there, are of that species, of which known in Great Britain, by Henry Philips."nothing more excellent or valuable than wine the fruit contains only a single seed. -Second Edition. was ever granted by God to man:" the greatest philosophers, legislators, and physicians, the kitchens of Egypt: they serve to envelop The leaves of the vine are of great utility in give it due praise, when temperately taken. Amphitryon is said by the Athenians to have most commonly presented at good tables. It is large balls of hashed meat, one of the dishes and on this account the fable was invented of they are frequently sold at a dearer rate than been the first who diluted wine with water; necessary that the leaves should be young: and and, being all inflamed, was presently cast into Egypt.) Bacchus having been struck by a thunderboldt, the grapes themselves. (Sonnini's Travels in The cultivation of the vine appears to have the nymphs' bath, to be extinguished. attracted the attention of man from the earli- tivated in England is uncertain; but I conclude ears. At what exact period the vine was first cul-ing those delicious little birds called wheatIn this country, vine-leaves are used in roastest times of which we have any account. Eve- it was as early as about the tenth year, A. D.,. Pliny concludes, that the vine was very rare ry part of the Scripture, from the Flood to the as at that time the Romans had possession of in Italy in the time of Numa, who ordered crucifixion of our Saviour, mentions the vine as great part of this island, and had introduced the that no libations of wine should be made at fubeing held in the highest estimation. The book luxuries of Italy wherever they settled. Augus-nerals; and to encourage the pruning of vines, of Genesis informs us, that "Noah planted tus was then emperor, and it was common to he prohibited the use of any wines, in sacrifivineyards, and made wine." It is mentioned send the sons of the English nobles to Rome to ces to the gods, that were cut from vines which among the blessings of the promised land, "a be educated; from this intercourse it seems had not been pruned. land of wheat, and barley, and vines," &c. The answer of the vine to the trees in Jotham's have been neglected at this time, though many the King of Tuscany, aided the Rutilians of unlikely that the culture of the vine should Pliny says, " M. Varro writes, that Mezentius, parable, shows in what high esteem men held authors are of opinion that the vine was not Ardea, in their wars against the Latins, for no this fruit:And the vine said unto them, Should I leave year 280, when Probus, who greatly encouraged were in the territories of the Latins." He adds, introduced into this country until about the other hire but the wine and the vines which my wine, which cheereth God and man, and go agricultural pursuits in all the provinces under that wines did not come into much repute unto be promoted over the trees?" The patriarchs and prophets frequently re-! Rome, was emperor. til 600 years after the foundation of Rome." present in scripture the flourishing state of a na- vineyards in Italy had so much increased about Again, we are informed that the planting of tion, a tribe, or a family, under the emblem of A. D. 85, that agriculture was thereby neglect-bo remarks, that Languedoc and Provence proJulius Cæsar found vines growing in Languedoc and Provence; but other parts of Gaul Thou hast brought a vine out of ed; on which account Domitian issued an edict were totally without vines at that time. StraEgypt, thou hast cast out the heathen, and prohibiting any new vineyards to be planted = planted it; thou preparedst room before it, and in Italy, and ordered at least one half of those until about the year 270, that the vine duced the same fruit as Italy; but it was not didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the in the provinces to be cut down. It therefore planted in the northern parts of Gaul, and about land." Psalm 1xxx.-Again the Psalmist men- appears highly improbable that the vine should tions it, "Thy wife shall be as the fruitful vine, not have been planted in Britain previous to the the rivers Rhine, Maine, and Moselle; and in upon the walls of thine house. Hungary. The heathens, likewise, held the vine in the ces were over-run with vineyards. year 280, when in 85 all the other Roman provin-merous; and we have accounts of some of them The varieties of the grape-vine are very muhighest estimation. Bacchus was elevated to the rank of a god, for having taught men the use of first introduction of the vine, is generally allow-northern conception of grapes. That we are indebted to the Romans for the such fruit as appears almost incredible to our the vine. As the god of vintage, of wine, and ed; although it is possible it might have been growing to an extraordinary size, and producing of drinkers, he is generally represented as introduced at a much earlier period than I testifies that the vines of Margiani, and in other crowned with the vine; and, according to Pli- have stated, as the Phoenicians are said to have places, were so big, that two men could scarceStrabo, who lived in the reign of Augustus, ny, to have been the first who ever wore a planted the vine in the isles of the Mediterrane-ly compass them with their arms, and that they an sea, as well as in several parts of Europe produced bunches of grapes two cubits, or and Africa; and as we have accounts of their yard, in length. Columella states, that Seneca trading to Britain for tin, they might have plant- had a vine which produced him two thousand ed it on the English coast also: but this must clusters of grapes in a year. Bacchus was sometimes represented as an in- it confirms the vine to have been originally tue of Jupiter, and the columns in Juno's temremain a matter of conjecture, any further than mentions a vine that grew so large, that a stafant holding a cluster of grapes with a horn, and brought from Palestine. In the book of Num-ple, were made of it. At the present time, the Theophrastus he has often been depicted as an old man, whose bers we find that the men, whom Moses had great doors of the cathedral at Ravenna may head was encircled with the vine, to teach us sent to spy the Land of Canaan, returned with a be seen, which are made of vine-tree planks, that wine taken immoderately, will enervate us, bunch of grapes, which they bare between two, some of them twelve feet long and fifteen inchconsume our health, and render us loquacious upon a staff. The Damascus grapes, at the pre-es broad. and childish, like old men. Juno's crown was also made of the vine. The of twenty-five pounds the bunch. sent time, are ofted found to weigh upwards vine, with grapes, is still selected as a proper counts of Egidius Van Egmont, envoy from the vine planks. Pliny states, that vines, in old At Ecoan, at the Duke of Montmorency's ornament in all bacchanalian devices. In the ac-house, is a table of a large dimension, made of Wine was chiefly used by the ancient Ro-man, professor of the oriental languages in the among trees. Valerianus Cornelius mentions a States to the King of Naples, and John Hey-times, were, on mans in the worship of their gods. Young university of Leyden, who have published their vine of one stock that encompassed and surroundmen under thirty, and women all their life-observations of the present state of Asia Minor, ed a good farm-house with the branches. Upon accunt of their size, rankedtime, were forbidden to drink wine. Egnatius it is mentioned that, in the town called Sidoni- the coast of Barbary, vines are now growing of Maccennius killed his wife with a cudgel, ha-jah, which is four hours' journey from Damas-large dimensions, some of them being eight or ving caught her drinking wine out of a tun, cus, some of the grapes were as large as pi-nine feet in circumference; and in Persia there for which he was tried by Romulus, and acquit-geons' eggs, and of a very exquisite taste. From are some kinds of grapes so large, that a single ted of murder. Fabius Pictor, in his Annals, these circumstances, we may fairly conclude that one is a mouthful. From what we find in Huereports, that a Roman lady was starved to death the vine is a native of Syria. That we do not tius-Crete, Chios, and other islands in the by her own relations for opening a cupboard hear more of the enormous clusters of grapes Archipelago, afford bunches of grapes from ten which contained the keys of the wine-cellar. growing in the eastern parts, is owing to that to forty pounds' weight each. Chios, now Scio, Cato records, that the custom of kinsfolks kiss-country having been in the hands of the Sara- has long been celebrated for its vineyards, and ing of women when they met, was to know cens since the seventh century, when Abubeker Virgil has immortalized its wines by his pen. by their breath if they had beed drinking over-run it; and these people being Mahome-The ritual feast shall overflow with wine, wine, but these restrictions were removed whendas, a religion that prohibits t wine became more plentiful; and the use it fit was then carried to such an excess, that eve a atural to suppose that the managemeOn the warm hearth, in winter's chilling hour, And Chios' richest nectar shall be thine: females would drink wine, and, by the aid of a lected. ture of the vine should be greatly neg We'll sacrifice; at summer, in a bow'r crown, the grapy clusters spread On his fair brows, and dangle on his head. Ovid. use of wine Warton. a Pliny mentions a vine, in his time, that was day Book, as also by Bede, as early as the com-op used every year to send her Majesty a pre 600 years old; and Miller states, that the vine-mencement of the eighth century. tent of them. yards in some parts of Italy hold good above The isle of Ely was expressly denominated the The vintage is a season of mirth in all the three hundred years. isle of vines by the Normans. The Bishop of wine countries, and seems to have been equally It is related, that Rhemnius Palamon, who Ely, shortly after the Conquest, appears to so in the earliest times. The prediction of Isaiwas a renowned Roman grammarian, bought a have received at least three or four tons of wine ah concerning Moab is particularly characterisfarm within ten miles of Rome, for which he annually, as tithes from the vines in his dio-tic: "And gladness is taken away, and joy, out gave 600,000 sesterces. By cultivation he so im-cese; and in his leases he made frequent reser- of the plentiful field; and in the vineyards proved it, that the produce of his vines in one vations of a certain quantity of wine by way of there shall be no singing, neither shall there be year sold for 400,000 sesterces. Pliny says, rent: many of these wines were little inferior any shouting: the treaders shall tread out no many people ran to see the huge and mighty to the French wines in sweetness. Few ancient wine in their presses; I have made their vinclusters of these grapes, which his idle neigh-monasteries were without a vineyard attached tage shouting to cease." bours attributed to his deep learning, while to them. Malmsbury mentions the county of The Spaniard, during the vintage, throws off others accused him of using magic and the black Gloucester, as excelling every other part of the his stateline ss and his cloak, and cries out to his country, in his time, in the number and rich- servants, "Let us be merry, my companions; ་་ art." We have, at the present time, some re-ness of its vineyards. In the reigns of Stephen wisdom is fled out of the window." markable vines in England; for since the intro- and Henry the Third, we meet with accounts The various wines made from the juice of the duction of stoves no country can rival us in the of vineyards. The first Earl of Salisbury plant- grape are so numerous, that to give a short desvariety and perfection of this fruit, several ed a vineyard in his park adjoining Hatfield cription of each would be to write a voluminous kinds of which ripen well in the open air. House, Hertfordshire, which was in existence work, and could only be interesting to those when Charles the First was conveyed there a who are in the wine trade. Pliny says, there prisoner to the army. were eighty kinds of the best wines in his Historians and antiquarians appear remiss, in days. The vine, too, here her curling tendrils shoots, not accounting for the total neglect of the Bri- The Grecians were renowned for their wines. The Duke of Portland has upwards of a hun- tish Vineyards; but we may conclude that, as our Homer has celebrated several: among them, the dred kinds of grape-vines at his seat at Wel-intercourse increased with the continent, it was kind called Maronean wine, which was made beck; and in the year 1781, his grace made a found more advantageous to import wine than from grapes growing upon the coast of Africa; present to the Marquis of Rockingham of a depend on the product of our own crop, which and also the Pramnian wine, which, according bunch of grapes that grew in his vinery, which must have been an uncertain one, from the va-to Pliny's account, was made from: one vineyard weighed nineteen pounds and a half: it was riableness of our climate. Again, the low price only in the neighbourhood of Smyrna, near to nineteen inches and a half in the greatest diam-of foreign wines must have contributed much to the temple of Cybele. eter, four feet and a half in circumference, and the neglect of making it in England, as in the These wines were so rare and expensive in twenty-one inches and three quarters in length. year 1342, according to Stow, the price of Rome, in the younger days of Lucullus, that It was conveyed to Wentworth House, a dis-Gascon wines in London was fourpence, and that only one draught was allowed at a repast, howtance of twenty miles, by four labourers, who of Rhenish, sixpence per gallon; and, in 1339, ever sumptuous the feast was in other respects. carried it suspended on a staff, in pairs, by the price of foreign wine was only twenty shil- Lucullus says, that he never saw at his father's lings per ton, for the best sort, and thirteen board Greek wines served up but once at a meal; turns. The vine at Hampton-Court Palace, which shillings and fourpence for the second quality, but when he returned from Asia, he gave to the was planted in the year 1769, has a stem of which was about three halfpence per dozen. people a largess of more than 100,000 gallons of thirteen inches in girth, and a principal branch It is stated by several authors, that foreign this wine; and Hortensius, at his death, left 114 feet in length, which in one year, produced wines were sold by apothecaries only, as a cor- above 10,000 barrels full of Greek wines to his two thousand and two hundred bunches of dial, in the year 1300. I am of opinion, that it heir." grapes, each weighing, on an average, a pound. was Portugal wine only which the apothecaries I have selected the following lines of a poet, His late revered Majesty enjoyed the fruit of sold, and not foreign wine in general, for about who wrote in the fourth century, to show of this vine half a century. Fruit was the only that time we find that the merchants of Gascoin what wines the Britons had knowledge at that luxury in which he indulged himself, and that were settled in London in great numbers; and early time. was cultivated in the Royal Gardens to the high-that, in the year 1317, an order was made to est perfection, and served at table in great this effect, "That merchants, who are not of the abundance, freedom of the city, are not to sell, by retail, Mr. Eden planted a vine of the black Ham-wines or other wares, within the city or suburbs. burgh sort, at Valentine House, Essex, in the Witness the King, at York, the eighth day of year 1758, which is the parent of the vine at June." Ye shall have rumney and malespine, Both ypocrasse and vernege wyne, Mountrese and wyne of Greek, Both algrade and despice eke; Antioche and Bastarde, Pyment also, and garnarde, Hampton Court, and has extended itself to up- The suppression of all the monastaries in wards of 200 feet in length, being so productive, England must Wyne of Greke and Muscadell, also have contributed much that it ripened two thousand bunches of grapes towards the loss of our vineyards; and the preBoth clare, pyment, and Rochell. in the year 1819. sent high duties on wine could not have been Some of these liquors, as ypocrasse, pyment, Speechly describes a vine, which was grow-anticipated by our forefathers, when they neg-and spices. and clare, were compounded of wine, honey, ing in the open air at Northalerton, in York-lected their vines. shire, in 1789, that had once covered a space At the installation feast of George Neville, containing 137 square yards; and it was judged, ton, which was in the year 1272, when wine amongst other liquors is mentioned, “In ale, The first duty on wines was one penny per Archbishop of York, and Chancellor of England, that, had it been permitted, it would have extended to three or four times the room. The gaugers were first appointed at London and the 300 tun; in wine, 100 tun; in ipocrasse, 1 eircumference of the stem, a little above the London alone amounted to fifteen pounds sixprincipal sea-ports. The new gauge duty at pipe." ground, is, three feet eleven inches: it is suppo- teen shillings and sevenpence, which makes the cester debited by his cofferer, or pay-master, In the year 1311 we find Thomas Earl of Leised to have been planted 150 years. In Jamaica, and some other of the West In-quantity imported amount to 7,598 pipes. The Thomas Leicester, amongst other charges, with principal customs for importation, at that period, £104. 178. 6d. for 369 pipes of red wine and two dia islands, the vine produces two, and often three crops a year. Both Brown and Lunan seem to have been on wines chiefly French and pipes of white, which is about 58. 74d. per p'pe. Rhenish, as there is yet scarcely any mention (Stow's Survey of London.) Madox's History of the Exchequer.) of Spanish, or Portuguese, or Italian wine. observe, that grape-vines produce most abundantly in Jamaica, particularly the Muscadine, which ripens all its berries nearly at the same time, and has clusters of the fruit from eight to ten pounds weight; the pulp of which has shillings per ton. been found less watery, and more fleshy, than Grapes seem to have become rare about the things enumerates forty tun of wine and ten tun the same fruit in the south of France, and yet year 1560. Strype, in his Life of Grindall, Bish-of cider. From these circumstances, we may the making of wine even for the consumption op of London, (who was one of the earliest en- fairly judge that wine was the principal beverof the island has never been attempted. couragers of botany in this kingdom) writes, age of the English nobility at that period. In the year 1322, when the sentence of banishment against the Spencers was removed, the In the year 1409, the duty on wine was three elder Spencer's petition to the King, setting forth the damage he had sustained, amongst other There are several accounts of actual vine-that his grapes, at Fulham, "were esteemed of At the present time, the consumption of yards being in England in an early period of our that value, and a fruit Queen Elizabeth stood so wine in these dominions is immense, notwithhistory. Vineyards are noticed in the Dooms-well affected to, and 50 early ripe, that the bish-standing the excessive high duties laid on forrign A wines; and in the London Docks there are ele- the vineyards are so productive, casks cannot] That an excess of this reviving beverage is ven large vaults for housing of wines until the du-be found to contain the wine; and that many pernicious to the health, no one will attempt to ties are paid on them: one of these vaults often vineyards remain ungathered, notwithstanding deny, any more than he would to excuse repeatcontains near 30,000 pipes. public notice being stuck at the church doors, ed intoxication. Wine is not so much used in Portugal supplies us with both the red and that all who choose may gather, by paying a this age to debase man as it was in times past. the white port, which take their name from small acknowledgement. Those who are afflict-Those liquors least intoxicating are now preferOporto, from whence they are shipped. Lisbon, ed with bilious complaints should drink good red; and the quality of the wines given at tawhich is called after that city, and Bucellas, sherry, in preference to all other wines, it be-ble is at present more attended to than the which is a wine made from the fruit of vines ing less likely to turn acid on the stomach. quantity; which has introduced cheerfulness and that have been brought from the Rhine, and The island of Madeira was planted with the good sense around the decanters, in exchange planted in the neighbourhood of Lisbon, if not vine from cuttings brought from Cyprus, by for boisterous disputes. In an age that has adoften renewed, degenerate, and become similar Prince Henry, son to John the First of Portu-vanced so far towards refinement, there can be to the produce of Lisbon. No wine improves gal, in the year 1420, when the island was first no need to set up the alarm of poison, or conmore by keeping than Bucellas, if good when discovered; and it now affords about 30,000 demn all the wine-merchants as murderers, as pipes of wine annually. The Rhenish vine has lately become the fashion of some authors, bottled. Port wine is imported in casks, containing has also been planted in Madeira, and produces which can answer no other purpose than that 138 gallons, which is called a pipe, but often a very superior wine, known by the name of of alarming the timid, and bringing a respectagauges two or four gallons over: upon this the Cerciel Madeira: this island also affords us a ble body of men into contempt. I am surprised duty must be paid, although the merchant sweet wine, called Malmsey Madeira, but the that any person should make so severe an acmakes no charge for the extra quantity. genuine Malmsey wine is the produce of Malvi-cusation as that of stating to the world that poiFrance has been long famous for her vine-sia, and is now very rare. The ancients some-sonous drugs are employed by the wine-meryards, and even exported wine to Italy in the times ripened particular wines, by placing them chants, without giving one instance to make reign of Vespasian. Our traffic with Bordeaux in the smoke above a fire, or in an upper part good their assertions. About the year 1426, for wine, commenced about the year 1172; and of their houses; and it is well known to the mo- when Sir John Rainwell was lord-mayor of Lonwe now obtain from France a great variety of derns, who are curious in their Madeira wines, don, he having received an information of the delicate wines, among which are the red and how much they improve by being kept in a gar-mal-practices of the Lombard merchants in white hermitage, burgundy, claret, champaigne ret, instead of a vaulted cellar. Good West-In-adulterating their wines, to the great prejudice of several sorts, frontignac, muscadel, lunel, dia Madeira that has been exposed to the frost, of the health of his Majesty's subjects, caused barsac, langon, vin de grave, &c. &c. The ge- as well as the heat of summer, will be found to one hundred and fifty butts of that pernicious nerality of these wines do not require long keep- have ripened, as well as by a voyage to the liquor to be seized in divers parts of the city, ing, and without great care, burgundy and East Indies. the heads whereof being knocked out, the wine, champaigne soon become ropy and spoiled. The Teneriffe wine, when about three years or putrid matter, ran into the street channels, The most esteemed French wines are old, can hardly be known from Madeira; but as and emitted such a very noxious smell, that it it gets older it becomes sweet and mellow, like infected the air to a great degree. It will be Malaga. Formerly there was made at Tene- observed that this was an imposition practised The mellow tasted burgundy, and quick, riffe a great quantity of canary sack, which by foreign merchants, and I do not recollect haAs is the wit it gives, the gay champaigne. the French call Vin de Malvesia, and we, cor-ving met with any instance where an English From Switzerland we procure neufchâtel, vel-ruptly after them, Malmsey, from Malvesia, a wine-merchant has been detected in this infateline, la côte, reiff, &c. &c. town in the Morea, famous for luscious wines. mous practice, or of the charge of mixing his The borders of the Rhine furnish us with a The luscious red wine called Lachryma wine with perry, as has been stated is often variety of Rhenish wines, the most esteemed of Christi, is produced from vineyards on Mount done, and thereby defrauding both the revenue which is called hock, from Hockheim, the town and his customers. This latter charge can be where it is made. This wine cannot be kept The Cape of Good Hope has been planted refuted by the best of all possible reasons, viz.: too long, as it obtains both body and flavour, as with vines from the Rhine, Persia, and other it is against the interest of a wine-merchant so well as colour, by age. Hock wine is given with countries; and they have so increased, that to do; for he has more dfficulty in procuring suthe greatest advantage, in cases of the typhus there is scarely a cottage without a vineyard in perior wines than he has of obtaining ready fever. About one half of Germany can boast of all the colony. It is from the Cape that we ob- sales at high prices, The best wines are always having good vineyards, while the other half tain those rich wines called Constantia, both red the first sold, and afford the largest profit, wherehas none: all the wines of this country require and white, which are made on one farm only, as inferior wines are rarely disposed of without long keeping. and the quantity does not exceed sixty pipes a loss. I conclude it is generally known, that, The claret smooth, Vesuvius. The advantage of keeping particular wines, of red and 100 of the white per annum. We at the present time, the duty and other inciden was well known to the Romans. Est mihi nonum superantis annum, Hor. also receive from thence large quantities of the tal charges on foreign wines form the greater wine called Cape, which will be good when the part of the price, and that the worst pipe of growers know their interest better, and attend Port or Madeira pays as much duty as the best; more to the quality and less to the quantity. it is therefore a most material part of the busiThere is another objection to this wine, which ness of a wine-merchant to import the best must be remedied before Cape can be agreea-wines from the countries with which he trades. ble, viz: that the vines, instead of being staked, When the vintage proves rather unfavourable, as in other wine countries, are suffered to trail or his importations are deficient in flavour, he Pliny mentions having met with wines in his time that were made in the consulship of Opimi- clude that those berries next the earth will rot, he is obliged to procure the richest wines he on the ground: it is natural, therefore, to con- pursues a very different course to adulteration: us, which was almost two hundred years be- and a few unsound grapes will give an unpleasant can obtain of the same kind to mix with them. fore. This author says, "there was a wine favour to a large quantity of wine. This is often done at a great expense, because Phillis, this Alban cask is thine, made at Vienna which soid the dearest; it had," The moderate use of wine has never been con- he has not the means of disposing of inferior says he," the taste of pitch, and it is reputed demned by physicians; and in so moist and change- wines, even at any price. It is not an uncomcooler than other wines, and was therefore gi-able a climate as England, a more plentiful mon practice to add Burgundy or Hermitage ven to allay fever." draught may be allowed than in warmer coun- to improve Port wine: this cannot be deemed The Hungarian wines, if not sent to us in tries. adulteration. quantities, are made up in quality, if we may Sentius, when he was prætor of Rome, said Solomon, in his Proverbs, says, "Wisdom judge by the price of tokay. At the sale of the he never had any wine of Chios in his house be- hath mingled her wine." Duke of Queensberry's wine, in 18-, the tokay fore the physician prescribed it for the palpita- The fining of white wines is so simple a process, sold for one hundred and fifty pounds per dozen, tion of the heart, a complaint he laboured under, and attended with so little expense, that there which is about a guinea a glass. The tokay which is a convincing proof of it's having been can be no inducemeut to use poisonous drugs, as made at Johanneski, in Poland, of the vintage used medicinally in those days. On the other has been stated by a late publication to be a comof 1811, was sold on the spot for 4,000 florins the hand, Androcides, in his letter to Alexander the mon practice. It is well known to every housecask of 8 ohms, which is equal to twenty-seven Great, says, (to correct his intemperate drink-keeper, that isinglass dissolved in Hock or Rheshillings per gallon. ing of wine,) "My good lord, remember when nish wine will fine the most obstinate white wines. Spain furnishes us with sherry, paxeretta, you take your wine, that you drink the very It is correctly stated, that there are persons who mountain, tent, &c. Mr Swinburn mentions, in blood of the earth; hemlock, you know, Sir, is prepare finings for the wine-merchants at a cheap his account of Spain, that in plentiful seasons poison to man, even so is wine to hemlock." rate; but as this is publicly sold, any person has |