Charleston, South Carolina, 400, 401;
finds that he can do nothing, 405;
crimination and recrimination with
Parker, 409; arrives in New York
with troops, v. 27; left in New York
by Howe, 175; deludes Putnam, 185;
returns to New York, 186; succeeds
Howe in command, 270, 271; orders
received as to campaign, 272; evacu-
ates Philadelphia, 273; at the battle
of Monmouth, 276, 277; retreats to
New York, 277; requires more troops,
282; goes to Rhode Island, unsuc-
cessful, 286; remonstrates against
weakening his force, 290; sends
troops against Georgia and for West
Indian service, 295; raises a regi
ment of Irish in New York, 295;
conducts expedition up the Hudson,
329; resolves on a campaign at the
South, 375; sends out expeditions,
378, 379; proclamation, 379; in New
Jersey, 425; fits out an expedition
against Rhode Island, 426; failure
of, 426; report on prosecuting the
war in the United States, 426, 427;
uses fraud and corruption, takes Ar-
nold into pay as spy and traitor, 427;
efforts to save André, 435-438; hu-
miliating position, 437; disapproves
course of Cornwallis, 497; sends Ar-
nold to the Chesapeake, 505; also
against New London, Connecticut,
507; sends for troops from Corn-
wallis, 510, 511; self-delusion, 515,
516; reports surrender of Cornwallis,
523, 524; superseded by Carleton,

555.

Clinton, James, at Fort Montgomery,
on the Hudson, v. 185.

Clymer, George, of Philadelphia, iii.
453; in the federal convention, vi.
320-355.

Cocheco, Indians at, ii. 178.
Coddington, William, from Boston, Eng-

land, i. 237; plants near Roger Will-
iams, 262; put in office, 297; dis-
possessed, 298.

Coffin, Nathan, an impressed sailor, v.
139.

Coke, Sir Edward, i. 241.

Colbert, J. B., favors La Salle, ii. 160-

162.

Colburn, Colonel A., of New Hampshire,
death in battle, v. 184.
Colden, Cadwalader, plan for governing
the colonies, ii. 333, 334; advises tax-
ation by parliament, 350; letter to
Halifax, 352, 353; on parliamentary
taxing, 382; on perpetual colonial
revenue, 528, 529; on fixed salaries,

Coligny, Admiral of France, sends Ri-
bault to plant colony in Florida, i. 51;
second attempt, 52, 53.

Colleton, James, deposed by the people
in South Carolina, and banished, i.
436.

Collier, Sir George, v. 330; at Castine,
Maine, 333, 334.

Colonial assemblies of Virginia, i. 112.
See Virginia.

Colonial system of Europe, ii. 86.
Colonies, the old thirteen. Sce America.
Colonics, American, reconstructed on
the principles of the English revolu-
tion, ii. 9. See America.
Colorado river, discovered by Alarcon,
i. 32.

Columbus, Christopher, discovers the
New World, i. 7; second and third
voyage of, 11; death of, 21.
Colville, Adiniral, in command on North
American coast (1763), iii. 61.
Commerce, and commercial classes, pow-
er of, ii. 6, 7.
"Common Sense," by Thomas Paine,
argument in favor of declaration of
independence and forming American
governments (January 1776), iv. 313-
315.

Commons, house of, subordinate to the
lords, ii. 409; resolve as to colonial
rights, 461.

Conant, Roger, at Cape Ann, Massachu-
setts, i. 222.

"Concessions" of the Quakers, i. 547.
"Conclusions," as set forth by the Puri-
tans, i. 230.

Concord, Massachusetts, founded, i. 257,
258; convention in (1774), iv. 54;
news reaches, of expedition against, i.
153; people rally, 157, 158; British
enter, 158; destroy stores, etc., 159;
first martyrs, 161; loss in killed and
wounded, 165, 166; instruction to
delegates as to independence, 428.
Confederation of the New England colo-
nies. See New England.
Confederation of all the colonies pro-
posed, ii, 303.
Confederation, plan of, in congress
(1776), v. 10; difficulties in arrang-
ing, 10, 11; discussion and result,
12-15, 49; articles adopted (Novem-
ber 1777), 193; citizenship of the

201; independence of each state, 201;
vote by states, 201; when two thirds
vote required, 202; congress not to
levy taxes, 202; distribution of quo-
tas, 202, 203; property in slaves not
to be taxed, 203; public domain, 203,
204; jealous of the army, 204; for-
eign relations, 204; powers of the
states, 204; committee of states,
205; mode of amending, 205; free
inhabitants, free citizens, 206, 207;
rights of man, 207; dangers in the
way, 208; tendency to dissolution, vi.
124; new articles added (1786), 191.
Congregationalism, or independency, es-
tablished in Massachusetts, i. 228,
238, 308, 309; intolerant spirit of,
312.

Congress, at Albany. See Albany.
Congress, at Alexandria. See Alexan-
dria.

Congress, American, suggested by Otis

(1765), iii. 113; plan for, prevails in
Pennsylvania, etc., 146, 147; opening
in New York, 149, 150; members
and principle of union, 150, 151; de-
bates on liberty and freedom of trade,
153, 154; memorials and petitions
to parliament, 154, 155; union formed
by the delegates, 156; the colonies
adhere to congress and plan a per-
manent union, 162, 163; petition not
received by house of commons, 186.
Congress, first continental (1774), dele-
gates to, from Massachusetts, iv. 23;
Rhode Island and Maryland choose
delegates, 24; New York, 31; South
Carolina, 32; Pennsylvania, New Jer-
sey, New Hampshire, 33; North Caro-
lina, 36; meets in Philadelphia, Sep-
tember 5th, with members from eleven
colonies, 61; method of voting, 62;
Henry's speech, 62, 63; vote by colo-
nies, 63, 64; prayer at the opening,
64, 65; twelve colonies represented,
66; approve the Suffolk resolutions,
66; list of grievances, 68; sympathy
with Boston, 71; resistance of Massa-
chusetts approved, 72; declaration of
rights, condemning eleven acts of
parliament, 73; threat to stop Brit-
ish imports and exports, 73, 74; slave-
trade to be abolished, 74; address to
the people of Great Britain, etc., 74,
75; petition to the king, 75, 76; in-
dependence not yet determined on,
76; courts the Canadians, 81, 82;
the king receives its petition, 96;
Lord Chatham eulogizes the wisdom
of congress, 103.

1775), iv. 190; difficulties before it,
190, 191; delegate from Georgia,
192; instructs New York, 192; dis-
cusses state of the union, 192; ap-
proves Jay's motion, 193; John Han-
cock president, 200; orders defences,
200; address to the Canadians, 200;
Lord North's offer, 200, 201; reject-
ed, 202, 203; asked to take charge of
the continental army, 203; John
Adams nominates Washington com-
mander-in-chief, 204; borrows money,
204; gives advice to Massachusetts,
204; appoints a fast-day, 205; mis-
take in making short enlistments,
205; elects Washington general of
the army, 205; inefficient as a gov
ernment, 211; pledges made to Wash-
ington, 212; elects four major-gen-
erals, 232; eight brigadiers, 234, 235;
issues bills of credit, 237; authorizes
invasion of Canada, 237; reasons for
taking up arms, 237; second petition
to the king, 238; addresses to people
of Great Britain and of London, 238;
Washington's report, 243; Schuyler's
report as to Canada, 243; Franklin's
plan of confederacy, 243, 244; apathy
as to colonial governments, 245; an-
swer to Lord North's offer, 245, 246;
post-office and hospital organized,
246; paper money, how to be re-
deemed, 246; refuses to open the
ports, and adjourns August 1st, 246.

Meets again in September (1775),
iv. 261; undecided, 261; Gadsden
defends New England, and Rutledge
moves exclusion of negroes from the
army, 261, 262; in doubt and uncer-
tainty what to attempt or do, 264;
the king's proclamation destroys last
hope of reconciliation, 272, 273;
recommends governments to the colo-
nies, 273; majority in favor of inde-
pendence, but no hasty action taken,
274; action as to the navy, etc., 274;
orders garrisoning forts on the Hud-
son, 311; Wilson moves to set forth
reasons for independence, 316; course
as to enlisting free negroes, 322, 323;
is anxious to attack Boston, 323; re-
proved by Washington, 324; votes
thanks and medal to Washington, 331;
discusses enfranchising American
commerce, 335; claims right to con-
tract alliances, 335; on enlistments,
etc., 336; chooses six brigadiers, 336;
issues four million dollars in bills,
337; committee of ways and means
appointed, but do nothing, 337; com-

missioners to Canada, 337; authorizes
privateers, 337; charges on the king
their grievances, 337, 338; forbids
importation of slaves, ii. 276, iv. 338;
opens ports to all the world, 339;
some wish to wait for alliance with
France, 340; John Adams's motion
and preamble, 342, 343; committee
report that authority of the crown be
suppressed, 343; Secret committee
for foreign correspondence appointed,
Franklin, Harrison, and others, on it,
362; orders four battalions to Cana-
da, 376, 377; then six more, without
consulting Washington, 377; very
unwise action, 377, 378; sen is a
commission to Canada, 378; zeal of,
380; puts Charles Lee in command
of troops in the South, 385; thanks
the defenders of Charleston, 411.

Independence formally and fully
proposed by R. H. Lec (June 1776),
423; animated debate, 423, 424; com-
mittee appointed to prepare declara-
tion of independence, 425; names of
the committee, Jefferson at the head,
425; committee to digest form of con-
federation, one from each colony, 425;
plan of treaties with foreign powers,
425; law of treason and state citi-
zenship, 425; members (July 1776),
435; every colony represented, 436;
voices of the colonies, 436; Washing-
ton's letter, 436, 437; committee of
the whole, 437; speeches of John
Adams and Dickinson, 437-439; other
speeches, 440; Washington's letter on
Howe's arrival at Sandy Hook, 441;
vote, nine in favor of the declaration,
441; next day (July 2d) no dissenting
vote against independence, 441; the
declaration reported and criticised,
445, 446; declaration in full, 446-
450.

Sends declaration of independence
to Howe, v. 8; on Howe's circular
letter, 8; articles of confederation dis-
cussed, 11, 12; differences of views,
distrust, fear, 12-15; receives Ilowe's
message, 40; debate, 41; sends a
committee to meet Howe, 43; plan of
treaty with France, 49, 50; appoints
commissioners, 50; plan for enlisting
troops, 51, 52; course pursued, 81;
votes to go to Baltimore, 88, 89; its
entreaties, 91, 92; powers to Wash-
ington, 91; authorizes borrowing
money in France, 101; talks of a lot-
tery, etc., and issues paper money,
143; appoints major-generals and
brigadiers, 148; General Greene pres-

ent to explain needs, 148, 149; cele-
brates first anniversary of independ-
ence, 154, 155; calls out the militia,
175; flees to Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
180; fails in duty, 197; adopts arti-
cles of confederation at Yorktown,
199-208; on winter campaign, 212;
neglects the army, 214; thin attend-
ance, issues paper money, 218; on
defaulters, 219; resolve as to treating
for peace, 256; ratifies treaties of
commerce and alliance with France,
268-269; address to the people of
the United States, 269; answer to
conciliatory propositions, 271; answer
to English commissioners, 273; meets
in Philadelphia, 283; articles of con-
federation signed by eight states, 283;
circular letter to the other five states,
283, 284; result, 284; issues more pa-
per money, 290; financial schemes, ill
success, 290-294; address to the peo-
ple, 292; scheme to emancipate Cana-
da, 296; discusses plans, etc., as to
French and Spanish alliances, 320-
325; committee on terms of peace,
322; yields on the fisheries, 325; John
Adams appointed to go abroad as min-
ister, 326, 327; fresh issue of paper
money, 439, 440; depreciation, 440;
efforts to borrow money abroad, 440;
helpless, fall back on the states, 442;
efforts for reform and revenue, 450.

Sends Laurens to France to beg
help, v. 452; asks for power to regu-
late commerce, 453; as to the Missis-
sippi river, 453, 454; powers under
the confederation, 454, 455; yields
to France its instructions for peace,
472, 473; peace commissioners ap-
pointed, 473; ultimatum, 474; thanks
to Morgan at Cowpens, 485; puts R.
Morris at head of finance department,
and R. R. Livingston over foreign af-
fairs, 508; receives joyful news of
surrender of Cornwallis, 523; discus-
sion as to terms of negotiating peace,
526, 527; charters national bank,
556, 557; great seal adopted, 561;
report of committee on increasing
powers of congress, vi. 19; report of
committee of three (1781), 22, 23;
establishes departments, 25; charters
bank, 27; asks for power to regulate
commerce, 27; answers of the states,
28; exercises judicial powers, 34;
party names and disputes, 34, 35.
Congress, third, appeal of the army to
congress (January 1783), vi. 59, 60;
grand committec meets deputies from
the army, 61; course adopted, 62:

debate on revenue, 63, 64; reaches
no conclusion, 68, 69; votes pay to
the army, 75; proclamation of the
war being at an end, 77; appeal
the states, 80; committee on a gener-
al convention, 80; adjourns to Prince-
ton, New Jersey, 97; votes statue to
Washington, 102; receives the Dutch
envoy, 104; closing acts, 104, 105.
Congress, fourth, in Philadelphia, re-
ceives Washington's surrender of his
commission, vi. 107, 108; declines
to lead the way for the "sovereign'
states (1784), 111; Jefferson's service
toward the union, 112, 113; votes the
United States to be "one nation," 113.
Congress, fifth, meets at Trenton, New
Jersey, vi. 124, 129; R. II. Lee elected
president, 129; adjourns to New York
(1785). 130; discusses affairs of the
West, 132, antislavery clause re-
vived, 133; reported on by commit-
tee, but no action, 133, 134; land
ordinance as established, 134, 135;
question as to power to levy armed
men, 135; urged to provide remedies
for distress in trade, etc., 137, 138;
Monroe's movement and report, 142,
143; difficulties and delays, 143, 144;
objections to navigation act, etc., 144,
145;
offers no hope of new constitu-
tion, 153.
Congress, sixth (1786), tardy attendance,
vi. 185, 186; motion to increase
strength of the confederacy, and re-
port of committee on, 186, 187; plan
for a federal convention, 187; sends
Pinckney to New Jersey, 187; dis-
cusses Pinckney's proposal, 190, 191;
new articles added to the confedera-
tion, 191, 192; rests hope on system
of 1783, 192; expostulates with the
governor of New York, 193; fails,
and why, 193, 194.

Congress, seventh (1787), recommends

a federal convention, vi. 199; report
of committee on western territory,
278;
certain waters declared free,
279; the proposed five western states,
280; bill for territorial government,
281; quiets the Indian title in Ohio,
283; memorial of Ohio Company to
congress, 285; committee of seven,
286; ordinance for governing the ter-
ritories of the United States, 287, 288;
the new constitution received, 371;
opposition to it, 371, 372; Lee's per-
sistent efforts, 372-374; votes to ask
conventions to be called in every
state for consideration and action,
374; gets notice of nine states hav-

ing ratified the constitution (July
1788), 466; closing measures for
working under the federal constitu-
tion, 466.

Congress, first, under the federal con-
stitution (April 1789), vi. 467; house
of representatives, 467; senate, 466,
467; votes for president and vice-
president of the United States count-
ed, 468; party divisions, 468; debate
on protection, 468, 469.
Connecticut, early movements in, i. 264;
Hooker and colonists, 265; principle
of government, 268; constitution,
270; government organized, 272;
course as to confederation, 290;
charter obtained, 358; Winthrop gov.
ernor, 358; prosperity, 358-360;
question as to church relations, bap-
tism of children, etc., 360, 361; free
schools, towns, and town-meetings,
361, 362; royal commissioners favor,
376; charter demanded by Andros,
587, 588; revolution in 1689, An-
dros's government overturned, 601;
Treat governor, popular rights assert-
ed, ii. 47, 48; F. Winthrop governor,
48; charter in danger, 48, 247; at-
tempt by government to alter the
land laws, 253; aids in attack on
Canada, 483; spirit of assembly
(1764), iii. 90; favors a congress,
147; joy on repeal of stamp-act, 221;
cautious course, 271; makes a decla-
ration of rights (1774), iv. 10; plans
a congress, 13; sympathy with Mas-
sachusetts, 28; governor calls the
legislature (1775), 170; thousands
march to camp, 170, 171; pleads for
peace, but resolved to have rights, 173;
votes two thousand men for the army,
174; plans taking Ticonderoga, 181;
troops enlisted, 322; spirit of the
people (1776), v. 26; how Washing-
ton's letter was received (1783), vi.
90, 91; delays action, 100; proposes
reform in confederation, 136; laws as
to paper money, 168; sends delegates
to the federal convention, 201; propo-
sitions in convention, 231, 232; of-
fers compromise, 239; its "West-
ern Reserve," 279, 280; state con-
vention on the federal constitution,
393; meeting and debates, 394; rati.
fies the constitution, 395; refuses
second federal convention, 466.
Connecticut river, discovered by Block
(1614), i. 489; Winthrop builds a
fort at mouth of, 264.

Connolly, Dunmore's agent, iv. 83; ar
rested (1776), 318.

Constitution of the United States (1787),
report of committee of detail in the
federal convention, vi. 292; a gov-
ernment by the people, 292, 293; tri-
partite division of powers of govern-
ment, 293, 445; election of members
of congress, 294; continuity of gov-
ernment provided for, 294, 299; quali-
fications of clectors, 297; powers
granted to the new government, 301;
power of the states to emit paper
money prohibited, 304, 305; power
of congress to encourage manufac-
tures, 307; choice of the president,
and tenure of office, 326-328; vice-
president, veto power, etc., 311, 342;
the president commander-in-chief,
842; relation of the president and
senate, 344; powers of war and
peace, etc., 345; qualifications of the
president, 346; impeachment and
trial, 347; judicial and veto power,
348; organization of the federal
courts, judges, extent of powers, etc.,
349, 350; senate to try impeach-
ments, 351; method of choosing the
supreme court, 352; number of the
house of representatives, 354; con-
stitution, how to be rectified, 355;
final draft of the constitution, 357;
an institution of government by the
people, 357; veto of the president,
358; of juries, 358; servitude and
service, 359; constitution, how to be
introduced, keeper of the purse, 360;
obligation of contracts, 361; distribu-
tion of representation, 362; the con-
stitution agreed to by all the states,
368.

Forerunners of the American federal
constitution, 441; its place in history,
442; in harmony with individuality,
443; entire religious freedom, 443;
slavery an anomaly, 444; tripartite
division of powers of legislation, 446;
how the constitution is to be amended,
447; sovereignty of law, 449; new
states, how to be admitted, 450; ten
states ratify the constitution, in state
convention (December 7, 1787-June
26, 1788), viz., Delaware, Pennsylvia,
New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Maryland, South Caro-
lina, New Hampshire, Virginia, 466.
Constitutions of the states of America,

v. 111-125; principles of, 111; sov-
ereignty of the people, 112; dates of
forming, 113, 114; provisions as to
suffrage, 114, 115; method of voting,
115; popular branch of legislature,
115; two houses, except in Pennsyl-

vania and Georgia, 116; how elected,
116; governor or president, election,
powers, etc., 117; appointing power,
118; judiciary, 118, 119; public edu-
cation, 119; elections, 119; freedom
of worship, 119, 120; liberality of
New York, 120; public worship in
the states, 122, 123; entails abolished
in Georgia, 124; reform of rules of
descent in Virginia, 124; provisions
for amendments of constitutions, 125;
rights of man, 125.

Continental army, the first so called, iv.
204; condition of, on Washington's
appointment as general, 213; confu-
sion and disorder in, 213; number
of, on Washington's taking command,
240; much-needed reforms, 240, 241;
skirmishes frequent, 242; how sup-
ported, 243; in three divisions, under
Ward, Lee, and Putnam, 247; in sad
condition as to supplies, etc., 250;
visited by a committee of congress, to
provide for enlistments, etc., 262;
wretched condition and sufferings of
the troops in Canada, 381, 382. See
Army, American.

Continental congress. See Congress,

Continental.

Convention at Annapolis (1786). See
Annapolis.

Convention, federal. See Federal Con-
vention.

Conway, Henry, leaves the army (1763),
iii. 65; in parliament, 101; head of
southern department, 131, 132;
speech of, 178; opposes receiving
petition of American congress, 186;
moves repeal of stamp-act, 205; car-
ries the bill to the house of lords,
208; secretary of state and in the
commons, 225; views of, 344; op-
poses taking away Massachusetts
charter, 477; on adopting Franklin's
idea, v. 249; urges recognition of the
United States, 283; motion to dis-
continue the war, 530.

Conway, Thomas, brigadier - general,

with Washington (1777), v. 178; at
Germantown, 193; defies Washing-
ton, 211; resigns, 211, 212; appoint-
ed inspector-general and major-gen-
eral, independent of Washington,
212; resignation accepted, 215; let-
ter to Washington, 216, 217.
Coode, John, heads insurrection in Mary-
land, i. 441.

Cook, Colonel, and Connecticut troops
at Behmus's Heights, v. 183, 184.
Cook, James, with Wolfe in Canada, ii.
503, 508.