her and take up arms in favour of the Spaniards. Many thousand copies were printed at Antwerp to be put on board the Armada for dispersion in England, but were destroyed by the failure of that enterprise. Allen spent the rest of his life at Rome, and is said to have altered his sentiments and to have been extremely sorry for the part he took in promoting the invasion of England by the Spaniards. His death, supposed to be occasioned by poison, happened on the 26th October 1594. He was buried in the English college of Rome, where a monument is erected to his memory.

THOMAS CROMWELL, EARL OF ESSEX.

THOMAS CROMWELL was the son of a blacksmith. He was born at Putney in Surrey, A.D. 1500. His education in early life was very imperfect, but his natural abilities were very great. He enjoyed a great share of personal courage, and also an excellent memory, which never let slip what he had once committed to it, insomuch that it is related of him that in a journey to and from Rome he learned the whole New Testament translated by Erasmus! Having a great desire to see foreign countries, he went to France, from thence into Italy, and afterwards to Antwerp, where he was engaged as secretary to some English merchants. About the same time the inhabitants of Boston in Lincolnshire resolved to send to Rome for the renewal of their two pardons; and, although they knew it would be an expensive concern, they also knew the profits of the Roman merchandise. They therefore chose Jeffrey, Chalmers, and another, whom they furnished with the proper writings and plenty of money, and despatched them to Rome, to procure if possible the pardons. On their way they came to Antwerp, and Chalmers, getting diffident of his own abilities, prevailed on Thomas Cromwell to accompany him.

Cromwell, although he knew well the difficulty of the enterprise, and the greedy cormorants he had to deal with, yet, trusting to his knowledge of the Italian, and being ungrounded in the true religion, he consented to go along with them. Arriving at Rome he got information that the Pope was fond of delicacies, and therefore prepared some fine dishes of jellies, artfully prepared after the English fashion, but never before seen at Romė; and, taking his time when the Pope was come from hunting and gone into his pavilion, they brought their English presents with three man's song, (as it was then called.) The Pope, marvelling at the strangeness of the song, and understanding they were Englishmen and came not empty handed, ordered them to be called in. Cromwell, doing his obeisance, offered him his JOLLY JUNKETS, telling him they were such as none but kings and princes in England used to feed upon, desired his Holiness to accept of the present which he and his companions, that were poor suitors to his Holiness, had presented as varieties for his recreation, &c. The Pope, seeing the strangeness of the dishes, bade one of his Cardinals taste it, who, liking it well, recommended it to the Pope. The Pope was also so well pleased with it that he asked what their suits were, and commanded them to teach his cook the art of making the dish. He then confirmed both their pardons according to their request.

All this was before Cromwell had any taste of religion, and he would often tell Dr Cranmer what a ruffian he was in his youth. Also how he was in the wars with the Duke of Bourbon, in the seige of Rome. He would also tell the Doctor about his assisting Chalmers in procuring the pardons for Boston, and in publishing and setting them forth in every Church. It was after this time that he began to feel the truths of the gospel touch his heart, and in the meantime, Cardinal Wolsey getting into great power and favour with the King, and Cromwell having got into his service, the Cardinal at last preferred him to be his solicitor. Shortly afterward the Cardinal fell into disgrace with the King, and his household being dissolved, Thomas Cromwell, amongst others, sought to get into the King's service; and Sir Christopher Hales, although a papist, liked Cromwell so well that he applied for him to the King as a man fit for his purpose, having then to defend himself against the Pope. But the King having had formerly complaints against him for his dealings with the monasteries, images, altars, &c., detested his very name. Lord Russel, Earl of Bedford, however, boldly stood up in his defence, and pointed out his qualifications, which made the King admit him to a private conference in his garden, A.D. 1530, where he pleased the King so well that he was admitted to his confidence, and the King put his ring on Cromwell's

finger, and sent him to the convocation of bishops. At this meeting he spoke boldly, and told them that they all had offended by swearing allegiance to the Pope, which was derogating from the King's royal estate, which made them fall under a premunire. To save them from this they agreed to pay the King £101,884. After this Cromwell growing into great favour with the King, he first knighted him, then made him master of the jewel house, then one of the privy council, then master of the rolls, then knight of the garter, and lastly Earl of Essex, great chamberlain of England, and the King's vicegerent to represent his own person, which office is seldom conferred on any subject of England, and was never better discharged than by this lord. His honours, heaped so thick upon him, never made him proud or remiss in his duty, but rather made him more active in demolishing the abbeys and religious houses. He first began with the smaller monasteries, but at length all the abbeys of England shared the same fate. The Bishop of Rome's power being thus abolished, Cromwell was not idle in detecting the many frauds and impositions used by the priests to deceive the ignorant people. The Rood of Grace was a figure of Christ on the cross, within which a man stood with a hundred wires within his reach, wherewith he made the figure's eyes roll, nod the head, hang the lip, move and shake the jaws, &c., according as the gift pleased or displeased the priests. If it were a small piece of money it would hang the lip, but if a piece of gold, his jaws would go merrily. Cromwell discovering this forgery, caused the image, with all its engines, to be openly shewed at Paul's Cross, and there to be torn in pieces by the people. Also the blood of Hales he caused to be brought to the same place, where it was proved to be the blood of a duck. He also proved the Holy Maid of Kent to be a worthless character. The Rood of Chester-of Thomas-a-Becket—our Lady of Walsingham-with many other monuments of idolatry and fraud, were removed out of the way. Cromwell also ordered copies of the whole Bible to be set up in all the Churches in the kingdom. While Cromwell was engaged in these services, the bishops were not idle in endeavouring to undermine him in the King's favour, and they succeeded. There was at this time a learned and godly minister called in question for his religion. His name was John Lambert, and the bishops sat in judgment on him, with the King amongst them, who said to Lambert, after a long disputation with the bishops, "What sayest thou now after all this pains which hath been taken with thee: wilt thou live or die? thou hast yet free choice." To whom Lambert answered, "I wholly submit myself to the will of your Majesty." The King replied, "If you submit yourself to me, you must die! for I will be no patron to heretics." And so, by the crafty council of Stephen Gardner, turning himself to the Lord Cromwell he said, "Cromwell, read the sentence of condemnation against him ;" which, through human frailty, and being surprised on the sudden, he did read! The subtle and malicious prelates ceased not, by themselves and agents about the King, to calumniate and traduce him, insomuch that a parliament being summoned, anno 1541, Cromwell being in the council chamber, was suddenly apprehended and committed prisoner to the Tower. Shortly afterwards he was attainted by the parliament. His enemies did not try him by his Peers, but procured this act of attainder, whereby he was condemned without a hearing. Having ended a prayer, he made a godly exhortation to those about him, and so quietly commended his spirit into the hands of God, and was beheaded July 28, 1541.1

EDMUND GRINDAL, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.

EDMUND GRINDAL was born in Kensingham, in Cumberland, A.D. 1519. He first attended school, and afterward the University of Cambridge. Bishop Ridley, taking notice of his piety and learning, made him his chaplain, and recommended him to Edward VI. In the bloody days of Queen Mary he fled into Germany, where he continued all her reign; but coming back on the accession of Elizabeth, she preferred him to the dignity designed for him by her brother, King Edward VI., making him Bishop of London in 1559, which he held for

1 Abridged from Clark's Marrow of Ecclesiastical History, part ii. book ii. p 32. London, 4to, 1650.

about eleven years, and in 1570 was removed to York, where he continued five years, and in 1575 was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, where he lived about seven years more. He died at Croydon, July 6th, 1583, in his sixty-fourth year. At his death he left a great many charities. He was one of the translators of the Bishop's Bible, at the time he was Bishop of London, the particular part to which he attached his initials being from Daniel to Malachy.

EDMUND SANDYS, D.D., ARCHBISHOP OF YORK,

Was born at Hawkeshead in Lancashire, A.D. 1519. He was the fourth son of William Sandys, Esq., by Margaret his wife, daughter and heiress of William Rawlinson of the county of York, Esq. He was ancestor of the present Lord Sandys. He went through a regular course of education at St John's college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1539, and that of Master in 1541. At the time of his father's decease in 1548, he was vicar of Haversham, and in the following year was presented to a prebend in the cathedral church of Petersborough. In 1552, King Edward VI. granted him a prebend in the church of Carlisle. At the time of the king's decease, in 1558, Dr Sandys was vice-chancellor of Cambridge. Having early embraced the Protestant religion, he zealously joined with those who were for setting the Lady Jane Grey on the throne. John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, coming to Cambridge in his march against the princess Mary, required the Doctor to set forth the Lady Jane Grey's title in a sermon the next day before the University. He obeyed, and preached in so pathetic a manner as drew tears from the audience, and he gave a copy of his sermon to be printed. But he expressed himself with so much prudence and moderation as abundantly satisfied the duke, and yet did not exasperate the opposite party. The unsteady duke sent for him about two days after to proclaim Queen Mary, which he refused, whereupon he was deprived of his office of vice-chancellor and preferments, and sent prisoner to the Tower of London. In the Tower he was the means of converting his keeper, a bitter papist, to the truth. Sandys knew that religion was not to be established by human fury, or by any arts of malice and wickedness. Having remained there. twenty-nine weeks he was sent to the Marshalsea on Wyat's insurrection, who, on coming to Southwark, invited the Doctor to give him his company and advice, but he prudently excused himself. After nine weeks in the Marshalsea, he was set at liberty, and he made his escape to Antwerp very fortunately, as Gardner had issued an order for his second apprehension. After a great many hardships on the Continent, he heard the glad news of Mary's death and came back to England, where he arrived January 18th 1558-9. Being learned in the original languages, as well as an excellent preacher, he was appointed, along with other Bishops, to make a new translation of the Bible, and the portion that fell to his share was the first and second book of Kings, and the first and second book of Chronicles. After Dr Grindal had succeeded to York, he was appointed to London in 1570. In 1576 he was appointed to the Archbishoprick of York. After quarrelling with almost all his acquaintances, he died on the 10th July 1588, in the 69th year of his age, after a life of trouble and contention.

JOHN PARKHURST, BISHOP OF NORWICH.

The exact time of the birth of Parkhurst is not known, but he was born at Guildford in Surrey, and sent to Oxford college when very young. In 1529 he was a fellow of Merton college, Oxford, and afterwards promoted to be rector of Cleve in Gloucestershire. After the death of King Edward VI. he left his preferments and retired to Switzerland, where he continued until the accession of Queen Elizabeth, and was then made Bishop of Norwich in 1558. He was the author of a number of works in Latin, and assisted in translating the Sacred Scriptures under the superintendence of Archbishop Parker. The Apocrypha is what fell to his share of the work, although there is little doubt they consulted each other on difficult passages. He died February 2d 1574, and was buried in the cathedral church of Norwich, where a monument is erected to his memory with a suitable inscription.

ALEXANDER AYLES.

Professor AYLES was a native of Edinburgh, and born A.D. 1500. His parents held a respectable rank in society, and sent their son Alexander to the University of St Andrews, where he made great proficiency in the languages. In his preface to his exposition of Timothy he mentions a singular circumstance that happened him when a boy. While gamboling upon one of the hills in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, he had rolled towards the very brink of a precipice, when he felt himself snatched up as it were, and rolled back to a place of safety, without knowing how or by whom. Some ascribed it to several portions of Scripture, which, according to the custom of these superstitious times, were hung round the neck of children by their parents as a protection from evil. Ayles ascribed it to the prayers of his godly parents, and adds, that the recollection of the danger he had escaped chilled his blood for many years afterwards. At St Andrews he studied the controversies of these times through the medium of books then in circulation, from 1525 to 1527; and at same time took priest's orders, and became a canon of that University. When Mr Patrick Hamilton began to teach the reformed doctrine, then called heresy, Ayles had such a high opinion of his own abilities that he undertook to reclaim Mr Hamilton. But after a number of conferences he found Hamilton, although younger in years, far more advanced in Biblical knowledge; and the force of truth was too powerful for the scholastic reasoning of Ayles, and he became a convert and able advocate for the work of Reformation. He soon after witnessed the heroic conduct of Hamilton in the flames, amidst the rage of his barbarous persecutors. In short, Ayles was confirmed in his conversion to that faith he had in vain laboured to overturn. Next year Ayles was thrown into the dungeon below the castle of St Andrews for his reformed opinions. In this horrible place he remained until he was relieved by the intercession of James V., and he afterwards escaped to the continent by a vessel from Dundee. He had only sailed a short time from Dundee when a party of horse from St Andrews entered with a warrant for his apprehension. After the escape of Ayles the clergy published an edict prohibiting the Scriptures from being read or sold. Ayles was the first advocate who wrote King James against the Bishops and in favour of giving the people the New Testament in their vernacular tongue. But the bishops and priests had changed the kind-hearted James, who had delivered him from the dungeon in 1529, to the hardened tyrant who could witness the burning of his best subjects in 1533. It would appear that Scotland was not behind England in the progress of the Reformation, as the New Testament was enjoyed by Scotland the same year.

The only answer Ayles got to his epistle was written by John Cochleus, who first raised the alarm about the New Testament in 1525. He professes to answer Ayles, paragraph by paragraph, but without sound reasoning in a single sentence, for it abounds in falsehoods and blasphemy. In 1534 Ayles wrote an answer to Cochleus, entitled "The Answer of Alexander Ayles, Scotchman, to the Calumnies of Cochleus." It was also addressed to the King. Alexander Ayles resided at Cologne, was a Professor in the University of Leipsic, and died anno Christi 1565.

DR HOLLAND.

THOMAS HOLLAND, D.D., was one of those forty-seven divines that were appointed by King James to translate a new version of the Sacred Scriptures in the year 1603, being the present authorized version. He was born at Ludlow, in Shropshire, 1539, and, after receiving an academical education, he was sent to Exeter College, in the University of Oxford. He paid so great attention to his studies that he acquired his degrees in early life and with much applause. He studied divinity with great success, and it not only filled his head but his heart. Soon after being installed Doctor in Divinity, he was appointed Regius Professor, or Doctor of the chair, having succeeded the late Dr Humphreys. In this station he became so distinguished by his attainments, both in Divinity and Philosophy, that his fame was not confined to the Universities of Britain. But it was not in theory alone

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that he was esteemed, he put his doctrines in practice, and set an example, by his life and conversation, to his fellowmen. He was a zealous advocate of the Reformation doctrines, and abhorred the superstitions of the Church of Rome. He never set out on a journey from the College but he called the society together, and recommended them to the love of GOD and to the abhorrence of Popery. This was the more necessary, as favourers of Popery were at that time in both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. From 1604 to 1610, a good share of his time was employed in translating the Scriptures, and he lived little longer than just to see them printed in 1611, having died 17th March, A.D. 1612, in the seventy-third year of his age.

DR JOHN RAYNOLDS

Was born at Penhoe, in Devonshire, anno Christi 1549, and entered to his studies in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he had the honour of being chosen a Fellow of that University, and, soon afterwards, was appointed Doctor in Divinity. He had a number of brothers, but they all continued Roman Catholics; and his eldest brother, William, wrote seditious and pestilential books against Queen Elizabeth and her flourishing kingdom, which caused the Doctor much pain and sorrow lest he should be found out and punished. Dr Raynolds took a different side of politics from his brother; and, indeed, what he wrote against the Roman Catholics was altogether unanswerable. He would never accept of any great preferment in the Church; and it was only upon being much importuned that he accepted of the Deanery of Lincoln, and even it he soon resigned in favour of another. He was made Professor of Divinity, and chosen President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, which he filled with great honour and credit to himself to the end of his life. He was appointed by King James, in 1603, to assist in making a new translation of the Scriptures, which, from his learning, he was considered well qualified to perform; but he did not live to see it published, having exhausted his body to a skeleton by over-exertion. He died May 21st, anno Christi 1607, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. When his friends told him that he should not throw away his life for learning, he with a smile, answered, "Nec propter vitam vivendi perdere causas.”

The following brief sketches of the remaining principal translators of King James' version is from an excellent work lately published by C. H. TIMPERLEY, Esq., Manchester :—

LANCELOT ANDREWS, BISHOP OF ELY,

Was born at London in 1555, and educated at Cambridge. By his unremitting attention to study, he rose to be one of the most learned men in the age in which he lived, so that Fuller, in his humorous way, says of him, "the world wanted learning, to know how learned this man was." He was Bishop of Chichester in 1605, translated to Ely in 1609, and Winchester in 1618. In the exercise of his Episcopal dignity he was the patron of learning-in his private character generous and modest, and in his manner grave and sedate. He died Sept. 25th, 1626, in the seventy-first year of his age.

JOHN OVERALL, DEAN OF ST PAUL'S, AND BISHOP OF LITCHFIELD,

Was born in 1559, and educated at Cambridge. In 1604 was made Dean of St Paul's, London; in 1614, His Bishop of Litchfield and Coventry; and in 1618, translated to Norwich, where he died, May 12th, 1619. attainments were high in theological learning, leaning towards Arminianism.