The following observations all bear on the emigation situation: Despite rail transport and passport difficulties, emigrants show a marked tendency to follow the routes of prewar days. One reason for this is that the greater bulk of present-day emigrants are traveling on prepaid tickets or funds furnished by relatives or friends in the United States, who, as a rule, advise the newcomer to travel by the same route that they did.

Much has been done in the last 12 months to restore rail facilities and it is now possible for intending passengers to reach the seaboard from any part of Europe west of Russia, although the journey is usually attended with difficulties, hardships, and delays. Through emigrant trains are not operating now. Improvements, however, are noticeable and can, in the natural order of events, be considered certain in bettering the situation. The coming spring will, with the cessation of cold weather, permit a great increase in passenger traffic. Through tickets are not usually obtainable beyond frontier points. this adding very materially to the inconvenience of the emigrant. who must purchase transportation once or sometimes twice in each country he passes through, each time in a currency that is foreiga to him. Five or six countries must in many instances be traversed before reaching a port of embarkation.

To overcome many of these difficulties, conductors are provided in some instances by the steamship lines or their agents, to accompany parties of emigrants from their country of origin to the seaboard.

Concentration of emigrant and other traffic in the capitals and leading cities of Europe, many of which are already much overcrowded by Russians and others, including refugees, and the cessation of building operations during the war and subsequent period, has caused a congestion which only can be relieved by additional steamship facilities and milder weather.

The conditions cited above are all productive of more or less hardship to emigrant passengers. The great surprise is that so many have been willing to undertake journeys across so many nations, notwithstanding these unfavorable conditions.

Dealing specifically with conditions in the northern, central, and eastern countries of Europe, the following observations have been brought to my attention:

It is not expected that there will be any appreciable emigration from France and Belgium. They are both living through a period of reconstruction that should not allow of any great diminution of their man power. There is, however, a comparatively small emigration from the agricultural sections of Belgium.

No considerable movement of emigrants is expected from either Holland or Switzerland, but both these countries, as well as France and Belgium, will figure prominently in handling the emigration movement from central European and near eastern countries. Some Swiss are going to France.

There is a strong desire on the part of the middle and laboring classes of Germany and Austria to migrate. While their respective Governments do not care to see their best workers leave the country, they are not likely, it is said, to place any insuperable difficulty in their way. In Austria, where the food shortage is acute, the Government will probably not interpose impediments to the movement.

The presence of so many Russians, including refugees, in Vienna, it is reported, has done much to aggravate the hardships in that city.

The movement to be expected from Hungary will be more pronounced among the middle than the laboring classes, as the latter, to an extent not now known, may be absorbed by her agricultural lands. There are many Hungarian peasants, however, resident in districts ceded to neighboring countries, who will probably elect to emigrate rather than become nationals of the countries in which they now find themselves situated.

With reference to Czechoslovakia, there is a considerable feeling between the Czechs and Germans domiciled there, the latter representing about 50 per cent of the population of Bohemia, and may be expected to emigrate in considerable numbers. As to the Slovaks, their emigration may be expected to continue, and probably increase. Poland is overpopulated, and emigration seems to be the outlet for the surplus population, including workers, many of whom are wending their way to seaports and cities to obtain transportation to oversea points.

Owing to recent reported changes in the land laws of Rumania, which will make small ownership possible, it is not expected any great number of the peasant class will emigrate from that country, although there are indications, as found at various places in Europe, of people from Rumania and near-by States, going to embarkation points, notwithstanding unfavorable traveling conditions.

Bulgarian peasants have not figured to any extent in prewar immigration to our country, though many Bulgars came from Macedonia and other sections of the Balkan territory. To what extent war conditions will effect a change is not ascertainable at present, but like their neighbors, the Bulgarians, it is expected, will be influenced by the prevailing efforts to secure a change. Important additions to the outward movement from among the people who have been driven from the regions ceded to Greece and Serbia may be expected.

Concerning Jugoslavia, the authorities at Belgrade appear not to favor emigration, as they consider the country already too thinly populated for its agricultural possibilities, though evidence of some movement is apparent. While this may be true as to Serbia, it can hardly be applied to the States of Croatia and Slovenia. There has been an active emigration from these last Provinces to the United States for many years, and this will probably prove an incentive to further emigration of the surplus workers of these two sections of the new kingdom.

Present immigration, except as it has leaked through the lines, is from European countries, including Great Britain and Ireland, other than Russia, Germany and Austria. In northwestern and southern Europe west of the Adriatic, the movement has shown increased numbers over those coming therefrom since 1914, and with some exceptions the same is true of the territory east of Germany and what is now Austria, including Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Jugoslavia, Greece, Rumania, Bulgaria, and other Balkan and nearBalkan States. Western Asia, down to the Suez Canal, including former Turkish territory in Europe and Asia, has likewise taken renewed life, as shown by rising numbers coming therefrom.

The foregoing are observable changes in immigration conditions in Europe and western Asia during the last eighteen months, recording steady increases in most of the nations in this territory for the 12 months ending June 30, 1920, the last fiscal year, and sudden and continuing rise since June 30.

The rate for the 12 months mentioned was 621,576, and for the latter period, the first 6 months of the present fiscal year. 549,790, or at the rate of 1,100,000 per year, nearly double the arrivals for the last fiscal year, equaling the average annual rate-1,012,000for the 10 years previous to June 30, 1914, and approximating within 140,000 the 1914 rate of 1,218,480.

Reference is made to tables showing arrivals and departures since July 1, 1904, to December 31, 1920, and for the first six months of the present fiscal year, which I will ask permission of the committee to insert at this point.

The CHAIRMAN. That may be done.

(The tables showing arrivals and departures, submitted by Mr. Caminetti, are here printed in full, as follows:)

Aliens admitted to and departed from the United States, by classes and years, 10 yea previous to June 30, 1914, and since June 30, 1914.

1 Alien departures prior to July 1, 1908, were not recorded.

Aliens admitted to and departed from the United States since July 1, 1920.

1 Complete figures for admissions later than August and for departures later than July not yet available. Those above given for later months are estimated. About 26 per cent of the aliens admitted during the 14 months ended August, 1920, were nonimmigrants, and this percentage is estimated as the average for this class admitted during the following 4 months.

Commissioner CAMINETTI. The rising tide bids fair to grow by leaps and bounds unless checked, so that the 1914 rate will from present indications be passed by the end of this fiscal year, June 30 next. Steamship authorities in Europe, while they will not give out declarations on the subject, I am satisfied, from all I have been able to gather, are in accord with this expectation, and if reports can be credited new lines and additions to going concerns are among the early certainties. It should be borne in mind that we have already reached the average annual rate for the 10 years previous to June 30, 1914, and approximated the 1914 rate without the additions expected, particularly from Germany, Austria, and other territories now practically closed to transportation, and with soviet Russia and the states carved out of old Russia, from and including Finland, on the northwest of soviet Russia, to the Caucasus and trans-Caucasus regions, on the southern and eastern borders thereof, supposedly closed. I hesitate to estimate what will be the rate when Germany, Austria, and near-by States open up their supply. Soviet Russia may be backward, though it is probable that many may break away from there too, but so far as the states carved out of old Russia are concerned, particularly those on the west and south of soviet Russia, the outpouring, it is expected, will be great. It is considerable now, though it is veiled in secrecy. At the rate of increase of the past six months, if Germany and Austria open their gates through the declaration of peace, the 2,000,000 rate will be approximated and probably passed before January 1, 1922, provided that shipping facilities are available.

With the opening of the German and Austrian gateways, even if soviet Russia continues closed, nothing can prevent an outflow from the states carved out of old Russia on the south and west boundary of soviet Russia.

To all this must be added the immigration of the balance of the world, which in the aggregate has increased year after year since 1914, notwithstanding the war.

The countries east of Germany and Austria, unless communication is provided, can not now take the same part in the movement as the countries farther west, but with the opening of spring all will be brought into action. The cold weather and hardships incident to long journeys in winter, with the extra expense involved, have acted as a deterrent during the winter months and will continue to do so while the cold weather is on.

There is no doubt that many people are drifting out of Russia throughout the western and southern borders and stopping wherever they can find an abode until they can go to places selected in Europe or elsewhere, but, following the general trend, most probably to the United States.

Senator DILLINGHAM. Mr. Caminetti, may I interrupt a moment? Do you intend before you close to analyze this immigration as to sexes, and show us how it compares with the previous immigration? Commissioner CAMINETTI. That was my intention. Unfortunately, the reports from Ellis Island have not been furnished to the bureau containing complete figures since August 31.

Senator DILLINGHAM. Why has not that been done? We are troubled to death to get information which we want.

Commissioner CAMINETTI. I appreciate the situation, and it was a disappointment to learn that we are not able to utilize such statistical reports.

Senator DILLINGHAM. It has been reported to us that you have been taking away the machinery from Ellis Island.

Commissioner CAMINETTI. We sent machinery there; and, my recollection is, furnished extra men to be added to the roll. The other day an extra number was ordered for the purpose of completing report of delayed statistics. I am very much disappointed that we have not those figures.

Senator DILLINGHAM. I asked the question, Mr. Caminetti, because it has been a good deal discussed here; before the Johnson bill was introduced, I asked the department for figures relating to immigration since the close of the last fiscal year. I have not been able to get them yet, and we are told by those at Ellis Island that the department has taken away the machinery-that is, the clerical force-for tabulating this information at Ellis Island and brought it to Washington, and I do not know anything about it; I am trying to get at the truth of it. Commissioner CAMINETTI. I am very glad that you have presented the matter, because it is something that has caused me a great deal of distress.

Senator DILLINGHAM. Is that true or is it not?

Commissioner CAMINETTI. It is true that they have completed reports of the present fiscal year only for the months of July and August.

I can not explain the situation; I do not know why it should be so. Ellis Island has over 700 officials now-200 more than it had in 1914 when immigration was at a greater rate than it is or has been in the last two years.

Senator DILLINGHAM. Allow me to make another suggestion?
Commissioner CAMINETTI. Certainly.

Senator DILLINGHAM. It appears in evidence here from the commissioner at Ellis Island that of the immigration that has been coming in since the close of the last fiscal year substantially one-half of it was made up of females.

Commissioner CAMINETTI. Forty-two per cent plus was the rate at the end of last fiscal year, and what it has been since we are not able to estimate because we lack the returns.

Senator DILLINGHAM. As to this particular immigration from the eastern and southern Europe of which you have been speaking, and of which you seem to expect a large inflow in the future, I think the statistics show that when we get one woman we usually get four or five or six men; and for that reason I was hoping that you, in relation to this later immigration, would have information to give us as to the proportion of males and females and the character of the immigration that was coming.

Commissioner CAMINETTI. Your hope in that respect was what I had expected to be able to gratify. I had expected to be able to furnish this committee at this time, as part of this report, the same deductions and the same information contained in the annual report up to June 30 last extended so as to include the first four months of this fiscal year, or five months, if it was practicable. I find I can furnish arrivals and departures only for July and August.

Senator DILLINGHAM. Then I am to understand that the committee will be unable to secure at this time an analysis of the recent immigration such as we have had in previous years of immigration coming in?