rts with enough, but when he arrives there have been so many usual expenses that his money has been considerably reduced. He getting none from his friends at home, and he is not in touch with friends at the other end of the line, and therefore he arrives with

little money.

Now, in regard to the question as to whether any of this immigran that we saw waiting in these lines was stimulated, my answer is at it is stimulated through the usual, normal lines by which it has vays been stimulated, and these, generally speaking, for the ited States, are by the report of prosperity in America, by the mber of prepaid tickets that are sent over-practically 80 per cent the people in line had prepaid tickets. In other words, American oney was paying for about 80 per cent of the tickets of the immiants coming over here.

Senator STERLING. Those tickets would be through tickets to the stination?

Miss KELLOR Steampship tickets only, to Ellis Island, with the derstanding that their friends or relatives would call for them. be connected with them upon arrival.

Senator DILLINGHAM. Well, did you ascertain from what sources ose tickets came?

Miss KELLOR. Usually from their families, or some relatives. In me cases we found that they came through relief societies, like the oover relief organizations.

Another point: This immigration is stimulated by the desire of e different nationals in this country to take care of their own ople here, and by the failure of supplies to reach them.

Then, we discovered also that a number of corporations had been rmed in the United States for the purpose of bringing over people this country. I have prepared for you a list of the names of a lf a dozen or a dozen of those corporations that have been organized or the purpose of bringing over immigrants. If you want any rther information on that I will be glad to give it to you. We found that the stimulus in Europe was generally under these fferent heads: Due to the race feuds and bitterness which had deloped since the war, although a great deal of it had existed before e war; unemployment; shortage of food; high prices; lack of raw aterial; the failure of some of the popular loans for which they ad need; not getting money they expected for reconstruction; failre of the government to give the people what they had expected, as, or instance, the distribution of land, and better working conditions. These differed in degree in different countries. Of course, in order › make an accurate analysis we have to take each country by itself. -ut the point was we found no unusual economic conditions, other an those that would fall under these different categories, which ere stimulating emigration.

The next question which I have taken up is: Are the people free leave in numbers to constitute an emergency in the United States? Here is a very interesting situation abroad, which is not new, but hich is very much accentuated by the war: The people and the Governments are not necessarily in harmony on this subject. I have hown here the movement of the people; that is, the things that fluenced the people in their movement.

Now, I want to take up, on the other hand, the checks the placed by the Government upon immigration, because the Ge ment has one idea and one method and one purpose in that re and the people have another. And when we get to constructive. lation this is important, because I believe in the future that United States Government must deal with the Government Europe and not with the immigrants of Europe. I think th one of the revelations of the war, and that is the reason I am mitting it to you at this time.

We found in the individual Governments that these were th conditions existing:

First. That in such countries there was definite Government lation for the purpose of checking immigration.

Second. In such countries there was a definite tendency, a some places going to the extent of action, to divert immigrat other words, for the Government to send it to the countries the places where it would be economically profitable. And there I wish to raise the second point which should be conside constructive legislation: That I did not find that America v garded any longer as an asylum for people seeking political free for people seeking political rights and opportunities, but the immigration of the future is an economic proposition to be e out along economic lines, and to be very highly commerciali the sense of commercial organizations, which creates an entire ferent situation from the situation we have had in the past, s tirely new situation.

The CHAIRMAN. Well, supposing the Government acted along line; wouldn't it direct the immigrant to Brazil or Chile or A tina, where certain bonuses are granted, rather than to the U States?

Miss KELLOR. It would depend, Senator Colt, upon what the Government had in view. If the Government had in vi cating upon the land, investment, the development of markets. If it has in view the necessity of getting ready money back f purpose of fiscal policies, then it would be a question of picommon labor, and this is being considered by these Governm a very intelligent manner.

Third. Another thing we found was the imposition of Gover obstacles; that certain countries had not gone so far as to reg but they made it very difficult for these prospective emigrantout of the country.

Fourth. That the Governments are developing very definitel centives for their own people to remain at home.

Senator STERLING. Won't you be a little more specific and t what Governments put obstacles in the way?

Miss KELLOR. I have got a number of illustrations which I wil to you, following right after this summary, Senator Sterling. you will permit I will come to that point in a little while.

Senator STERLING. Yes.

Miss KELLOR. Fifth. We found the Governments working plans for the placement of their immigrants as economic asset ! other words, the exchange of men for markets, for goods, for a · rials, for investments, and for the development of savings.

Now, this is an illustration of an obstacle: Armenia had made no regulation, but it had notified the Armenian people that they must use Armenia's passports; that they must use their own passports; that they could not get out of the country and use the passports of other governments. That was an obstacle. That made it difficult for people to get out of the country.

In Czechoslovakia we found that not only did they have an urgent bill under consideration, but they had regulations curtailing the activities of agents who seek to cause a mass emigation; that is, where any considerable number are going out they make an inquiry as to how and why they are going out, and who had stimulated them. And then there are the military regulations prohibiting men of military age from leaving the country. Those regulations have, of course, previously been in effect, and are still in existence, owing to the fact that there is the constant fear that they will need their men for war purposes.

And, for instance, in Finland we found that in order to hold the would-be emigrant at home the Government is to establish settlement areas in state forests along the highways and rivers; and occupation and reduction of the land will constitute ownership of that land. So the method adopted in Finland is the distribution of land.

I might say, Senator Colt, that my information not being any later than August, I have gone to the precaution of checking this information at the different consulates in New York City; in other words, I have taken my data and gone to the consulate offices to see if it was still holding good.

The CHAIRMAN. We will have to suspend here for a few moments. (Thereupon a recess for 15 minutes was taken.)

AFTER RECESS.

Miss KELLOR. We had gotten, I think, as far as Armenia in the illustrations. I mentioned that Armenia had notified its people that they must use their own passports, and not get out of the country and use those of other Governments. In regard to the Finns, a number of measures were being taken in Finland to prevent the emigration of the Finns, particularly in the distribution of lands, the improvement of working conditions, and in the delays in granting passports. I mentioned the fact of the military law in Czechoslovakia, and the proposed regulations concerning the activities of agents.

France, we found, had entered into special agreements with the Governments of Poland, Italy, and Spain to divert and control emigration from those countries into France. There is a very interesting development there, which I will come to a little bit later on, in regard to the intermigration between the European countries, which is, of course, a great check on the movement towards the United States by the emigration countries.

In Germany I found from the imperial immigration bureau that, while they have a number of emigrants that they would like to get out of Germany, they are holding their emigration with the idea that Russia is going to be the big immigration country of the future,, and also they are negotiating with South America to divert a large part of the German emigration to South America; and but very little German emigration, of course, is going on.

Senator DILLINGHAM. What do you mean by saying that is going to be the great immigration nation-going to Russia er Russia?

Miss KELLOR. Going to Russia. For instance, Czechos also regards Russia as a probable outlet for a number of her grants as soon as things become more stabilized or they ar certain of their conditions.

In Great Britain I found a committee had been at work subject of emigration for some time, had been making a survey resources of the different countries with a view to placing er tion, and they are now adopting the policy of having practic much as possible of British emigration go to British coloni sessions; in other words, they are going to prevent it from g any other countries except the British possessions. It is definite policy.

In Greece the Government will only permit the emigrat those who have fulfilled their military obligations, and they r the right to prohibit or limit all emigration at any time w notice.

In Hungary we found that a number of emigrants are pls to come to the United States; that some of the same regulations there; but that Japan, Brazil, Chile, and other countries ha very actively at work in that country who were advertising sively with a view of getting emigration to go to their countri

If I am going into this too much in detail, Mr. Chairman, I skip a good deal of it. but this is the situation in the various tries as I found it.

We found that there was a considerable emigration whe Italian Government desired to have leave Italy, but we did not that the United States was the only country which Italy was sidering in relation to immigration. Italy, perhaps more th other country, at the present time is working out a very inte emigration problem, which has in view negotiations with countries for the purpose of placing its emigrants at econom posts in those countries, and having in mind the development of kets, the location of capital for investments, which, I beler going to be more or less the nature of immigration relations the future, which I will develop a little bit later on, if I may. Senator DILLINGHAM. What classes is she encouraging to Italy?

Miss KELLOR. There are waiting in Italy probably someti the neighborhood of 70,000 emigrants who would like to gel Many of them are going to their families. Their movement has interrupted, of course, during this war, and they have not been to come over here. But primarily it is, I should say, the worA man, the day laborer.

Senator DILLINGHAM. From southern Italy?

Miss KELLOR. Well, not necessarily from southern Italy, but Italy. I mean, they want to leave from different parts of Italy. Senator DILLINGHAM. I think that most of the working class . have come from Italy have come from southern Italy. Miss KELLOR. Yes; a majority, unquestionably.

Senator 'STERLING. Is it a question, in Italy, Miss Kellor, some parts of Italy, of subsistence there, to some extent?

Miss KELLOR. I should say it is a lack of employment in some sections. The Italian situation is a very interesting one. For instance, in some sections of Italy they need people to go on the land, because certain sections of Italy have been depopulated by reason of the number of Italians who have come to America. In other sections of Italy there is an overpopulation. There might be an advantageous redistribution through Italy itself, of its own population. But it is very difficult to speak for the country as a whole. Some parts of it need immigration. Of course, as you know, a great many Italians are going into other countries under contract; into France and into Czechoslovakia and into other countries; they are going to these countries under contract, to work.

Senator STERLING. There being no restriction there so far as that is concerned?

No

Miss KELLOR. Well, there are the restrictions of contract. workingmen migrate freely from one country to another in Europe. They all go under contract. And I have brought for you here a copy of the French-Italian labor and immigration treaty, which regulates that, and which I think you would be interested in. Senator DILLINGHAM. We should like to have that.

The CHAIRMAN. Under the contract system does an alien return to his native country? Is it a temporary sojourn?

Miss KELLOR. It is supposed to be a temporary sojourn.

We found that Poland was discouraging emigration, and we found a very interesting angle to that. We found that its discouragement was so successful in many instances, notwithstanding the disorganized conditions there, that passport factories had been set up in both Paris and Berlin in order to facilitate the emigration of the Poles. One of them at least was suppressed while I was in France. But as I say, these passport factories had been set up for the purpose of facilitating the outgoing immigration; to circumvent, in other words, the objections by the Government.

Senator JOHNSON. When were you over there?

Miss KELLOR. I was there in July. And I was explaining, Senator Johnson, that what I have tried to do within the last two or three weeks, since I have known that you wanted this information, was to check my information at the consular office in New York, to see whether there had been any changes, or whether most of my facts were still true. Certain of them I have eliminated, because conditions have changed.

For instance, the percentage of Jews coming out of Poland when I was over there, compared to the total number of immigrants, was as 60 to 40, or perhaps 65 to 35. I find, however, that the number of Jews who are coming out now is less than that. It is about 50-50 now. I find that conditions are changing so rapidly that unless you have the current information you can not give the accurate situation. In regard to Portugal, we found that while a considerable number of emigrants were coming to America, the officials there were not very much concerned if we shut out immigrants, because they would prefer to have them go to the South American countries where the language is the same, and where the conditions are more or less homogeneous, and it would help them to divert their emigrants to those countries where, they want them to go, rather than to come to the United States.