(that is, when the trees grow in the best subsoil) | From Sir Wm. Hope's Complete Horseman, ful, remarks, on breeding in general; or at least the canker does not take place. &c." of White Feet, Stars, Blazes, and Fea-something which might be applied to the question which has lately been agitated in the Jour "We are told (says Mr. Lyon) that trees can little. thers. common. ker because their roots run into a cold till, or Although these marks, in the opinion of the nal; and also to that which has been since probarren subsoil; and yet we are informed that Duke of Newcastle, are nothing but so many ab-posed. (The subject is important, and is one of perpetual interest in agricultural pursuits.) in rich soils (as old fold-yards, &c,) they can surdities; as also what people say of white-footed But we experienced an almost total disappointscarcely preserve the native crab from canker," horses, that there are four good marks belong-ment; which serves to shew that little or nop. 72. But he does not consider, that a very ing to them, and seven bad; yet since many rich surface soil, artificially made, may lie upon people rely much upon them, I shall describe thing had been then considered, or decided, in regard to domestic animals in general; nay, even a barren subsoil (hollow or indurated) which is them as briefly as I can. quite unfit to sustain a healthy tree of some "The first good mark is when a horse hath as regards the subject above, scarcely any thing years standing. And this is precisely the situa-only his far fore-foot white; the second, when important is to be found, but that the Duke of Newcastle never used the colts of his own breedtion most liable to the disease; that is where he hath his near hind-foot white; third, the ing for stallions; but chose the most beautiful young trees grow vigorously, but when their two hind feet white is a good mark, especially of his mares, and put them always to importroots plunge, and seek nourishment from the if he has a star, or a blaze in the forehead. ed horses from the original race. The passage Four white feet shews good nature, but are is quoted from the Duke's book, which the above bottom, they suddenly canker and decay. At the first, the trees make abundance of top, but commonly not very strong; and the fore fect author says was very scarce and dear when he they cannot stand with large tops, unless the will incline to be brittle. "The far hind foot white, is esteemed a bad fore he only gave an abstract of it. was writing, above 100 years ago, and thereroots descend in proportion; in plunging they get into a soil by no means equal to the sur-mark; also the two fore-feet, but is not very The two fore-feet, and one hind-foot, "You may provide yourself of young breeding face, and thus the balance is lost between the mares from your own race; which as they are is somewhat better. Two white feet of a side top and bottom. Their vigorous shoots are then arrested in their growth; the leaves shrivel by white footed; although some persons esteem it is a bad mark, so it is when a horse is cross good, and of a good breed, will bring you forth. more beautiful foals than any other, in respect the power of the atmosphere, and the trees canker, not because they have too much nour-good to have the far fore-foot and near hind-that they have been engendered by a good stalliishment from below, but because they have too foot white, especially if he have a star with it."on, and that the same that covers them did also -We find here but five bad marks, so, to make beget them; for there is no such thing as incest out the number, we may add, that two white-among horses. But you are not to make use of Thus a hollow and sterile subsoil, indurated feet behind and one before, is a bad mark, whe-your colts for stallions, because they will much by nature, and liable to part by fissures in sum-ther the fore-foot be right or left. degenerate from the true barbs; and if you mier, must necessarily be saturated with the "Ermined white feet (says our author) are those should so make use of them from one generation winter's wet; the surface soil may, notwithstand-which are freckled with little black spots round! to another, they would at last become like to the natural race of the country wherein they ing, be mellow with gardening, and rich with ma- the coronets; an excellent mark. The higher nure; and the trees in spring put out abundant the white ascends upon a horse's legs, he is so are: therefore I would never advise you to leaves, and prepare for vigorous growth; but much the worse: but after all, the judgment ther that you would change him for a good barb choose a stallion from your own breed, but rain a very short time there is a deficiency of drawn from colours and marks is according to moisture below; the subsoil will not hold it; men's fancies, there being good and bad of all or Spanish horse; but still make choice of the most beautiful mares of your own race to breed the water suddenly sinks, and percolates away, colours, as well as of all marks. from." and the trees are left with their abundant foliage, "A feather is nothing else but a turning of insufficiently supplied with sap; and the ends of the hair (sometimes called a rose) resembling what is strictly meant by in-and-in, since this The general directions above, do not include the twigs shrivel, and the leaves partially roll in some an ear of barley, and a kind of oilet hole in up, and sometimes die, and hang drooping as if others. When it reacheth a good way along the latter (as we understand it) would confine a whole stock to any two chosen original animals; they were burnt. So sudden an alteration of upper part of the neck near to the mane, it is a that is, as soon as choice offers, you may select abundance and want are incompatible with re-good mark; and if it be on each side the neck, the gular health and progressive growth. We shall mark is better. So likewise if there be in the your males of course-but always within the here add one practical fact, which goes direct- forehead, two or three of these oilet holes, sepaprogeny of the first two. ly to support this reasoning,-namely, that to rate from each other, or so joined as to form a OF THE SPECIFIC INFLAMMATION OF prevent the canker, in a great measure, on such kind of feather. Or if the like mark be upon soils, the only method is to trench up the soil the ply of a horse's thigh, and upon the back The disease now to be described, is perhaps and subsoil, two or three feet deep, and let all part of it, near to where the end of his dock the most common, and certainly is by far the be mellowed and mixed together a twelvemonth reacheth, it is a very good mark. most dangerous disease of the Eye of the Horse. before planting. If, instead of this, we adopt "It is said of horses which have white faces, It has seldom been distinguished from the simthe plan of peeling, the second year after plant-or blazes, that if the blaze be divided in the miding (as mentioned by Mr. Lyon,) and if peeling dle, crossways, the horse will be of an odd dis-ple and puriform inflammations of this organ, tend to supply the tree with more nourishment, position; but if his near hind foot be white, it though its more, serious consequences are well we do not see how the disease should be pre- will rectify that blemish. This inflammation is seated in the internal vented, which he ascribes to a plethora of sap. "Every horse that is not white or gray, is Peeling trees, whether young or old, cannot esteemed the better for having a star in his fore-parts of the eye-ball, affecting more particularwell cause less sap to rise in spring, and more head. You may easily discover when it hath ly the choroid coat and the iris. in summer; but another thing it may do, that been made by art, because there will be no hair is assist the maturation of the sap as it rises, and in the middle of it, and the white hairs will be haps in a single night, a great tenderness in one so promote health in the tree. Thus, if it stay, much longer than the rest. eye, commonly marked by the eye-lid being or moderate the ascent of the sap in the spring, “The Hollanders roast a large onion in hot shut, a copious secretion of tears, the white of the tree may be better enabled to sustain the ashes, and being almost thoroughly roasted, anterior chamber of the eye dim and coloured; preparation it makes for leaves and fruit: by they divide it in two, and dip it in scalding there being no distinct speck on the cornea, as Mr. Lyon's own reasoning, it admits the effects hot walnut sil, after which they immediately ap takes place in the common inflammation of the of light and heat on the trunk and branches, ply the flat side of it to the part of the forehead which assists the concoction of the increment as where they intend to make the star, and keep remarkable, even though the disease assumes eye. The redness of the eye-ball is never very before. The fact is certain, that of cankered it there for half an hour; then anoint the scalded its most aggravated form; but the dimness of trees of some year's standing, it occasions much place with oil of roses: in a short time the the anterior chamber increases rapidly, and in more and better fruit, but the modus operandi, scarf skin falls away, and there grows up in the two or three days, or even a shorter period, a may, without any great reproach to our under-new one some white hairs; but the star in the standing, be left among the arcana of nature. middle remains always without hair, as was beyellow spot appears at the bottom of that cavity, arising from the formation of pus. Sometimes fore observed." the quantity of pus is very considerable, and I have seen it fill at least two-thirds of the ante"A discourse of Breeding, and how to raise a rior chamber. good and beautiful race of Horses." After lasting one, two, or three weeks, the We entered upon this chapter with great inflammation and watering usually begin graduhopes of finding some curious, and perhaps use-ally to subside. The pus, though in a very large Excepting that as we differ in this way from the reasoning of Mr. Lyon, we agree with him in many important particulars, which we shall refer to with pleasure in our future Numbers.Editor Farmers' Journal. known. THE EYE. There usually comes on very suddenly, per the eye appearing slightly red, and the whole quantity, is sometimes almost entirely absorbed, of that expedition. A gentleman from this the hay, will be found also to conduce much to so that scarcely any vestige is to be seen; and place, then an officer in that brigade, on his re-the health and thrift of the stock. For the use in other instances, thin webs of opaque matter turn, after the expedition, brought some ears of of salt in the winter is accompanied sometimes remain, which destroy the transparency and lus-that corn. That was the first of the species with costiveness, and and at others it produces tre of the eye, and which by their adhesion to ever seen here, and has, since that time been opposite effects, and invariably renders the cattle the edges of the pupil, interfere with its mo-more and more diffused; and I believe within a more susceptible of the cold. And it not unfretions, and destroy its form. few years only, has been generally and extensive-quently results in the loss of flesh, and disease.It is astonishing how acute dealers in horses ly cultivated for culinary purposes. The spe-Too profuse an use of salt upon hay would no are, in discovering an eye which has had an cies has undergone some change since it was first doubt prove detrimental. About six quarts to attack of this kind. introduced-then the core was a bright crimson, the ton is the requisite quantity. Having for a Sooner or later, whilst the horse appears in and after being boiled, and the corn taken off, if series of years, pursued the practice of salting a state of perfect health, the eye is again at-the core was laid in contact with any linen (the my hay in the mow, I consider it superior to any tacked, the disease being accompanied by the table cloth or a napkin,) it communicated an in- other method of using salt, by at least, two hunsame symptoms, making a similar progress, and delible stain, this inconvenience has disappeared dred per cent. having the same termination; whilst each new-this species also, like what is distinguished by attack is accompanied with the deposition of the appellation of southern, or flat corn, by re more and more opaque matter. Those attacks peated planting here, assimilates to our local corn As tea contains volatile parts that should be succeed each other at very different, and some--for a number of years I was careful in select-preserved, and in which its better qualities exist, times at very distant intervals, until the whole ing the largest and fairest ears for seed, until it the tea-pot should be handed to each person on a pupil is filled with an opaque white matter, and grew nearly as large and as fair as the common tray with cups and sugar; for when made out of the sight of the eye completely destroyed. corn, and at the same time lost much of its pecu-before it reaches the guest. It is not the bitterthe room, all its reviving spirit has evaporated During this progress, the disease is often con- liar qualities, softness and sweetness; and I confined to one eye, at least one eye is usually much cluded it would, in process of cultivation, be-ness but the fragrance of tea that is cheering. more severely affected than the other. In some come assimilated to the common corn of New When the infusion has once been completed, it cases the two eyes are simultaneously affected, England-although I accidentally discovered that is found that any further addition of the herb only and finally, by a succession of attacks, the the ears which were produced on the suckers affords a very small increase of strength, the wahorse becomes completely blind. If an eye, which has in this manner suffered, smaller, much more disshevelled, and in appear- it is better to make fresh tea in a second vessel, (and it is very much disposed to sucker) were ter having cooled, much below the boiling point, and consequently acting very slightly; therefore be dissected, it will be found that the external ance perfectly similar to the corn which I first changes have been accompanied with still more remembered to have seen. I then selected some serious internal derangements. The crystalline of the ears from the suckers, which were suffilens has lost its natural transparency, forming in ciently ripe and severed for seed, and found, that the human eye what is called a Cataract, or in on the next year's planting, I had reproduced the horse," Moon blindness.” corn, at the least ten years retrograde; and It has already been noticed, that horses are have since then, annually saved a portion of the very subject to this disease. It attacks them of seed in that mode, the fact will be obvious to any all ages, of all classes, and in all states of condi- one who is in the practice of gathering the corn, tion; though, as far as I have been able to ob- that the ears which are produced on the suckers, serve, it is most common in those that are high though small, retain the milk longer, and are bred, and in high condition. It is therefore suitable for the table longer, than those that are probable, that dark, hot, and ill-ventilated sta-produced on the leading stalks. bles, must have great influence in the production of this disease. It is supposed to be most frequent in particular lines of blood; and those who breed horses for the turf, are averse to breed from mares or stallions who have weak or blind eyes. ness. Yours, &c. PLYMOTHEUS. FROM THE REPUBLICAN AND YEOMAN. THE FARMER. than to add it to the exhausted and cool leaves. -Phillips's History of Cultivated Vegetables. THE FARMER BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, AUGUST 9, 1822. PRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY. Flour from the wagons, $6 124 cts. to 6 25— Wharf do., $6 cash-Wheat, white, $1 20 to $1 25-Red do., $1 15 to 1 20-White corn, 65 to 66 cts.-Yellow do,. 62 to 65 cts.-Rye, 50 to 55 -Oats, 23 to 25 cts.-Shad, trimmed, No. 1. $8 to 9 -Untrimmed, No. 1 do., $7 to 8-No. 2, do. $6, dull-Herrings, No. 1, $3 50-No. 2, $3-Beef, Northern mess per bbl. $10 to 10 25-Baltimore, prime do. $9 to $9 75-Hams, 10 to 12 cts.This disease has usually been found incurable, middlings, 6 to 8 cts.-Cotton, West India, per and when a horse's-eye has once been affected Hay-The best period for cutting clover leans prime, 16 to 18 cts.-Georgia, upland, do. lb. according to quality, 15 to 25 cts.-New Orwith it, the proprietor is generally anxious to and herds-grass, is when they are in full bloom. sell the horse, aware of the disease returning This will be found to improve the quality of the 14 to 16 cts.-Cheese, N. England, 12 to 15 cts. sooner or later, and finally terminating in blindhay more than is ordinarily supposed. scarce-Coal, Virginia, per bushel, 25 to 30 Other Bleeding, moderate purging, a cooling diet, especially on cold and moist lands, and also on lard, per lb. 9 to 10 cents-Hides, E. Shore, per cts.-English do., 40 cts.-Flax per lb. 10 to 10 grass, that grows short and dense at the bottom and a well-aired stable, afford a temporary re- lands you do not intend to plough, should not be lb. 8 to 10 cents-Leather, soal, per lb. 24 to 25 cents-Hops, fresh, per lb. 10 to 12 cents-Hogs' lief, and moderate the severity of the symp-cut so early.-Not only will the crop of hay be cts.-Upper do., whole hide, $3 to $4 25toms. Considerable benefit is derived, in some cases, from the application of the vinous tinc- inconsiderable detriment from such early mow-42 cts.-Liverpool, blown, 40 cts.-Ground do. materially lessened, but the land will receive no Salt, St. Ubes, per bushel, 50 cts.-Cadiz, do. ture of opium two or three times a day, in the manner formerly directed. A seton in the teming. 50-Turks' Island, 60-Wool, Merino, full blood, The practice of salting Cattle in the winter is but as far as I have been able to observe, these To prevent the necessity of this, by far the best in these prices from 12 to 18 cts., when assortple, or check, has also been advised by some; extremely injurious and should be abandoned.-per lb. 35 to 40 cts.-Do. mixed, 28 to 30 cts.— Common country do., 20 to 20 cts.-An advance remedies never prevent the repetition of attacks, method is to put the salt upon the hay when it ised and cleaned-Pitch, per bbl. $2 25 to $2 50 and the ultimate destruction of the organ. put into mow. If this is done, your cattle will-Tar, per bbl., $1 60 to $1 70-Rosin do, $1 50 require no salt in its crude state during the whole to $2Turpentine, Soft, $2 25 to 82 50-Spiwinter nor will they take it if offered to them, rits Turpentine, per gal. 80 cts.-Beef, fresh, Another inducement to the practice of salting Sir, In your last paper, a correspondent in-hay in the mow, is the unavoidable waste of salt per lb. 6 to 10 cts.-Pork per lb. 5 to 8 cts.quires," from whence came the sweet corn, and and labor which accompanies the old method of cts.-Lard do., 12 cts.-Butter do., 20 to 25 cts. Veal per lb. 6 to 10 cts.-Mutton, per lb. 6 to 8 using it in the winter in its crude state. It also Eggs, per doz., 12 cts.-Potatoes, per bushel, Of the natural history of the sweet corn, it is prevents the danger of the hay's suffering injury 75 to 87 cts. presumed, that with all the other species of In- from heat and by improving its quality, will ocdian corn, it is indigenous to America. Of this casion much less waste in the expenditure of it particular species, nothing was known in this sec-during the winter. This practice of seasoning tion of the country (if in New-England) before FROM THE OLD COLONY MEMORIAL. at what time it was introduced here ?" 1779, in that year an expedition under the com- * Captain Richard Bagnal, then a Lieutenant. mand of General Sullivan, was sent against the Six †There called Pappoon corn-probably from nacions of Indians, inhabiting on the borders of its tenderness and sweetness, made the food of chilthe Susquehannah. Poor's brigade made a part dren. Virginia tobacco-sales have been made at $7. Maryland tobacco-same as last report-little sold the last week. PUBLISHED BY J. S. SKINNER. No. 21.-VOL. 4. AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, 16th AUGUST, 1822. EXTRACTS FROM GALAGNANIS' GUIDE THROUGH ITALY. 161 gation is displayed under a beautiful climate, and unites with the action of a southern sun in producing all the phenomena of the most vi gallant commander of our Naval forces in the The soil deposited by the waters, equally rich Mediterranean, and it was owing to his accom-and deep, is almost every where on a perfect plished predecessor in command that several level. Banks of pebbles are only found on apWe have on other occasions expressed, and pens at our late Cattle Show, were filled to the proaching the mountains, the whole plain_conet more sensibly felt, that the agricultural in-admiration of the Society. sisting of a black mould of great fertility. From erest is already, and is likely to be still more The course of reflection in which we have the heights of the mountains which command all lebted to the patriotic disposition and liberali-here indulged, was occasioned by turning over Lombardy, there descends a prodigious abunyof the officers of our Navy. Though the our file of communications to the following no-dance of currents, which art has not yet been field of enterprize, and of nautical research is tices and extracts respecting the agriculture able to master; their direction, however, is divicomparatively restricted by a state of peace; of Italy-for which we are indebted to S. Ham-ded in innumerable ways by the multiplication nevertheless our officers are not idle, at home or bleton, Esq., Purser of the Columbus, on her late of irrigating canals, so that there is hardabroad.—The letters that we have often and re-cruise in the Mediterranean, under command of ly a farm or a meadow that is not within reach cently seen from beardless youths in that service, Commodore Bainbridge.-EDIT. AM. FARMER. of a canal and a sluice. This luxuriancy of irrireally do credit to the corps-they give us unaffected descriptions of foreign towns, scenery, habits, productions, government, &c. which, if not profound, are yet sprightly and amusing, and Soil and Agriculture of Piedmont and Lombar-gorous vegetation. These great natural advanclearly indicative of that eager curiosity which is dy, and of Italy in general. tages have long since accumulated in happy the pioneer of knowledge and parent of atten- Italy may be classed into three regions, ac-Lombardy an immense population, and with all tive observation; which promises the soundest cording to the three systems of cultivation its consequences; such as numerous towns and fruit, when they shall have attained the vi-which distinguish them from each other; while markets, with fine roads leading to them from Four of maturity. Hence we find in our officers the difference of climate, of productions, and of every part of the country; the country_itself of higher grade and more experience, the va- rural manners, will readily point them out to subdivided into an infinite number of small proriety of solid attainments; the facility of com-the observation, and the remarks of the travel-perties, in the centre of which is the Farm munication, and the polish of manners which fall ler. House; and finally their land is cultivated with only to the enviable lot of those who are blessed The first of these regions begins towards the great art, and in such a way that neither space with active minds, the opportunity of observation Alps of Susa, and Mount Cenis, and extends to nor time is lost in its cultivation. The crops by travel, and the sacred ambition to employ these the shores of the Adriatic. It comprehends all are bordered with plantations of fruit trees of advantages for their own honour and their coun- the plains of Lombardy, separated by the course every species, mixed with the mulberry, poplar, try's good. But the idea we would more parti- of the Po, into two nearly equal parts. The fe- and oak ;-and that even the latter may not serve cularly intimate is, that to us, there appears cundity of the soil in this rich plain is such, that merely for shade, it is made to support the vine to be something in the nature of their avoca- its various productions, which succeed each other plants, whose branches shooting forth on every tion which leads them to agricultural pursuits; without interruption, emulate each other in the side, cover them over like a dome, and fall whenever their feelings are no longer engross-luxuriancy of their growth; and from this skil-back in festoons. ed by the all-absorbing anxieties, and thirst ful mixture of crops, this region may be called The taste for plantations is so great almost for professional distinction, which naturally be-the country of cultivation by a rotation of all over Lombardy, that the eye of the passenlong to a state of war. Proof on proof might crops. ger cannot pierce through it; he travels through be given in support of this suggestion; hence The second of these regions extends over all an horizon always veiled, and which he only is it, that researches are now made in every the southern slopes of the Appennines, from discovers as he advances. This succession of foreign country, by the officers of the navy, for the frontiers of Province to the boundaries of landscapes, which always prepares something whatever may add variety and value to the Calabria. This I call the region of the Olive unexpected for the imagination; this freshness stock of agricultural materials in their own: and in Tree, or the Canaanean cultivation. It only of verdure; these numberless habitations, which further corroboration, let us add with pride, that occupies slopes and hills. This kind of oriental unite a degree of elegance with comfort; these of all classes, having regard to their numbers, culture rises on steps on the sides of the mountains, fields, whose luxuriant shade has a wild apfrom which support could be expected to air a series of terraces ingeniously supported by pearance, while their cultivation bespeaks the journal almost altogether agricultural, the walls of turf, and covers these wild spots with utmost perfection of rural economy-present algreatest proportion of subscribers to the Farmer, several species of fruit trees. together a contrast and harmony which no other singular as it may appear, consists of officers of The third region may be designated by the country exhibits in the same degree-we do not the Navy-Again-It is to them we owe it, li-name of the country of bad air, or of Patriarch see here that wide and monotonous vegetation mited as their pay is known to be, that, within culture. It extends along the Mediterranean of the plains of India, nor those vast fields a few years past we have received through from Pisa to Terricina, and comprehends all which spread over the uniform plains of the our publick ships-the fine horses of Arabia, of the plains that spread out between the sea and North; neither do we find those romantic spots Barbary, and Peru-the large and spirited Ass- the first chain of the Appennines. This region, in which the Swiss valleys display their charms; es of Malta, the beautiful cattle of Tuscany, ce- fortunately the least extensive, depopulated by but we run over the face of a country in which lebrated since the days of Virgil-the sheep of the plague of a fatal atmosphere, has beheld its these divers aspects seem to unite in a manner Spain and Barbary-the Llamas and splendid antient prosperity disappear, with its villages, to recall them all to mind. specimens of the feathered tribes from South hamlets, and agriculture. These lands, covered The accumulation of towns is enormous in America-the prolific swine, and fine poultry of with immense pastures, only serve to feed flocks, Piedmont; and this country, the limited extent the East Indies, and the delicious melons of the which, like those of the first inhabitants of the of which is disputed by a great extent of mounMediterranean, with grain, grass, and vegeta- earth, form the only wealth of the shepherds to tains, supplies grain and cattle to Genoa, to Nice, ble seeds from all quarters of the world. And we whom they belong. and even to Toulon. There is perhaps no counhave no doubt but the Constellation, just return- Besides these three grand divisions, Italy con- try that can dispose of so great a portion of its ed to her native shores, has brought her contri-tains also in its high mountains, wild districts, annual productions, and none where the econobutions from the fertile coasts of the Pacific. where the inhabitant lives only on the produce my and administration of farms is better underIt is true these offerings to agriculture are si- of the woods; and on the banks of the Po there stood.-p. 46. lently and unostentatiously made; but they are are likewise vast meadows always green, and surely not the less valuable, or worthy of record watered by innumerable canals, solely devoted and remembrance on that account. It would give us to the rearing of numerous herds of cattle. But pleasure, could we do more particular justice to the we shall now proceed to describe the system of individual contributors, amongst whom may now agriculture followed in Piedmont, which greatly be named, without intentional slight to such as may adds to the beauty of that country, surrounded be omitted, Bainbridge, Stewart, Chauncey, by the Alps, and favoured by nature with its Downes, Jones, Morris, Henley, Ballard, Booth, richest gifts. LOMBARDY. The further we advance towards the East, in following the course of the Po, the deeper and more fertile is the bed of vegetable mould; but at the same time, the rivers, the beds of which, at the foot of the Alps, are deep with high banks, here flow on a level with the soil as they approach the Adriatic; and the country of course is better Hambleton and Lattimer. That all these have with The first agricultural region of Italy extends watered and more humid. The cultivation of corn* in a few years made valuable presents to their coun-from the foot of the Alps to the foot of the Ap-therefore diminishes, and the meadows extend try, in the way we have described, has fallen in pennines, over that immense plain which begins over a vast space. This change becomes sensible most instances, casually, and in others more di- at the passage of Suza, and only terminates on in the environs of Placentia. The subdivision of the rectly, under the Editor's notice-at our very el-the eastern limits of Italy. This vast region farms and the system of their administration are bow, more than two dozen volumes by differ-may be called the garden of Europe, and is, ent authors, on Italian agriculture, serve to re-without dispute, the part that has been most fa mind us of the well applied zeal of the present voured by nature. * All kinds of grain. the same as in Piedmont, but the succession of This judicious course of cultivation therefore jes flocked in such abundance, that what were crops and the agricultural produce are different. affords, in six years, four crops of corn, one of found at his death sold for more than twenty-five It is not so much corn as cattle which forms hemp, and one destined for cattle; and this rapid thousand pounds. Pliny mentions eight kinds of the wealth of this portion of Lombardy, and the succession is so skilfully intermixed, that the cherries as being cultivated in Italy when he face of the country becomes still more beautiful fertility of the soil is by no means exhausted, wrote his Natural History, which was about the and more animated. All the right bank of the while at the same time all the necessary prepa-170th year, A. D. "The reddest cherries," conPo is planted with magnificent oaks, whose wide ration can be given to the ground, and it can tinues he, "are called apronia; the blackest, spreading range of branches gives a freshness be cleared and cleaned at equal intervals. actia; the Cæcilian are round. The Julian cherand verdure that one would not expect to find in Such is the agriculture of that portion of ries have a pleasant taste, but are so tender that Italy. These oaks afford a harvest of acorns, Lombardy which extends along the right bank they must be eaten when gathered, as they will which serve to fatten an immense number of of the Po, that is to say, a part of the first ag-not endure carriage." The Duracine cherries hogs. And it is astonishing that the shade of ricultural region of Italy, which we pointed out were esteemed the best, but in Picardy the Porthese oaks hardly does any damage to the crops above. The reader will perceive that the crops tugal cherries were most admired. The Macethat grow under them, a circumstance that can are almost all of the nutritive kind, and that donian cherries grew on dwarf trees; and cue only be attributed to the triple effect of the fer-excepting silk and hemp, none is destined for kind is mentioned by the above author, which tility of the soil, irrigation, and climate. It is manufactures. The result of this abundant pro-never appeared ripe, having a hue between in the plains that border on the course of the vision of aliment is an immense population, no green, red, and black. He mentions a cherry Po that those Parmesan Cheeses are made, of branch of which are manufacturers, because they that was grafted, in his time, on a bay-tree stock, which the consumption is prodigious in Italy, have no material within their reach.—p. 142. In POMARIUM BRITANNICUM, (Continued from page 146.) which circumstance gave it the name of laurea: this cherry is described as having an agreeable bitterness. "The cherry-tree could never be made to grow in Egypt," continues Pliny," with all the care and attention of man." and all over Europe. These meadows are the most fertile in the world; constantly watered, they produce three, and sometimes four crops of forage; but being divided into an infinite An number of small properties which form a The county of Kent has long been celebrated multitude of farms, there are but few that for the quantity of cherries which it produces, and can keep up a cheese factory alone,as this in all probability, they were first planted in this requires the entire milk afforded by at part of England, of which Cæsar speaks more least fifty cows. For this reason, these people Botany, of the Icoscondria Monogynia Class. ed. Some authors assure us, that the whole race favourably than of any other part which he visithave long since formed societies for making their It was formerly considered by Botanists as a of cherries that had been brought to this country cheese in common. Twice a day the milk of distinct Genus; but Linnæus pronounces it of by the Romans, were lost in the Saxon period, fifty or sixty associated cows is brought to the the Prunus Species. common dairy, where a man keeps an account and were only restored by Richard Harris, fruitThis beautiful fruit was procured and brought erer to Henry the VIIIth, who brought them of each separate portion of milk-a running ac-into Europe by the overthrow of Mithridates, king from Flanders, and planted them at Sittingbourn count is thus kept up which is settled every six of Pontus, when he was driven from his dominions in Kent. This appears to be an error, as Gerrard months by a proportionate quantity of cheeses. The breed of horned cattle also changes in the cherry-tree growing in Cerasus, a city of Pontus, from our English cherrie-tree in stature or in by Lucullus, the Roman general, who found the says, "the Flanders' cherrie-tree differeth not neighbourhood of Placentia: we no longer see (now called Keresoun, a maritime town belonging forme," &c. those large oxen of Piedmont, with reddish hair, to the Turks in Asia,) which his army destroyed, and small horns, but the fields are covered with and from whence it derived the present name of There is an account of a cherry-orchard of fine cows of a light slate colour, with thin legs, Cherry. Lucullus, who was as great an admirer thirty-two acres in Kent, which, in the year a cylindrical body, lively eyes, and long horns of nature as he was of the arts, thought this for £1000, which seems an enormous sum, as at 1540, produced fruit that sold in these early days regularly twisted. This breed is evidently the produce of a constant crossing between the Hun-granted a triumph, it was placed in the most contree of so much importance, that when he was that period good land is stated to have let at one garian breed, and that of the small Swiss Can-spicuous situation among the royal treasures minds to this great price, from the deficiency of shilling per acre. We can only reconcile cur which he obtained from the sacking of the capi-other fruits in this country, and the splendour in This superb Hungarian breed subsists with-tal of Armenia; and I doubt much if there was which Henry the VIIIth and his ministers lived. out mixture in the south of Italy, and affords the finest and best oxen in the world; but the that war, which is stated by Plutarch to have valuable estates in Kent; and I learn from Boys's a more valuable acquisition made to Rome by Fruit orchards are still considered the most cows are bad milkers, and the people of Lom-cost the Armenians 155,000 men: we may very Kent, that cherry-gardens, while in full bearing, bardy long ago perceived that it was necessary justly style it the fruit of the Mithridatic war. to cross them to produce this effect, and to draw Botany seems to have been more studied in ear- does not generally continue more than thirty from their meadows all the produce of which ly times by distingushed persons than at present. better than orchards; but the cherry-tree they are susceptible. Thus, from a period, the In this instance we find the conquered and the years in perfection. Mr. Randall says he has date of which is unknown, 2000 cows annually, conqueror both botanists. known a single cherry-tree produce fruit that he Mithridates, whom pass Mount St. Gothard and are spread over Cicero considered the greatest monarch that ever has sold for above five pounds per year, for seven Lombardy, where they bring a principle of re-sat on a throne, and who had vanquished twenty Warde's cherrie is so called, because he was the years in succession. Gerard says, "the Luke generation of the species, which alone preserves four nations whose different languages he had in the Italian breeds those qualities which ren-learnt, and spoke with the same ease and fluenfirst that brought the same out of Italy; another der them precious. cy as his own, found time to write a treatise on we have called the Naples' cherrie, because it The management of the farms is, as in Pied-botany in the Greek language. His skill in physic the fruit is verie great, sharpe pointed, somewhat was first brought into these parts from Naples: mont, a lease for half the profits;-but the is well known: there is even, at this day, a celesuccession of the crops is a little different. The brated antidote, called Mithridate, a particular of a deepe blackish colour when it is ripe.”— like a man's heart in shape, of pleasant taste, and meadows occupy a greater space, and the Indian translation of the account of which will be found corn cedes a great portion of the soil to the cul-in the history of the walnut. This author mentions the Spanish and the Gastivation of hemp and winter beans. The succesIt was in the 68th year before the birth of coigne cherry, &c. and says, "there are many sion of crops is generally as follows:other sorts in our London gardens." Christ, that Lucullus planted the cherry-tree in tons. 1st year-Indian corn, and hemp manured. 2. * Corn. 3. Winter beans. 4. Corn, manured. 5. Clover, ploughed up after the 1st crop. 6. Corn. In the environs of Parma they have begun to cultivate tobacco with great success, and it then replaces during the first year the Indian corn and hemp. pay Italy, which "was so well stocked," says Pliny, The cherry seems to have been a fruit highly Some idea may be formed of the Roman gar- I have observed, that the cherry-gardens in dens, by the luxurious manner in which Lucullus the vicinity of London, have what is termed an lived in his retirement from Rome and the public upper and under crop, which is done by planting *The American reader must not mistake affairs. He had passages dug under the hills, on strawberries or currants, &c. between the trees; "corn" for "Indian corn": wheat, rye, Bar-the coast of Campania, to convey the sea-water and the latter fruit, I have noticed, has been as Pry-every thing made into bread is "CORN." to his house and pleasure grounds, where the fish-¡fine, and as productive, as when planted by it self, and engrossing the whole garden. Phillips says the apple tree is Uneasy, seated by funereal yew, CHESNUT.-CASTANEA. every chesnut they swallow, with proper faith In Botany, it is ranged in the Class of Monacia and unction, they shall deliver a soul out of purPolyandria, and is of the Genus of Fagus, or gatory. Beech. Or walnut, (whose malignant touch impairs The Fruit is more properly a Mast As ornamental and profitable for parks, chesthan a Nut. nut-trees are exceeded by no others, which all All generous fruits,) or near the bitter dews Of cherries; therefore weigh the habits well The chesnut-tree was first brought to Europe must acknowledge who have seen the fine avefrom Sardis, (now Sart,) a town of Asia Minor, nues in Greenwich Park. There is no better Of plants, how they associate best, nor let Ill neighbourhood corrupt their hopeful grafts. by the Greeks, who called the fruit the Sardini-food for deer than chesnuts, and they fall from an nut, until it was honored by the appellation of the trees when other sustenance is scarce. Lord Bacon has clearly elucidated what the an-Aros Báλavos, or Jupiter's nut. Sardis was The timber is of equal value with the best oak, cients considered the sympathy or antipathy of burnt by the Athenians 504 years before Christ, and, for many purposes, far exceeding it. No plants. "For it is thus," says this great man, which caused the invasion of Attica by Darius. wood is preferable for making casks to hold wheresoever one plant draweth such a particu-We may therefore venture to conclude that the wine and other liquors, as it imparts no taste to lar juice out of the earth as it qualifieth the earth, chesnut was thus early known to the Gre-the contents, and has the property of maintainso that juice which remaineth is fit for the other cians. Pliny mentions eight kinds of ches-ing its bulk constantly, without shrinking or swelplant: there the neighbourhood doeth good, be- nuts as being known to the Romans in his ling, as most other timber is apt to do, which ofcause the nourishments are contrary, or several; time, and says they were ground into meal, ten causes casks to burst. It has also the quality but where two plants draw much the same juice, and made into bread, by the poor; "but when of lasting longer than elm, or any other timber, there the neighbourhood hurteth; for the one roasted," he adds, "they are pleasanter and bet-when used for water pipes, or other purposes, deceiveth the other." ter food." He also mentions one kind, coctive under the ground. (chesnuts to be boiled.) Chesnuts were consid- The chesnut-wood has recently been successered nutritive by the ancients, and good for those fully applied to the purposes of dyeing and tanwho retched up blood. ning, thus forming a substitute for logwood and oak bark. Leather tanned by it, is declared, by the gentleman who made the experiment, to be superior to that tanned with oak bark; and in dyeing, its affinity for wool is said, on the same authority, to be greater than that of either galls or sumach, and consequently the colour given is more permanent: it also makes admirable ink. The great chesnut-tree, near Mount Etna, is The cherry, like many other kinds of fruits has had its sorts so multiplied, by various graftings and sowing the seeds, that we now enjoy a great variety of this agreeable fruit, and for Chesnuts," continues Pliny, "were much a considerable portion of the summer, as it is improved when men began to graft them." one of the first trees that yields its fruit in re- The Romans called them Castanea, after a city turn for the care of the gardener. From the ri- of that name in Thessalia, from whence they first pening of the Kentish and the May Duke, to the procured them, and where they were grown in ellow Spanish and the Morello, we may reckon great abundance by the Grecians. full one third of the year that our desserts are Some authors affirm that the chesnut-tree is a furnished with this ornamental fruit; and to native of this country. Dr. Ducarel maintains, those who have the advantage of housed trees, in his Anglo-Norman Antiquities, that it is an in- perhaps one of the most extraordinary trees in the cherry makes a much earlier appearance, as digenous, or native tree of this island; for this the Old World. It is called "The chesnut-tree it is a fruit that bears forcing exceedingly well. purpose he alleges, that many of our old build-of a Hundred Horses," from the following tradiCherries have ever been found more tempting ings in London, and other places, contain a great tionary tale: Jean of Arragon, when she visited than wholesome. Pliny says, "this fruit will quantity of this timber. Mount Etna, was attended by her principal noloosen and hurt the stomach; but, when hung up The remains of very old decayed chesnut-trees (bility, when a heavy shower obliged them to and dried, has a contrary effect." He relates, may be seen in the Forest of Dean, Enfield Chase, take refuge under this tree, the immense branches that some authors have affirmed that cherries, and in many parts of Kent. At Fortworth, in of which sheltered the whole party. According eaten fresh from the tree when the morning dew Gloucestershire, is a chesnut-tree fifty-two feet to the account given of it by Mr. Howel, this is on them, and the stones being also swallowed, round: it is proved to have stood there since the chesnut-tree is 160 feet in circumference, and alwill purge so effectually, as to cure those who year 1150, and was then so remarkable, that it though quite hollow within, the verdure of the have the gout in their feet. was called "The great chesnut of Fortworth."-branches is not affected; for this species of tree, Dried cherries are much esteemed for winter It fixes the boundary of a manor. Mr. Marsham like the willow and some others, depends upon its puddings, and the wine made from this fruit states that this tree is 1100 years old. bark for subsistence. The cavity of this enormuch resembles the red Constantia, both in co- Cheshunt, or Chestrehunt, in Hertfordshire, mous tree is so extensive, that a house has been lour and flavour. The small black cherries, with is supposed to have been so called from the ches-built in it, and the inhabitants have an oven good brandy, produce one of the most wholesome nut-trees with which it formerly abounded. therein, where they dry nuts, chesnuts, almonds, as well as agreeable liquors. Eau de cerises is an Camden remarks, that Cowdery Park, near &c. of which they make conserves; but as these admired liquor of France. Midhurst in Sussex, abounded in fine chesnut-thoughtless people often get fuel from the tree The wood of the cherry-tree, which is hard trees. It is therefore evident that chesnut tim-that shelters them, it is feared that this natural and tough, is next to oak for strength, and comes ber has been long known in this country; but I curiosity will be destroyed by those whom it prothe nearest to mahogony in appearance: it is in am induced to believe that it was one of the tects. much request by the turners for making chairs, fruits which was introduced by the Romans to &c. 66 this island. This tree was first brought from the northern parts of Asia in 1588, and is now one of the greatest ornaments of our parks and plantations, particularly when in blossom. HORSE-CHESNUT.-HIPPOCASTANEUM. The cherry-tree produces its fruit generally at food for man by Lord Bacon, who in his "Essay Chesnuts were certainly considered as a proper Esculus; in Botany, of the Class Heptandria the extremity of the branches; therefore, in Monogynia. on Plantations," says, "In a country of plantapruning, they should never be shortened. Judiciously planted the cherry-tree is very or- tion, first look about what kind of victual the namental in a shrubbery, its early white blos-country yields of itself to hand; as chesnuts, Soms contrasting with the sombre shades of ever-walnuts, pine apples, olives, dates, &c. &c." Chesnuts stewed with cream make a much adgreens in the spring, and its graceful ruby balls The grand avenue of horse-chesnut-trees in giving a pleasing variety in the summer. mired dish, and many families prefer them to Bushey Park, near Hampton-Court Palace, is all other stuffings for turkeys; they make an ex- the finest in England, and many partics go from There is a feast celebrated at Hamburg, called cellent soup; and I have no doubt but that ches-London to see it when in full blossom. the Feast of Cherries;" in which troops of nuts might be advantageously used in cooking, so There is a fine print of an old patriot of this children parade the streets with green boughs or- as to make many agreeable and wholesome dish-neighbourhood, with the following inscription: namented with cherries, to commemorate a vic-les. I have had them stewed and brought to ta-"Timothy Bennet, of Hampton Wick, in Midtory obtained in the following manner: in 1432 ble with salt fish, when they have been much ad-dlesex, Shoemaker, aged 75, 1752.-This true the Hussites threatened the city of Hamburg mired; but it is exceedingly difficult to introduce Briton, unwilling to leave the world worse than with an immediate destruction, when one of the any article as food that has not been established he found it, by a vigorous application of the laws citizens named Wolf proposed that all the chil- by long custom; and it is not more strange than of his country when in the cause of liberty, obdren in the city, from seven to fourteen years of true, that the difficulty increases, if the object tained a free passage through Bushey Park, which age, should be clad in mourning, and sent as sup-be economy. had many years been withheld from the people." plicants to the enemy. Procopius Nasus, chief The importation of chesnuts is very considera- The fruit of the horse-chesnut-tree is ground, of the Hussites, was so touched with this specta-ble both from Spain and Portugal, yet I believe and given to the horses in Turkey, particularly cle, that he received the young supplicants, re-it is rare if ever there is a single meal made from to such as have coughs, or are broken-winded.galed them with cherries and other fruits, and them in this country. The Catalonians have this The turks also give it to milch cows, it being promised them to spare the city. The children strange religious practice. On the 1st of Novem-found to increase the quantity of milk, without returned crowned with leaves, holding cherries, ber, the eve of All Souls, they run about from injuring the quality. In France and Switzerland and crying" Victory!" house to house to eat chesnuts, believing that for horse-chesnuts are used for the purpose of |