Dr. MOSEMAN. Well, I believe, Mr. Chairman, that that is one of the basic problems that we face. With appropriations directly to a Bureau such as ours, and also to the Office of Experiment Stations for grants to the States, the answer to it, at least in part, depends upon the steps that folks in my position will take in trying to develop our programs in cooperation with the State experiment stations in those fields where we have funds and the States have funds, and to try to make the most effective use of them through cooperative and coordinated effort. We are doing that in every case that we possibly can.

NUMBER OF POSITIONS UNDER INCREASE FOR IMPROVING GRASSSEED HARVESTING EQUIPMENT AND THEIR DUTIES

Mr. ANDERSEN. You are requesting an increase here of $40,072 for what appears to be a similar line of work. Would you place in the record at this point the additional personnel contemplated in conjunction with this increase and just what their function will be. Dr. MOSEMAN. All right.

(The information requested is as follows:)

Personnel to be employed under increase of $40,072 under agricultural engineering investigations for research on the improvement of equipment for harvesting and cleaning small-seeded grass and legumeseed crops

The seven new positions required for conducting this research would be distributed by geographic locations as follows:

1. Corvallis, Oreg...

Two agricultural engineers, 1 GS-9 and 1 GS-7, assisted by 1 general me-
chanic, CPC-6 and 1 general mechanic helper, CPC-4 would conduct research
on the improvement of equipment for the harvesting, cleaning, and handling
of grass and small-seeded legumeseed crops and on more effective methods of
using such equipment. One clerical assistant, GS-3, would be required to
handle dictation, typing, filing, and other clerical work.
2. Clemson, S. C

One agricultural engineer, GS-7 and 1 general mechanic helper, CPC-4
would assist the present project leader with the research on the improvement
of various units of equipment for harvesting, cleaning, and handling those
grass and small-seeded legumesced crops extensively grown in the Southeast,
also with research to improve the methods of using such equipment.
Total

NEED FOR CURRENT AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAMS

Mr. ANDERSEN. Now, referring to the research work under this specific heading, carried on with the $1,189,000 that you have had available this fiscal year, do you consider those lines of work more important than the ones for which you are requesting an increase? Dr. MOSEMAN. Yes; we do, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. ANDERSEN. In other words, you would not want to abandon any of the existing projects to make way for the new work?

PROGRAM CHANGES MADE TO MEET NEW PROBLEMS

Dr. MOSEMAN. We have made a number of shifts in our agricultural engineering program. I mentioned a moment ago the shifts that we made in our grain-storage work, where we closed out 1 of the 3

locations in the Middle West. We had grain-storage work going on in cooperation with the Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois Experiment Station and we closed out our work with the Illinois station to shift the funds to work in the Southeast, where the increased grain production has created problems of storage. Also, we have shifted funds from our rice-drying and storage program in Texas over to the Southeastern area for grain storage. We closed out the work at Fort Collins on sugarbeet harvesting equipment in order to strengthen some of the work that we knew needed to be done on weed-control equipment. In our engineering program, we have made quite a number of shifts of that kind.

CONSIDERABLE VOLUME OF NEW RESEARCH RECENTLY

UNDERTAKEN

The other thing which I might point out is that there has been a rather constant demand for new research in this field, and the support for the agricultural engineering research has been increased through the past several years. I believe that this program probably has been reviewed as thoroughly before this committee as any section or segment of our Bureau's work.

To answer your question more specifically, I believe we have done a fairly effective job of reviewing the work that is under way. It covers a rather wide variety of problems and we have made about as many shifts as we possibly can.

Mr. ANDERSEN. In considering increases, a project must be examined to determine whether or not you can cut out deadwood at the same time you are asking for an increase for additional research. I am glad to hear you indicate that you are doing so.

RESEARCH BY FARM MACHINERY MANUFACTURERS

Doctor, how many large machinery companies are there doing research work in this particular field?

Dr. MOSEMAN. I could not give you a definite answer on the number, but nearly all of the larger companies are doing their own research work in this field.

Mr. ANDERSEN. They must do so in order to develop the machines they produce, do they not?

Dr. MOSEMAN. That is true, Mr. Chairman. I believe if we would look at the record, we would have to give the major part of the credit to the machinery companies for making possible the extensive mechanization of farming operations today.

ROLE OF FEDERAL RESEARCH IN FARM MACHINERY FIELD

Mr. ANDERSEN. I know you people have developed ideas, which in turn have later been taken up by the large machinery companies and brought into production.

Dr. MOSEMAN. That is right.

Mr. ANDERSEN. I think, of course, that your proper function is to prepare the basic research and then release the findings to private industry to enable you to devote your efforts to new fields.

That brings me up to another question. Why can we not rely more on the research work done by large machinery companies so that your Bureau can act in a coordinating or supervisory position on a nationwide basis?

Dr. MOSEMAN. I think we are trying to do just that.

The item that we have for increase this year represents, I think, a rather typical problem. Industry, as you know, has developed different types of combines and harvesters for small grains and different kinds of crops. The farmers are using those machines to harvest legume and grass seed but this is a rather specialized type of harvesting job. The industry people recognize that the farmers are buying the combines that are available to them, and it is rather difficult to get a single implement company to carry the full cost of the research work of modifying the machines to do a better job. Right now the farmer is suffering from the losses in harvesting inefficiency.

Mr. ANDERSEN. I think you are right, but it does seem that your Bureau, after producing the basic ideas, should act in a coordinating and supervisory position and encourage the large farm-machinery producers to take over where you leave off. Thus your funds could cover a far wider field than they do today?

Dr. MOSEMAN. Yes, sir.

Mr. ANDERSEN. Of course, there is a limit to the funds Congress can put up for these various lines of work, and we have to depend upon you people to see that it is spread as far as possible where it will do the most good.

COMPARISON OF RESEARCH FUNDS SPENT BY GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY

Mr. WHITTEN. I think, Mr. Chairman, the work this Bureau is doing is splendid. As we have studied this whole question through the years, it becomes more and more apparent that we are beginning to show signs in this country of having the problems which exist in the older countries in other parts of the world. It is a neverending job to stay ahead of diseases and pests, and the answers that you have today to many of these problems are as far ahead of the answer that had 30 years ago, as the automobile of today is to that of 30 years ago. It stands to reason that, in many of these fields 30 years from now, if we keep making this effort, our answers will be far ahead of where we are today. Because of the rapidity with which these problems catch up with us, they will have to make considerable additional progress will they not?

you

Dr. MOSEMAN. That is right.

Mr. WHITTEN. I think it would be well for the record to show here the total amount we spend in research in agriculture, as compared with the amount of money spent for research throughout the Government. I also think it might be well to show, insofar as you can, approximate amount of money that is spent by industry. (The information requested above is as follows:)

the

U. S. Government expenditures for research and development 1
[In millions of dollars]

1

1 With exception of amounts shown for Department of Agriculture, data on 1940 and 1951 expenditures were taken from tables on Government research prepared by Budget Bureau and dated July 25, 1951, and Aug. 15, 1951, which tables exclude economic research. Department of Agriculture figures represent total research expenditures, including economic research. "All Government" figures have been adjusted accordingly.

During the same period, however, costs of operation of the Department's research program increased an estimated 79 percent, so that the increase in the effective level of the Department's research program was very much less than the 94 percent increase in funds would indicate.

3 Federal Communications Commission, General Services Administration, Housing and Home Finance Agency, National Science Foundation, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Smithsonian Institution, Tennessee Valley Authority, Veterans' Administration, Department of State, and Treasury Department.

Facts about research in industry in 1951

1. Total cost of research.

2. Proportion of industrial research cost borne by Federal Government:

All industry.

$1, 959, 100, 000

NATIONAL ARBORETUM

Mr. HORAN. You are asking for an increase for the National Arboretum.

Dr. MOSEMAN. Yes, sir. We have an increase of $76,000.
Mr. HORAN. How are you going to use that increase?

JUSTIFICATION OF PROPOSED INCREASE

Dr. MOSEMAN. That is for the operation and the maintenance of the Arboretum, to care for the plantings that we have there now. As you know, the Arboretum contains about 400 acres. We have developed that rather slowly over the years. A few years back this committee provided the funds to round out the tract of the Arboretum and we have made a large number of plantings there, some of them provided by our own Research Bureau, of different plant materials that we had.

We also have received a number of gift collections from different organizations garden club groups and units of that kind. We have accepted all of those that we could, because we feel that is an economical way to build up the National Arboretum plantings. But now that we have many of those collections, we do have the job of maintaining and keeping them up. Also, we have a considerable amount of material that was grown in nursery plantings out there that has to be put into permanent place. We cannot delay that much longer, or those trees will get larger and our job of maintaining them and replanting them will become more costly in future years.

BASIC PURPOSE OF NATIONAL ARBORETUM

Mr. HORAN. What was the basic interest in starting the National Arboretum? Were you planning on something that would be a small duplication of the Kew Gardens?

Dr. MOSEMAN. That was the intent, Mr. Horan. It was establishel by the Congress in 1927 to provide a place for the collection of living plant materials that are adapted to this particular geographical area We recognize that a National Arboretum, as such, cannot include al kinds of plants, because the tender southernmost varieties cannot be grown here and some of the northernmost strains cannot, but it was felt that there was need for a place in this general geographic and climatological area where we could maintain plants that were suited for this particular region.

RELATION TO BOTANIC GARDENS

Mr. HORAN. Dr. Cullinan, has anyone ever thought of centralizing the things for which we now appropriate Federal funds, such as the Botanic Gardens and that sort of thing in one arboretum?

Dr. CULLINAN. Well, I think there has been some discussion of that in the past. The Botanic Gardens are federally supported and they work more with perishable greenhouse material than with the trees and shrubs of the Arboretum. It was the feeling back when the National Arboretum was started, and consideration had been given to it by representatives of the land-grant colleges and garden clubs and the nurserymen's association, that this could be a very educational institution here in the city of Washington, not only for the people of this country, but those who came from abroad and would come to the Nation's Capital. They probably would not Journey to some of the other parks and areas that we have throughout the country and they could see here northern and southern species in one central location. We are also going to maintain and are maintaining an herbarium so that students coming here from abroad, or any part of the United States, would have an opportunity to see here representatives of all the American species of plants that could be kept in the herbarium and also so that you could see the pines, and hemlocks, and all the species of trees right here in Washington.

COMPARISON WITH KEW GARDENS IN LONDON

Mr. HORAN. I have visited the Kew Gardens in London, and, of course, they are of immensely more acreage than what we have here, although, essentially, we could probably do as much in 400 acres,