and migrations go in both of these directions, also to Jugoslavia and Roumania since the war.

Czechoslovakia.-This newly created Republic has already become an asylum for mid-European migrants. Many residents of foreign origin are now include! in the boundaries of the Republic and will form the nucleus for colonies of migrants from the homelands in the future. A census in Slovakia held in November, 1919, showed that 665,000 Hungarians and 140,322 Germans resided there, and similar large groups of these races are in Bohemia. Both have representatives in the Czecho-slovak Senate and Chamber of Deputies. When the Czechs migrate to other places than to the United States, they go to colonies they have in Saxony, Germany, to Paris and London, and to Jugoslavia. There is a growing population also in Canada; individual Czechs can be found in all parts of the world.

Denmark. The population of Denmark is more than 96 per cent native, and most of the foreign born are from the other Scandinavian countries. Danes emigrate to Germany and Canada as well as to the United States.

England.-England's foreign-born population is one of the largest in the world in the matter of variety of race, but is small in the size of its racial representations and colonies. Before the war the emigration of aliens was over 100,000 a year. England has for a long time been on the route of many European immigrants planning to go to the United States, and sometimes they make the island their destination after arrival. This is true especially of Jewish people from Russia, Roumania, and other countries. There are 250,000 Jews in England. Italians, Lithuanians, Scandinavians, and other North Sea people come over frequently to work in the mines and industries of eastern England. All seeking employment in England have to secure a permit from the ministry of labor. The British Government has recently established a migration department with highly trained officials to comprehensively survey the problem of imperial migrations. It is expected that this will do much to determine the migrations of the British for many years to come. Emigration from England has been chiefly to the United States, Canada. Australia, South Africa, and India, and before the war reached more than half a million annually. The English are found in all countries; France has over 40,000; Germany, South America, Egypt, the Orient. and the Indies have large groups. There are 3,000 in Japan.

France. In 1911, the nationalties most numerous in France were as follows: English, 40,378; Belgians, 287,126; Germans, 102,271; Austrians, 14,681; Swiss, 73,422; Italians, 419,234; Spaniards, 105,760; Russians, 35,016; nearly 3 per cent of the population is foreign born. It is stated that only a few naturalize and that France insists on no standard of living for alien workers, making simply an economic contract with them. When 350 Italians recently went on strike at Hussigny, two-thirds of them were promptly deported and their places filled by newly imported workers. Spanish skilled workers have recently migrated to France in large numbers. In 1918 nearly 400,000 Spanish workmen were in France. In 1915 they came in at the rate of 28,000 a year; to-day it is at the rate of 107,000 per annum. Italian miners have also gone there during the last year in large numbers, to work coal and phosphates, and by arrangement with Italy so many tons of coal have been supplied to Italy for every laborer sent. An Italian officer of emigration recently stated that Italians would be urged to go to France rather than to the United States, as there "work and wages were much higher." The French population of the world is well scattered, and the largest groups are in Belgium (3,000,000). Argentina (250,000), Brazil (12,000), Germany (200,000), Switzerland (730,000), and in western Italy (80,000). More than 4,000,000 in French Canada are of French descent, with 20,000 French of French birth, and a movement has just been started among French peasants to start emigration to Mexico, where there are about 5,000 to-day. There is a steady back and forth movement to North Africa, and in Morocco there are to-day nearly 50,000 French.

Finland.-There are few foreign born in Finalnd; but from the fact that out of 308 newspapers and magazines, 108 are in Swedish, 11 Swedish and Finnish, 2 in Russian, 1 in English and 1 in French, it appears that a few foreign countries have colonized there. The Finns who do not go to the United States go to Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Esthonia, England, and Canada. From two to three thousand leave yearly for Canada. Recently, in order to hold would-be emigrants in the homeland, Finland has started to establish certain settlement areas in State forests along the rivers and highways and has

arranged that occupation and cultivation will constitute ownership. The Government will bear the expense of drainings and will supply the tools for culivation.

Germany. During the years 1900-1907, the foreign born of Germany increased about 79,000 annually. During the 20 years 1880-1900, three-fourths of all immigrants came from Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia. To-day about half a million residents are in Germany from these countries. There is a large floating immigrant labor supply of Poles, Italians, and other races which provides a movement often in excess of 100,000 annually. For example, in 1890 there were 57,000 foreign-speaking miners in western Germany out of a total of 198,000, nearly all of whom were Poles, and 100,000 of the 350,000 miners in the Ruhr district are Poles. Nothing more than an economic gain from aliens is contemplated. They have not become German citizens and rarely intermarry. They are used as strike-breakers and have the enmity of the German workers. They are deported if they strike or leave their jobs illegally. In Germany 94 per cent of the population is German in race. Danes, Lithuanians, and Wends have about 100,000 each in the country, the Poles have nearly 4,000,000 there. The point of view from which Germany has regarded her immigrants is illustrated by the system of legitimation cards (Legitimations-Karten) which a number of States introduced some years before the war. In the immediate interest of employers this service established a sort of conttrol over immigrants which could not be exercised over national workers. Its assumption, correct for practical purposes, was that the immigrant has only a pecuniary interest in coming and must accept his employers' terms or stay away. In the agricultural East, immigrants had often broken their contracts to work, and sought hire elsewhere. The employers, deeming this procedure abusive, organized privately a Feldarbeiterzentralstelle, which Prussia, late in 1907, made the agent of a public policy. All agricultural immigrants were temporarily to yield up their passports (written in various languages) and to receive cards in return bearing their own and their employers' names. Any discovered seeking work without a due discharge inscribed on their cards were to be expelled from the country. After the system had been in operation for one year, it was extended (December, 1908) to cover all industry and all immigrant workers, and its name made simply Deutsche Arbeiterzentrale. Each nationality had a card of a special color, the Italian being green. Gradually several States followed the lead of Prussia. Since the Southern States continue to hold aloof, it remained possible for contract breakers to move into them. German writers, except the labor press, appear to have approved the institution, while Italian officals and writers have vigorously condemned it. Italian workmen, of whom 47,000 came under it in the year 1910-11, have generally resented paying the fee of 2 maarks for the useless green card, but otherwise have not been bothered by the system, which was not, as we have seen, directed primarily against them. German immigration to the United States was heaviest between 1854 and 1882. It has sunk from 250.000 a year, to about 20,000 in the years before the war. Other countries that receive Germans outside of Europe and Brazil (about 250 a year) where there are 50,000 to-day; Australia (about 300 a year), Canada (about 5,000 a year), where there are now (Mar. 31, 1919, 40,000). Before the war there were over 100,000 Germans in France. A new movement to South America has started this year, and it is expected to exceed 1.000 families a year. There is a large German colony in Chile. Many of the Germans entering of recent years are from Austria and Russia, and the number from these countries has often exceeded the nmber from Germany itself. There are many domiciled Germans in Austria, Bulgaaria, Russia, and other countries, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland, where 200 and 500 reside.

Greece. There are stated to be twice as many Greeks outside of Greece as within the country, 4,000,000 of them being in Asia Minor. Most of the Greeks that have come to the United States have come from countries outside of Greece. Apart from the United States the Greeks have emigrated in large numbers to Canada, South America, Roumania, Bulgaria, Russia, England, and Italy. It is difficult to determine for how many races Greece provides a nucleus and is thereby a potential immigration country. Several Slavic groups have large colonies there, as also have the Roumanians, Bulgarians, and Albanians.

Hungary.-Hungarians go to Canada at the rate of nearly 1,000 a year, otherwise except for individuals in all the large European cities, and 665,000 in

Czechoslovakia and a colony in Roumania and Switzerland, the race is confined to Hungary. There are about 400,000 in the United States, an Armenian colony of 15,000, and groups of near-by races. In Hungary there are about 600,000 Jews.

Italy. The geographical boundaries of the Italian race are wider than those of Italy. They are in France, Germany, Jugoslavia, Switzerland, Canada. where there are 35,000, South America, especially Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Brazil, and in most of these lands by the hundreds of thousands, and the United States. There are 2,500,000 in Argentina, 1,125,000 in Brazil. The annual average of emigrants from Itlay to all countries is nearly 700,000, nearly a quarter of a million of them going to European countries. For 31 years previous to and including 1914, about 14,000,0000 thus left the country. The principal countries of Europe receiving them have been Austria-Hungary, (over 40,000 per annum), France (70,000 per annum), where there are nearly 500,000; Switzerland (over 85,000 per annum), Germany (75,000 per annum). By hundreds and sometimes by thousands they have also gone to Belgium, Russia, Spain, Portugal, Holland and the Scandinavian countires. For many years 3,000 to 4,000 have gone to England and some hundreds to Ireland. Italy itself is nearly all Italian; there are some 80,000 French in the northwestern districts, about 30,000 Slavs in the northwestern districts and in the south 30,000 Greeks, 90,000 Albanians, 10,000 Germans and about 10,000 Spanish Catalonians. Italy keeps a close contact with all its nationals abroad, and recently an international syndicate has been formed to supply such labor to any country.

Ireland.-The Irish emigrated to the United States in largest numbers between 1840 and 1880, but large numbers also go to Canada where it is estimated that 22 per cent of the population is Irish. Before the war 9 Irish arrived in Canada to every 5,000 of the Canadian population, where less than 2 came to the United States under the same proportion. There are about 2,000,000 Irish in England and Scotland.

Jews. The Jews of the world have emigrated to many countries as well as possessing domicile in most European countries. Outside of the United States they are found as follows:

And in the various countries of Europe, 9,500,000. Lithuania.—When Lithuanians emigrate they go to the following countries as well as to the United States: Germany, England, Canada, and Russia. In Lithuania itself can be found large colonies of Jews, Poles, White Russians, Russians, Letts, and Germans.

Morocco. Morocco is a small immigration country, and the following races are chiefly represented there: French, 40,190; Spanish, 13.517; Italian, 8,940: Polish, 1,005. There are also large domiciled colonies of Jews, of whom there are 110,000, Arabs and Negroes. The total number of Europeans in Morocco exclusive of French and Spanish is probably about 87,000.

Netherlands.-The emigration of the Dutch has been principally to Canada and part from the United States, and about 1,500 annually have arrived there. Their largest emigration to the United States was in 1882, to-day it is only about 10 per cent of what it was then. There are about 75.000 Dutch in the East and West Indies and about 400,000 Dutch Boers in South Africa. Except for about 14,000 Jews who have long resided there, the people of Holland are 71 per cent Dutch, 14 per cent Friesians, 13 per cent Flemish, and 2 per cent other Low Germans. Italian laborers go there in hundreds every year.

Norway. Of the population of Norway in 1910. 36,647 were born in Sweden, 1,832 in Finland, and 2,986 in Germany. Norwegian emigration is chiefly to Canada, Germany, England, from the United States and other Scandinavian countries.

Rumania.-In Rumania there are large colonies of Hungarians and German Saxons, also a few Serbs, Bulgarians, Ruthenians, Russians, and Turks. There is an Armenian colony of about 15,000. The Rumanians themselves resided outside of Rumania in the following numbers in 1900: Hungary. 2,800.000 (this figure is less to-day due to new boundaries); Austria, 230,000; Russia, 1,180,000; Serbia, 90,000; Turkey and Greece. 125,000. All of these places, including Bulgaria, are centers to which Rumanians may emigrate.

ia. No data is on file as to foreign born in Soviet Russia, though bus dispatches of recent date state that Swedes, Germans, and a few djacent peoples, as Armenians, have emigrated to Russia in small groups, e long been domiciled there. The Russians themselves are represented grant groups in Canada, Argentina, France, where there are nearly 50,000; d, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Germany, and Lithuania. As many as 25,000 have gone to Canada. where there are now over 100,000.

n. The Spanish have long been an emigrating people. Of recent years, 920, less than 100,000 left the country annually, but this year the exodus nce, where there are over 100,000; Germany, Argentine, Belgium, Cuba, Uruguay, and Mexico, as well as to the United States, has been un7 large. There are 1,500,000 Spaniards in Argentine, 500,000 in Brazil, Portugal and Morocco there is always a movement. len. In 1910, there were 21,708 foreigners in Sweden, including subjects and (5,538), Norway (4,537), Germany (3,400), Denmark (2,900), Russia ), United States (866), Great Britain (288). Domiciled in the country ,290 Finns and 7,138 Lapps. The Swedes have emigrated to Canada, Scandinavian countries, including Finland and Iceland, about 100,000 are ed in other countries. Swedish emigration to the United States has ed since 1882.

nd.-Polish emigration has been chiefly to Germany, where there were 00 before the war; Canada, France, and other mid-European countries, from the large immigration to this country and 100,000 to Brazil. ugal. Apart from the United States, Portuguese emigration has been to Brazil, to which place during the last 50 years over 500,000 have gone, times as many as have come to the United States. Many of the United arrivals are Bravas from the Cape Verde Islands and not pure Portuat all. Portugal itself chiefly receives Spanish and Italians. tzerland.-Switzerland has 18 per cent of its population foreign born, or cent more than the United States. The number resident there in 1910 52,011, of whom 219,520 were Germans, 63,695 were French, 202,809 were is, 4,118 were English, 37,641 were Austrians, 2,363 were Hungarians, and were Russians. In addition it should be remembered that this Republic native population whose languages serve to attract immigration. In 1910, were 2,594,298 who spoke German, 793,264 who spoke French, and 312,578 poke Italian. Emigration from Switzerland is apt to be to these three ies, but is small, only about 2,000 a year. In France there are 73,000 oslavia. The census of 1920 shows that Jews, Germans, Hungarians, and nians are to be found in large colonies in this new Republic. Yugoslavs migrated to Canada, but to few other places outside of the United States, ey are found in small groups in many of the Balkan and mid-European ies, including Italy.

SS KELLOR. Unless there are some questions that you want to ae, Senator, on remedies, I have practically finished.

e CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much.

e will next hear from Prof. Jenks.

STATEMENT OF PROF. JEREMIAH JENKS.

of. JENKS. Gentlemen, I will speak very briefly this morning e subject that I have to cover.

e CHAIRMAN. Will you kindly state for the record what we call qualifications, so they may be in the record?

of. JENKS. I suppose perhaps the qualification that I should ion first, and perhaps the sole one, is that I was a member of Immigration Commission to which you have referred so fretly, and that since that time I have endeavored, in a general to keep in touch with the immigration situation, as I had before somewhat. I perhaps may say also that I did not know until I reached Washington yesterday, that I was expected to ap

pear before the committee, so that I have made no special p tion.

It has seemed to me that you have already had a large ar statistical evidence and detailed facts placed before you, a thought that I should like to emphasize particularly one e the general principles that I think should be kept in mind ally in connection with legislation of this type.

I have not heard brought out here in the testimony yest this morning as fully as I should like to have seen it bro just what the principles should be on which legislation, eit porary or permanent, should be based. And if I may ref to this Immigration Commission report, it seems to me that report we have stated in two or three sentences the princ should be followed, perhaps more completely and compact have seen them anywhere else.

It was stated by Miss Kellor yesterday that in her judg need not dwell so particularly any longer upon the other pr but should base our judgment for the future primarily upo nomic principles involved. I may say that that was the c that was reached 10 years ago by the Immigration Com that so far as questions of health, of crime, of general polit were concerned, our present laws covered the situation at " fairly well, provided those laws were thoroughly enforced.

The question as regards loyalty to the country or polit was, of course, changed somewhat by the situation that was about by the war, so that there has been legislation since that very materially that point. But I think we may still say Immigration Commission itself said, that the main factor need to consider now and shall have to consider permanentfuture is the economic factor.

It should be put then practically in this way: All legislation be decided upon with reference to the effect that it is likely upon the economic conditions in this country. Now, in at: to determine just what was meant by the economic condit what the general principles covering that should be, these st were made-if I may just read two or three sentences from port. What do we main primarily by the healthy developm country from the economic viewpoint? And the statement in this way:

The measure of the rational, healthy development of a country is t tent of its investment of capital, its output of products, or its expe ports unless there is a corresponding economic opportunity afforded zen dependent upon employment for his material, mental, and moral !

Another way of stating that, of course, would be this, th we need to keep in mind primarily is the economic welfare great wage-earning classes; that is, the general mass of t munity rather than any individual classes. I think it is portant that we keep that in mind as the basis of all leg Then a second sentence that emphasizes this somewhat is ss f The development of business may be brought about by means wh the standard of living of the wage earners.

That was felt to be undesirable.

A slow expansion of industry which would permit the adaptation lation of the incoming labor supply is preferable to a very rapid l