No. 17.-VOL. 4.

HORTICULTURE.

129

benefit of mankind, and whose death was caused/What should we wish for more? Or why, in by his perseverance in the research after truth in quest the wonderful works of nature? Of foreign vintage, insincere, and mixt, of apples to Rome, in the 21st year of the reign Sextus Papinius, it is said, brought two kinds Traverse th' extremest world? Why tempt the rage of Augustus Cæsar: the one called Jujubes, out of the rough ocean, when our native glebe of Syria; the other, Tuberes, he brought from Imparts from bounteous womb annual recruits Africa; but their fruit, according to Pliny's ac-Of wine delectable, that far surmounts count, rather resembled berries than apples. Gallic or Latin grapes, or those that see In Botany, a species of the Pyrus, belonging to The wild Crab is the only apple indigenous to The setting sun near Calpe's tow'ring height. the Genus of Icosandria Pentagynia. this country; and it is on this stock that most of Nor let the Rhodian nor the Lesbian vines That the apple-tree is a native of the Eastern our valuable apples have been grafted and raised Vaunt their rich must, nor let Tokay contend part of the world, we have the authority of the by the ingenuity of the gardeners, who have, by For sov'reignty; Phanæus' self must how earliest writers, both in the Sacred History, as sowing the seeds and studying the soil, so improv-To th' Ariconian vales. well as by the information given by the natural-ed and multiplied the variety of this most excel- Gerard who wrote his History of Plants about ists of ancient Greece and Rome. The Prophet lent fruit, that it has now become of great na-seventy years after the introduction of Pippins, Joel, where he declareth the destruction of the tional importance, affording an agreeable and has given no account of this variety of the apruits of the earth by a long drought, mentions wholesome diet, in a thousand shapes, to all class-ple. He describes but seven kinds: the Pome the fruits which were held in estimation, and ess of society. Water, the Baker-ditch apple-the king of apamong them he names the apple-tree. It was not until the 16th year of the reign of ples, the Quining, or Queen of apples, the "The Greeks call them medica," says Pliny, Henry the VIIIth, that Pippins were first intro-Summer Pearmain, the Winter Pearmain, and "after the country from whence they were first duced into England, by Leonard Maschal, who, the Paradise apple. In his descriptions of apbrought in old times." Others were called epiro-in Fuller's words, "brought them from over sea," ples, he says, The fruit of apples do differ tica, from Epirus, their native country; and and planted them at Plumstead, in Sussex, a in greatness, forme, colour, and taste; some that these were the same species of fruit that we small village on the north side of the South covered with a red skin, others yellow or call apples at this time, there can be no doubt;Downs, near the Devil's Dyke. Maschal brought greene, varying infinitely according to the soyle as they are described in Pliny's Natural History the first carp to England, and thus, at one time, and climate; some very great, some little, and as a fruit that hath a tender skin to be pared off; furnished our orchards and our ponds with the many of a middle sort; some are sweet of taste, and he mentions crabs and wildings as being smal-rarest variety of each kind. or something sour; most be of a middle taste, beler;" and for their harsh sourness, they have," The Golden Pippin is a native of Sussex, and tweene sweet and sour; the which to distinguish, says he, "many a foul word and shrewd curse is said to have been first reared at Parham Park, I think it impossible, no withstanding I heare of given them." which is also situated on the north side of the one that intendeth to write a peculiar volume of Apple-trees, from the earlier accounts, seem South Downs. The Dutch acknowledge it to be apples, and the use of them." This author conto have required the fostering care of man. Of an English apple in their catalouge of fruits, tinues, "The tame and grafted apple-trees are all the fruit-trees in Italy, Pliny says the apple is where it is called the "Engelsche goud Pepping." planted and set in gardens and orchards made the tenderest, and least able to bear heat or cold, The French call it "Pippin d'Or," which is a for that purpose: they delight to grow in good and particularly the early kind that produces the translation of the English name. fertile grounds. Kent doth abound with apples

sweet Jennitings. For a long time the apple-tree Catherine, Empress of Russia, was so fond of of most sorts; but I have seen in the pastures was of the highest value among fruit trees with this apple, that she was regularly supplied with it and hedge rows, about the grounds of a worshipthe Romans: " there are many apple-trees," from England; and in order that she might have ful gentleman dwelling two miles from Hereford, says Pliny, "in the villages near Rome that let it in the greatest perfection, each apple was se- called M. Roger Bodnome, so many trees of all for the yearly sum of 2,000 sesterces," which is parately enveloped in silver paper before it was sortes, that the seruants drink for the most part equal to £12 10s. of our money; "and some of packed. no other drinke, but that which is made of apthem," says this author, "yielded more profit to The Ribston Pippin is a native of Ribston ples. The quantitie is such, that by the report the owner than a small farm, and which brought Park, Yorkshire. Hargrave, in his History of of the gentleman himselfe, the 1.rson hath for about the invention of grafting. There are ap- Knaresborough, (p. 216,) says, "This place is tithe many hogsheads of cyder." ples that have ennobled the countries from remarkable for the produce of a delicious apple,. "Like as there be divers manured apples, so whence they came; and many apples have im- called the Ribston Park Pippin. The original tree is their sundry wilde apples, or Crabs, not husmortalized their first founders and inventors.- was raised from a Pippin brought from France, banded, that is not grafted. We have in our Our best apples," continues he, "will honour from which tree such numbers have been propa-London gardens, (Gerard's garden was in Holthe first grafters for ever; such as took their gated, that they are now to be met with in almost born) a dwarfe kind of sweet apple called the names from Matius, Cestius, Manlius, and Clau- every orchard in this and many other counties." Paradise apple, which beareth apples very timedius." Pliny particularizes the quince apples, The old tree is yet standing; and in the yearly without grafting." From this account we may that came from a quince grafted upon an apple 1787 produced six bushels of fruit. Mr. Speech-conclude, that the Pippin apples were still rare, stock, which he says, smell like the quince, and ly says, he has seen the tree within these last few or that they had not been cultivated out of Suswere called Appiana, after Appius, who was of years, and that it was without decay, or any indi-sex, although I find Gerard must have seen the fruit of the Pippin kind, for in his account of the the Claudian House, and who was the first that cation of dissolution.

practised this grafting. "Some apples," says Hargrave adds, "This fruit still retains it's Pomum Amoris, or Love Apple, he says it is the Pliny, "are so red that they resemble blood, value, being preferred before every other apple bigness of a goose egg or a large Pippin. The which is caused by their being at first grafted this country produces." While my namesake of Pippin appears to have been scarce even in the upon a mulberry stock ;" but of all the apples he Herefordshire says,—

has mentioned, he says that one which took its Let every tree in every garden own
name from Petisius, who reared it in his time, The Redstreak as supreme; whose pulpous fruit
was the most excellent for eating, both on ac-With gold irradiate, and vermillion, shines
count of its sweetness and agreeable flavour. Tempting, not fatal, as the birth of that
He mentions nine-and-twenty kinds of apples as Primeval interdicted plant, that won
being cultivated in Italy at about the commence- Fond Eve in hapless hour to taste, and die.
ment of the Christian era. The grafting of This, of more bounteous influence, inspires
trees was carried to its greatest extent about this Poetic raptures, and the lowly Muse
time. I have seen," says Pliny, near to Thulia, Kindles to loftier strains; even I perceive
in the Tyburtines country, a tree grafted and la- Her sacred virtue. See! the numbers flow
den with all manner of fruits, one bough bearing Easy, whilst, cheer'd with her nectareous juice,
nuts, another berries; here hung grapes, there Her's and my country's praises I exalt.
figs; in one part you might see pears, in another Hail, Herefordian plant, that dost disdain
pomegranates; and, to conclude, no kind of ap-All other fields! Heav'n's sweetest blessing,
ple or other fruit but there it was to be found: hail!

but this tree did not live long." Modern grafters Be thou the copious matter of my song,
will condemn this account as fabulous or exagge- And thy choice, nectar! on which always waits
rated; but what reason can we have to doubt the Laughter and Sport, and care-beguiling Wit,
authority of a man, whose life was spent to the And Friendship, chief delight of human life.

time of Charles the First; for in the valuation of
the fruit-trees at the royal gardens of his queen
tioned.
at Wimbleton, there is only one pippin-tree men-

For some years past, it has been stated by several ingenious writers that many of our best varieties of apples could no longer be cultivated with success; that by length of time they have become degenerated and worn out. Mr. Knight, the president of the Horticultural Society seems to have been the first that gave birth to this idea. those apples which have been long cultivated are He says, in his Pomona Herefordiensis, that on the decay. The Redstreak and the Golden tage. The fruit, like the parent tree, is affected Pippin, can no longer be propagated with advanby the debilitated old age of the variety. Again ple and Pear, page 6," the Moil, and its successhe says, in his Treatise on the Culture of the Apful rival the Redstreak, with the Must and Golden Pippin, are in the last stage of decay, and

the Stire and Foxwhelp are hastening rapidly af-disclose the ingenious method he has adopted to blossoms are then closed again, as in Fig. 1. and ter them." "It is much to be regretted," says procure new varieties, it is but justice to depart-suffered to remain till they open spontaneously. Speechly, "that this apparently visionary no-ed merit to notice with whom the invention was From the blossoms of the tree, which it is propo tion of the extinction of certain kinds of apples first deemed possible and I have great pride sed to make the male parent of the future variety should have been promulgated by authors of res-and satisfaction in stating, that, after an unpreju- must be taken a portion of their pollen or farina pectability, since the mistake will, for a time at diced research, I find this wonderful discovery when ready to fall from the mature anthers, and least, be productive of several ill consequences." has been left for the perseverance of the English, deposited upon the pointals of the blossoms, Having observed among the apples in Covent-who, although late in taking up botanical studies which consequently will afford seed. By shaking Garden market, last year, a great quantity of the have now surpassed whatever was done by the an- the blossoms over a sheet of white paper, you real Golden Pippin in a perfect state, I was indu-cient world in this science. will ascertain when the pollen is ready. It is ne ced to make particular inquiries respecting this Lord Bacon, who has been called the Prophet cessary in this experiment, to cover the branches fruit; and have received satisfactory accounts of Arts, and who looked into nature with a most on which the prepared blossoms are, with a thin from all quarters, that these trees are fast recov-curious eye of inquiry, evidently suspected that muslin or gauze, so as not to touch the flowers, or ering from a disease, or canker, which appears it was impossible to cross the breed of plants, keep off the sun or air, but to prevent the bees to have been brought on by a succession of un- and so procure kinds, by art, as novel as those or other insects from inoculating them with the propitious seasons; but that the summer of 1818, which nature has sometimes produced by acci-pollen of other blossoms, which would make the and the following year, have greatly improved dent. experiment uncertain; and in order to obtain the them. "We see," says the great Verulam, "that in fruit and the seeds of a large size, it is best to When I had decided to publish this History of living creatures that have male and female, there leave but few blossoms on the tree, and, at all Fruits, I waited on some gentleman who are well is copulation of several kinds, and so compound-events, to clear the branches on which the preknown in all parts of the world for their practi-ed creatures; as the mule that is generated be-pared flowers are, from all other blossoms.cal knowledge in the cultivation of apples. Mr. twixt the horse and the ass; and some other com-When the fruit is quite ripe, the pips or seeds Hugh Ronalds, jun. of Brentford, informed me pounds which we call monsters. should be sown at a proper season, and in suitathat he had lately seen a tree of the Golden Pip- "The compounding or mixture of kinds in ble soil, and in about four or six years fruit may pin kind, which had been planted against a wall plants is not found out; which nevertheless, if it be expected. Mr. Knight has also made some in a south aspect, which was in a thriving condi-be possible, is more at command than that of liv-curious experiments between the peach and the tion, and the fruit in a perfect state. Mr. Ro-ing creatures; wherefore it were one of the almond, which will be found in the account of the nalds, sen. assured me it was the true Golden most notable experiments touching plants to find former fruit. Among the new apples which the Pippin, and that there is no fear of losing this va- it out, for so you may have great variety of new world have to thank Mr. Knight for, is the riety. fruits, and flowers yet unknown. Grafting does Grange apple, which fruited first in 1802, and obMr. Lee, of Hammersmith, who politely showed it not:" adds this great man; "that mendeth tained the prize of the Herefordshire Agricultural me a variety of 500 kinds of apple trees, was de- the fruit, or doubleth the flowers, &c.; but it Society: it is the offspring of the Orange Pippin and cidedly of opinion that the apparent decay of hath not the power to make a new kind, for the the Golden Pippin. He also obtained the annual some trees was owing to the unfavourable springs scion ever overruleth the stock." premium of the same society, in 1807, for the Siwe have had for several years. Bradley, whose works were published in 1718, berian Harvey, an apple which fruited for the first Mr. Knight of the King's Road, Chelsea, has about a century after those of Lord Bacon, is the time in that year. This tree was raised from the also favoured me with his opinion, which perfect-first author who wrote on this subject as being ac-seed of the Yellow Siberian Crab and the pollen ly agrees with that of Mr. Ronalds and Mr. Lee. complished; but the exact method was not then of the Golden Harvey. Mr. Knight also raised Mr. Knight added, that if this spring and sum- clearly understood, as he only describes it by the Foxley apple, from the seed of the yellow mer should be as favourable as the two last bringing the branches of different trees together Siberian Crab and the pollen of the Orange Pipseasons, he should be able to show me this and when in blossom; but, on this hint, the garden- pin: this fruit also received the premium in 1808, other old varieties of the apple-tree in as perfect ers in Holland and the Netherlands practised be- and it is said to rival the Golden Pippin in sweeta state as they have ever been known. fore it was much attended to in this country, ness. Mr. Knight, the ingenious president of the where the discovery was made and published; Horticultural Society, I conclude had watched but, to do them justice, they have the honor to these trees during the unfavourable wet seasons acknowledge that they owe the art to the English. we have had from the commencement of the It now appears to have reached its highest per- years, that one of our great gardeners, (Mr. present century, and finding the disease increase, fection; and I shall proceed to relate the manner Hugh Ronalds, of Brentford,) exhibited at the Horhe attributed it to the old age of varieties; for, in which Mr. Knight has so successfully produced ticultural Society, in August, 1818, sixteen varieas the great friend of Pomona, his object evident- new varieties of apples and other fruits; and al-ties of apples, and in September he exhibited fifly was to encourage the obtaining and cultivation though he has most clearly explained himself, ty-eight other sorts, all grown in his own garden, of new kinds, to replace those which he appre- yet I have thought it advisable to elucidate it and considered the finest collection ever exhibithended would be lost to the country. I have more plainly by plates from drawings, which I made this digression, to prevent if possible our have made from the blossoms for the express pur best apples from being stigmatized as a decaying pose, knowing how little even the botanical terms fruit and unprofitable to the grafter, which would are understood by the farmers, and many garden

ers in the country.

The cultivation of this, our most valuable fruit, has been attended to with so much care of late

ed. In the month of October of the same year, whole a variety of 127 kinds of this our staple he exhibited fifty-three sorts, making in the fruit, which, in point of real value, takes place of all others, and affords a variety for all seasons of the year, both for the dessert and for culinary purposes, as well as the drink of which Phillips in Miltonian verse has sung,

be the cause of their becoming scarce, and, in time, totally lost. I have not presumed to set my Mr. Knight, in his Pomona Herefordiensis, judgment in opposition to that of Mr. Knight, who "It is necessary to contrive that the two is so justly celebrated for his attention to horti- says, trees from which you intend to raise the new kind, cultural pursuits; but it behoves all who may write of this most valuable fruit, to recommend should blossom at the same time; therefore if Some ciders have, by art or age, unlearn'd the graftings to be of the best kinds, and to throw one is an earlier sort than the other, it must be Their genuine relish, and of sundry vines out no hint that may cause our nurserymen to ne- retarded by shading, or brought into a cooler sit-Assum'd the flavour; one sort counterfeits glect it's propagation. Gerard, when he publish-uation, and the latest forwarded by a warm wall The sparkling nectar of Champagne; with that, ed his Account of the Apple in 1597, was a warm or a sunny situation, so as to procure the blossoms A German oft has swill'd his throat, and sworn, advocate for the cultivation of apples. "Gentle-at the same period." Deluded, that imperial Rhine bestow'd men that have land and living," says he, “put The apple blossom contains about twenty sta- The gen'rous rummer, whilst the owner, pleas'd, forward, in the name of God; graffe, set, plant, mina or males, which are represented in Plate 1. Laughs inly at his guest, thus entertain'd and nourish up trees in euery corner of your No. 3, and generally five pointals or females, With foreign vintage from his cider cask. grounds; the labour is small, the cost is nothing, which form the centre of the cup or cavity of the the commoditie is great, your selues shall have blossom, as in Figure No. 4. The males stand in plentie, the poor shall have somewhat in time of a circle, just within the bases of the petals, or der season:want to relieve their necessitie, and God shall flower leaves, and are formed of slender threads, reward your good mindes and diligence." each of which terminates in a small yellow ball The fragant stores, the wide projected heaps Herefordshire has now to boast of a friend to or anther, as in Fig. 5. As soon as the blossoms Of apples, which the lusty-handed year, Pomona in Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. who are nearly full grown, as in Fig. 1. they must be innumerous, o'er the blushing orchard shakes; has, for some years past, been benefiting his carefully opened, and all the male stamina cut or A various spirit, fresh, delicious, keen, country, by creating, if I may be allowed the ex-extracted, so as not to injure the pointals or fe-Dwells in their gelid pores; and, active, points pression, a new variety of fruits; but before males, which will then appear as in Fig. 4. The The piercing cider for the thirsty tongue.

Thomson has thus beautifully described the ci

an elegant chalybeate.

Apple-wine is admired as a summer beverage, jused as a fuel, produce a most agreeable per- inventor, that I am now convinced of my not but it is by no means equal to the cider made fume. being the first original inventor; and as the from Golden Pippins, which, when given in good The various diseases to which the apple-tree most effectual remedy in my power, I am pre condition, and well timed, surpasses every other is subject, have occupied the attention and the pared to say, that I have already taken efficient refreshing drink. The spirit extracted from ci- pen of some of our greatest naturalists, as well measures to have my specification immediateder is equal to brandy for preserving fruit, or as many of our eminent practical gardeners.-ly withdrawn from the patent office, by which mixing in made wines or liquors. Animals of different species are found to engen- means the public will be equally as secure A solution of iron in the juice of the Golden der a variety of kinds of animalculæ, particular- against any injurious effects from it, as if it had Rennet, evaporated to a thick consistency, proves ly where cleanliness is not attended to. Trees, never existed. according to their kinds, attract different blights: It is with me a subject of particular regret, Dr. Short informs us, that cider was first in- our endeavours, therefore, would be in vain to that I was not sufficiently aware of the opporvented by a Norman, who much admired the avoid the blight affecting the leaves and blossoms,tunity of referring to such information, prior to delicate flavour of apples; and "long observa- of large trees; but as the trunk and branches of the date of my specification, which might then tion," says he, "assures, us that such as chiefly the apple-tree are often injured, and sometimes have been prevented; but with conscious hodrink cider, are more healthy and strong, and destroyed, by animalculæ, an attention to the nesty and integrity, I can and do, hereby utterhave better complexions, than those that are ac- cleanliness of these trees cannot fail of being ly deny and disclaim any, and every intention customed to wine or ale." Both Lord Bacon and beneficial to their growth. It has therefore oc-whatever, of ever having either directly or inDr. Baynard tell us of several persons near a hun-curred to me, from observations and experiments directly, conceived the design of taking advandred, and some above, who, having seldom used I have made since compiling this work, that if tage of any law, for the purpose of appropriaany other liquor, were very active and vigorous the trunks of the apple-trees were rubbed with ting to myself, the sole benefit of the invention at that age. It is certainly more nourishing than the leaves and young shoots of the elder, to in question, without being in fact, as I really wine, for not being so thoroughly fermented, its which all kind of blight hath an antipathy, that believed I was, its true original inventor. Had spirits are less subtile and impetuous. those injurious although minute insects would my plan succeeded and gone into operation, in

"There is made an ointment," says Gerard, not only be destroyed, but that it would prevent consequence of its being my discovery, I should "with the pulp of apples and swine's grease and their fixing themselves on these trees. As this is have considered myself entitled to receive a rose-water, which is used to beautify the face, a matter of importance to the public, I shall moderate compensation for its use, otherwise and to take away the roughness of the skin, feel obliged by the remarks of any gentleman not. which is called in shops pomatum, of the apples who may be disposed to try the experiment.— WM. KENWORTHY. whereof it is made." The canker of apple-trees, I apprehend, is prin- Those printers who have published my As the Horticultural Society of this country cipally occasioned by the uncongenial quality of specification, of the hydraulic lift, are respecthas been established for the purpose of benefit-the soil. I lately travelled with a gentleman, fully requested to insert the above. ting the world by their attention to the improve- who informed me, that having observed all his ment of our various fruits, and as I know it to be apple-trees became cankered at a certain state of a part of their study to induce the planters of or- growth he was induced to examine the nature of chards to cultivate and propagate the best kinds the soil at the greatest depth the roots had peneof apples only, I trust that by their attention we trated, and which he found consisted of gravel. at Watertown, was first discovered to be on shall soon have our markets supplied with a su- Not being willing to give over the propagation of fire in the upper story, where for a long time, there perior kind of apples to what is now generally of-apple-trees, he caused a pavement of bricks to had been neither lights or fire; which leaves no fered for sale, as the same land that will produce be made on the bed of gravel, which obliged the doubt of a spontaneous combustion, from a quantity an ill-flavoured apple will afford a good one; and roots to take a horizontal direction, and thereby of dirt and cotton sweepings, that had been colit is as easy to raise the best kinds of apple-trees prevented their reaching the gravel, since which lecting for several months. It being now well as those of inferior value. they have been free from canker.

The Siberian Crab Apple was not cultivated in this country until 1758, and the small fruited variety was first introduced in 1784. The flavour of this latter kind is highly esteemed in tarts and puddings, and the tree is often planted as an ornament in our shrubberies.

(To be Continued.)

FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER.

HYDRAULIC LIFT.

"SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION." The extensive Cotton Factory, recently burnt

known, that many kinds of vegetable substances, especially cotton mixed with oil, grease, or fat, of almost any description, will produce fire, it it is of the highest importance to manufacturers to keep their factories clean of this waste cotton, and every other material tending to produce combustion,-especially at a distance from

GRASS BONNETS.

Having observed in the Chronicle of the 8th their principal and most valuable buildings. In pruning apple-trees, nothing more should be inst. an article taken from the Massachusetts There have been three recent instances of spondone than to cut out all those branches which Spy, in which it is stated, that I have received taneous combustion from the wicks of damaged eross each other, to prevent the rubbing of the a patent for the hydraulic lift, the use of which is candles, from which the tallow had been pressbark; but never to shorten any of their shoots, to raise and lower boats from one level of a canal ed; and it behoves those persons interested in except those shoots or suckers which proceed to another; it has become my duty, in reply, to manufacturing establishments, to guard against from the stem, which should be entirely taken state, that such is by no means the fact; that the like misfortunes to their own. off, as also all branches broken by the wind or on the contrary, I never have received any accident, which should be cut off close to the di- such patent. That my specification was lodgvision of the branch. November is the best time ed in the department of state, and affirmation to prune apple trees, as it injures them to prune then made of my believing myself to be the The manufacture of hats similar to those in frosty weather, or when the sap begins to rise. original inventor, I admit, because at that time, brought from Leghorn, has arrived at such perfecPruning is to be avoided as much as possible, as it I had abundant reason to believe, that was tion in this country, and the young ladies engacreates useless shoots, and prevents the fruiting the true and absolute fact; neither was I aware ged in setting them up are so persevering, that but if trees are becoming too full of branches, of any foundation for an opposite sentiment un we should not be surprised if we were soon inwhich will be the case in espaliers, the better til within a few days past when it was remark-dependent of foreign countries for this expensive, way is to rub off the buds and shoots which are ed to me by a particular friend of mine, that and, in some respects, necessary article. We irregularly produced, in the growing season. All he had received some information of its being yesterday examined a new hat made by a young sorts of apples produce their fruit upon cursions, in operation upon the Ellesmere canal in England, lady at Guilford, (Conn.) to be seen at the shop or spurs, therefore it is necessary to be careful and that it was understood to answer an excel- of Mr. Wintringham, No. 125, William-street, not to cut off or destroy them, as they continue to lent purpose. which, in our opinion surpasses any thing of the be fruitful for several seasons. Chapman's observations on canal navigation, kind exhibited in this city. We understood, a The apples intended to be preserved for the quoted in the above article, I have never seen; few years ago, that there was an establishment in winter should remain on the trees until quite ripe, but upon examining Vol. 6 of Rees' Cyclope- this city for manufacturing hats of this descripwhen they should be gathered in dry weather, dia, also quoted at the close of the said article, tion, but have not heard any thing respecting and placed in a heap for five or six weeks, in or- the loan of which I obtained from a particular it of late. We hope it has not been abandoned, der to sweat: they should then be carefully wi-acquaintance, I there, contrary to my expec- as it is evident, from the prices hitherto obtainped dry, and those that are perfectly sound, pack-tations, and very much to my surprise, found ed for every domestic hat offered for sale, that ed in large jars or boxes so as to be excluded from an invention described, and said to be in ope- the public are disposed to encourage this branch the air, which will keep them sound and plump, ration upon the canal above mentioned, so ve- of industry. The Agricultural societies should and retain their flavour. ry similar in its essential principles, to the one not lose sight of it in awarding their premiums. Com. Advertiser. I have found the wood of old apple-trees, when of which I had considered myself the original

Selections from late numbers of the London Farmers' Journal, received at the Office of the Amerian Farmer.
PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF AN ARABLE FARM,

WHERE THE SOIL IS CONGENIAL TO TURNIPS AND BARLEY;

Whereby the most extensive Stock of Sheep may be kept, and the largest Quantity of Corn grown, possible-at the same time that the Land is kept in the highest State of Heart and Cultivation. By JOHN HALL, Little Marshall, Ide, near Exeter.

Barley.

Grasses mown.

Grasses fed.

| Early Turnips.

By the foregoing rotation, each two compartments of 50 acres come to wheat every fourth year, (that is, one fourth of the farm is wheat,) but it avoids the usual recurrence of one other fourth clover or grasses after barley, by dividing every field into two, and distributing the management so as to break the four-course shift. that his barley after wheat is always better than after vetches and winter turnips. The horizontal reading shews the state of the crops The author's own remarks will be added next week, by which it appears, each year, and the perpendicular arrangement, shews them as they follow each other in succession.-EDIT.

In the open countries, where corn is grown, and large flocks of sheep kept, it may, perhaps, be better to pursue the following Plan, which will be attended with this convenience, that three years out of four the barley fields will lay together (of some consequence certainly, both at seed-time and harvest ;) and the feeding-land also rather more contiguous (a circumstance particularly desirable,) as sheep, for reasons quickly apparent to the farmer, should not have far to travel to their fold,

The peculiar advantages of this system are, diseased animals, might be especially improved disease, yet that treatment must be pursued in that while a large provision is made for sheep, by slaughtering some individuals which are illa very different degree in animals whose condihalf the farm is sown to corn; and, that, too, of complaints, generally esteemed incurable, at tion is not similar. Thus, if the eye of a raceby a proper appropriation of the dung made on at an early stage; in order to trace, if possible, horse receives a blow, the quantity of blood nethe farm, and use of the fold, without ex- the origin of the disease, and to discover in cessary to be taken away, in order to prevent or hausting the land. As (generally speaking) the which of the viscera, or organs, the deficiency allay the subsequent inflammation, ought to be best samples of barley are grown after wheat commences; or, otherwise, whether it be whol-much greater than what would be advisable to stubble, and the largest quantities after tur-ly external. This may be exemplified in several take from a horse at grass, who had received a nips, an arrangement is here made for sowing of the diseases of Sheep that ms sudden death, wound of equal severity." half-and-half, with a fit reference to the other and in some diseases, very similar, of Cattle and "It is a common observation, that when one succeeding crops. The dung being invariably Swine. The gargel in Sheep is confounded with restores the pabulum of the land on which the fication of the bowels is not distinguished from plaint. This sympathy observed between the applied after the exhaustion by the scythe, the resp, red-water, and bloodstriking; a morti-eye is attacked with any disease, the other is very apt to become affected with the same comgrass was mown; and which is brought to a gangrene by external hurt. Whether the dis- two eyes, has been noticed in all those organs of meliorated state by a crop of turnips, fed off ease called the braxey or sickness, in Scotland, animals of which there are a pair, and as shall early and folded, preparatory for wheat: the be the same as the vanquish, and in what these afterwards be observed: a knowledge of this fact wheat always follows the meliorating crops of a differ from the thotter-ill, we have no know- leads to important practical conclusions. one year's lay, and turnips fed off and folded. ledge. Sheep die suddenly (sometimes numer

The cleanness of the land is ensured by each ously) at different sorts of keeping, and exhibit- "Another question worthy of attention in concrop of turnips being hoed at least twice, in ad-ing very different appearances after death, yet sidering the diseases of the Eye of the Horse, dition to general good husbandry; and the stout the disease is called by the same name; or by is, to ascertain how far any of these affections heart of the farm is maintained by the dung different names in different places, and no one are hereditary. There is no doubt, but that eve. and fold, manuring nearly or quite half the land, knows any thing satisfactory about the matter. y race of animals inherits the bad, as well as annually; and, though last, not least, a variety All this (upon which we could very much en- the good qualities of the parents; and that in of such extent in the succession of crops is ob-large) forms a field for scientific investigation, breeding, imperfection, and deformity may be as served (in the first plan as applicable to enclosed highly interesting to rural affairs, and might be successfully propagated, as perfection and beaucountries,) that no crop follows similarly to advantageous to medical knowledge. In the pre- ty. This has been established beyond all controwhat it did before, until the ninth year. sent state of the case, we conceive it would versy, and it is well known, that in mankind, faIt may be just worthy of remark, that 10 to form a fit subject for an honorary reward from milies are not only subject to particular diseases, but in every race, one or more organs of the bo20 acres of the barley-land may be sown to the Board of Agriculture, for the best Essay on oats, as provision for the horses of the farm; the discriminating and peculiar symptoms of the body are less perfect in structure, and functions, and 10 or 20 acres of vetches sown instead various diseases in Sheep, causing sudden death. and more liable to disease. Numerous facts of turnips, to aid the summer feed of the flock," The diseases of all the organs of the lower may be brought forward to establish the truth without alteration of this system. animals are not only less numerous (says) of this observation; but is sufficient for the preMr. Hall having noticed many persons who our author) but they are more uniform in their sent purpose to remark, how often it happens, were farming without a regular system, and, progress and symptoms, than those of the hu- that in one family many of its branches are afman body." If this be so, as we think few will fected either with diseases of the lungs, or brain, in consequence, not obtaining the full produce or liver, or stomach. Some diseases of the hutheir farms were capable of, has been induced presume to deny, the reproach of our present thereby, and the approbation of many agricul- continues thus:— ignorance is so much the greater.-Our author man eye are also known to be hereditary; it is, therefore to be expected, that the Eye of the tural friends, to publish this plan; and he "The Eye of the Horse is subject to much Horse shall be defective, and more liable to disbegs to add, that having no view beyond the fewer diseases than that of man, whilst at the eases in particular races, or as it is usually degeneral good of landlord, tenant, and the counsame time these diseases do not assume that al-nominated, in certain Lines of Blood.' Breedtry, he hopes he shall escape unkind criticism, most infinite variety of character, which is meters of horses are familiar with this observation, assuring those who feel inclined to cavil, he will, with in the human eye, and which is in man, and its coincidence with similar facts in other with pleasure, readily give up his own plan, produced from the habits of society, and the va- organs makes it worthy of attention. It is well. and unite with the rest of the agricultural world rious modes of life to which he is exposed. known, that some particular lines of blood are

in the approval of any more productive system, whenever it may be brought forward.

EYE OF THE HORSE.

"The uniformity in the appearances of diseas- subject to spavins; others to curbs; and others es in the Eye of the Horse, makes the treat-to diseases and imperfections in the form of the ment of them the more simple, less of that nice feet. In corroboration of this opinion, it may WARDROP, ON THE DISEASES OF THE discrimination being required in treating indivi- here be mentioned, that a mare of the Mercury dual cases which is so essentially requisite in Blood, belonging to the Royal Stud at Hampton the practice of physic. Court, who had lost one eye, had last season a The author of this excellent little Essay "Before considering the different diseases to dead foal, which had a single eye; scarcely any gives a plate, in which the anatomy of the eye which the Eye of the Horse is subject, it ought vestige of the other being perceptible. Several is ably displayed. The preliminary remarks to be observed, that not only the progress of the of the produce of Treasurer, a son of this are very judicious, and from this division of the diseases, but their treatment, must vary, accor-mare, have been foaled with defective eyes. subject we extract our present article; adding ding to the different circumstances under which "As has already been observed, the dissuch remarks on the passages selected as are the animal is placed; or as it is in common lan-eases of the Horse's Eye are not numerous, and suggested by the reasoning. guage called, the Condition of the horse.' It it is here proposed chiefly to consider those cau"A taste for pursuits of this kind among me-may therefore be proper to observe, that there ses of blindness which are most frequent, and on dical men might lead to still more important re-are four different states of condition, in either which medical treatment has the most powerful sults, as any addition to our knowledge of the of which the horse is usually found. influence." diseases of animals must serve to illustrate the "The first is, when he is at grass, or living diseases of the human body; and the frequent on green food, exposed to all the vicissitudes of opportunities of dissection and experiment in weather.

FROM THE CODE OF AGRICULTURE. "Mr. Wigfull, senior, of Sheffield, recomanimals, and the facility in conducting such "The second, when his food is more nutritious, mends, that twenty-four bushels of the refuse of enquiries, would, if zealously pursued, mate- and in that state of condition he is usually kept kiln-dried oats, (called shudes in Yorkshire,) or rially promote such an object. From these re-in by the agriculturist. the same quantity of very dry sawdust, or searches the agriculturist might also derive "The third, when he is living on dry food, any other substance that will absorb a large some useful hints, to guide in improving the and kept in a warm stable; as most horses are quantity of moisture, (as fine earth in a dryed breeds of domestic animals; a subject, which the for the purposes of riding and harness. state,) shall be steeped for some days in putrid pursuits of scientific men are likely materially to "The fourth, in the highest possible state of urine, and then mixed with eight bushels of soot, condition when the food is in the least bulk, the or of wood-ashes, and spread on the young turThe author here refers to Mr. Cline's excel-body warmly clothed, the horse confined in anips, as soon as they appear above ground; which lent paper on the Form of Animals, to which hot stable, and exposed to the most violent bodi he is convinced, will prove an effectual means we may add the Treatise on the Rot, by Dr. Har-ly exertions, for the purposes of the field or turf. of preserving them from the ravagas of the fly.* rison, as instances in which the liberal attention "In these different states of condition, it is *This appears to be the method alluded to in

contribute."

of science has been usefully turned to these ru-reasonable to suppose, that though the same kin

ral subjects. The opportunities of dissection in of treatment be always applicable to the same our last. It is not stated for how much land