Sec. 105.36 Education and Human Resources Development. (a) 37 In order to reduce illiteracy, to extend basic_education, and to increase manpower training in skills related to development, the President is authorized to furnish assistance on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for education, public administration, and human resource development. There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for the purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, $180,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $180,000,000 for fiscal year 1987, which are authorized to remain available until expended.38 (b) 37, 39 Assistance provided under this section shall be used primarily to expand and strengthen nonformal education methods, especially those designed to improve productive skills of rural families and the urban poor and to provide them with useful information; to increase the relevance of formal education systems to the needs of the poor, especially at the primary level, through reform of curricula, teaching materials, and teaching methods, and improved teacher training; and to strengthen the management capabilities of institutions which enable the poor to participate in development. Assistance under this section shall also be provided for advanced education and training of people of developing countries in such disciplines as are required for planning and implementation of public and private development activities.40

36 22 U.S.C. 2151c. Sec. 2(3) of the FA Act of 1973 added sec. 105.

37 Sec. 305 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849) added subsection designation “(a)" and new subsecs. (b) and (c).

38 Sec. 306 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190) added the authorization figures for fiscal years 1986 and 1987. Authorizations for recent years include fiscal year 1975-$92,000,000; fiscal year 1976-$89,200,000; fiscal year 1977-$101,800,000; fiscal year 1978 $84,900,000; fiscal year 1979 $126,244,000; fiscal year 1980-$105,000,000; fiscal year 1981-$101,000,000; fiscal year 1982-$103,600,000; fiscal year 1983-$103,600,000; fiscal year 1984-$121,477,000; fiscal year 1985-no authorization; fiscal years 1988 through 2006-no authorization.

39 Sec. 562 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101-513; 104 Stat. 2026), added a new chapter 10 to part I of this Act, providing for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa, and made conforming amendments by striking out para. designation "(1)" and by striking out para. (2). Para. (2), previously added by sec. 201 of Public Law 99-440 (100 Stat. 1094), formerly read as follows:

"(2)(A)(i) Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section for the fiscal years 1987, 1988, and 1989, not less than $4,000,000 shall be used in each such fiscal year to finance education, training, and scholarships for the victims of apartheid, including teachers and other educational professionals, who are attending universities and colleges in South Africa. Amounts available to carry out this subparagraph shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of section 802(c) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985. "(ii) Funds made available for each such fiscal year for purposes of chapter 4 of part II of this Act may be used to finance such education, training, and scholarships in lieu of an equal amount made available under this subparagraph.

"(B)(i) In addition to amounts used for purposes of subparagraph (A), the agency primarily responsible for administering this part, in collaboration with other appropriate departments or agencies of the United States, shall use assistance provided under this section or chapter 4 of part II of this Act to finance scholarships for students pursuing secondary school education in South Africa. The selection of scholarship recipients shall be by a nationwide panel or by regional panels appointed by the United States chief of diplomatic mission to South Africa.

"(ii) of the amounts authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section and chapter 4 of part II of this Act for the fiscal years 1987, 1988, and 1989, up to an aggregate of $1,000,000 may be used in each such fiscal year for purposes of this subparagraph.

(C)(i) In addition to the assistance authorized in subparagraph (A), the agency primarily responsible for administering this part shall provide assistance for in-service teacher training programs in South Africa through such nongovernmental organizations as TOPS or teachers'

unions.

"(ii) of the amounts authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section and chapter 4 of part II of this Act, up to an aggregate of $500,000 for the fiscal year 1987 and up to an aggregate of $1,000,000 for the fiscal year 1988 may be used for purposes of this subparagraph, subject to standard procedures for project review and approval.”.

40 Sec. 103(b) of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 360) added this sentence.

(c) 41 *** [Repealed-1979]

Sec. 106.42 Energy, Private Voluntary Organizations, and Selected Development Activities.-(a)(1)(A) 43 The Congress finds that energy development and production are vital elements in the development process, that energy shortages in developing countries severely limit the development process in such countries, that two-thirds of the developing countries which import oil depend on it for at least 90 percent of the energy which their economies require, and that the dramatic increase in world oil prices since 1973 has resulted in considerable economic hardship for many developing countries. The Congress is concerned that the value and purpose of much of the assistance provided to developing countries under sections 103, 104, and 105 are undermined by the inability of many developing countries to satisfy their energy requirements. Unless the energy deficit of the developing countries can be narrowed by more fully exploiting indigenous sources of energy such as oil, natural gas, and coal, scarce foreign exchange will increasingly have to be diverted to oil imports, primarily to the detriment of long-term development and economic growth.

(B) 43 The Congress recognizes that many developing countries lack access to the financial resources and technology necessary to locate, explore, and develop indigenous energy resources.

(C) 43 The Congress declares that there is potential for at least a moderate increase by 1990 in the production of energy for commercial use in the developing countries which are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In addition, there is a compelling need for vigorous efforts to improve the available data on the location, scale, and commercial exploitability of potential oil, natural gas, and coal reserves in developing countries, especially those which are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The Congress further declares that there are many benefits to be gained by the developing countries and by the United States and other developed countries through expanded efforts to expedite the location, exploration, and development of potential sources of energy in developing countries. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the following:

(i) 43 The world's energy supply would be increased and the fear of abrupt depletion would be lessened with new energy production. This could have a positive impact upon energy

41 Sec. 122 of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 366) repealed subsec. (c), which authorized funds during fiscal year 1977 and fiscal year 1978 for the southern African student program and the southern African training program.

42 22 U.S.C. 2151d. Sec. 106, as added by Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849), was amended by sec. 104 of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 360) by redesignating subsecs. (a) and (b) as (c) and (d) and by adding new subsecs. (a) and (b). Sec. 304(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3146) struck out "Technical Assistance, Energy, Research, Reconstruction, and Selected Development Activities”, and inserted in lieu thereof the current section heading. A prior version of sec. 106 (added in 1973 by Public Law 93-189) had also been repealed by Public Law 94-161.

See also the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-486; 106 Stat. 2776), particularly title XII, as it relates to the export of renewable energy technologies, and title XIII, as it relates to the export of clean coal technology. See Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2005, vol. IV, sec. L.

43 Sec. 304(b) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3146) redesignated paras. (1), (2), (3), and (4) of subsec. (a) as subparas. (A), (B), (C), and (D), respectively; redesignated subparas. (A), (B), and (C) of former para. (3) as clauses (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively; and added a new para. (2).

prices in international markets as well as a positive effect upon the balance of payments problems of many developing countries.

(ii) 43 Diversification of the world's supplies of energy from fossil fuels would make all countries, developing and developed, less susceptible to supply interruptions and arbitrary production and pricing policies.

(iii) 43 Even a moderate increase in energy production in the developing countries would improve their ability to expand commercial trade, foreign investment, and technology transfer possibilities with the United States and other developed coun

tries.

(D) 43 Assistance for the production of energy from indigenous resources, as authorized by subsection (b) of this section, would be of direct benefit to the poor in developing countries because of the overwhelming impact of imported energy costs upon the lives of the poor and their ability to participate in development.

(2) 43 The Congress also finds that energy production from renewable, decentralized sources and energy conservation are vital elements in the development process. Inadequate access by the poor to energy sources as well as the prospect of depleted fossil fuel reserves and higher energy prices require an enhanced effort to expand the energy resources of developing countries through greater emphasis on renewable sources. Renewable and decentralized energy technologies have particular applicability for the poor, especially in rural areas.

(b) 42 (1)44 In order to help developing countries alleviate their energy problems by improving their ability to use indigenous energy resources to produce the energy needed by their economies, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, to enable such countries to prepare for and undertake development of their energy resources. Such assistance may include data collection and analysis, the training of skilled personnel, research on and development of suitable energy sources, and pilot projects to test new methods of energy production.

(2) 44 The President is authorized to furnish assistance under this chapter for cooperative programs with developing countries in energy production and conservation through research on and development and use of small-scale, decentralized, renewable energy sources for rural areas carried out as integral parts of rural development efforts in accordance with section 103 of this Act. Such programs shall also be directed toward the earliest practicable development and use of energy technologies which are environmentally acceptable, require minimum capital investment, are most acceptable to and affordable by the people using them, are simple and in

44 Sec. 304(c) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3146) redesignated paras. (1) and (2) of subsec. (b) as subparas. (A) and (B), respectively, and added a new para. (2). Subsequently, sec. 1211(a)(2) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 279) struck out subpara designation "(A)", and text of subpara. (B). Subpara. (B) previously read as follows: "(B) Of the funds made available to carry out this section, up to $7,000,000 for the fiscal year 1981 shall be used for purposes of paragraph (A) to facilitate geological and geophysical survey work to locate potential oil, natural gas, and coal reserves and to encourage exploration for potential oil, natural gas, and coal reserves in developing countries which are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.".

expensive to use and maintain, and are transferable from one region of the world to another. Such programs may include research on and the development, demonstration, and application of suitable energy technologies (including use of wood); analysis of energy uses, needs, and resources; training and institutional development; and scientific interchange.

(c) 45 The agency primarily responsible for administering this part and the Department of Energy shall coordinate with one another, to the maximum extent possible, the planning and implementation of energy programs under this chapter.

(d) 45 The President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the following activities, to the extent that such activities are not authorized by sections 103, 104, and 105 of this Act:

(1) programs of technical cooperation and development, particularly the development efforts of United States private and voluntary agencies and regional and international development organizations;

(2) 46 programs of research into, and evaluation of, the process of economic development in less developed countries and areas, into the factors affecting the relative success and costs of development activities, and into the means, techniques, and such other aspects of development assistance as the President may determine in order to render such assistance of increasing value and benefit;

(3) 46 programs of reconstruction following natural or manmade disasters and programs of disaster preparedness, including the prediction of and contingency planning for natural disasters abroad; 47

(4) 46 programs designed to help solve special development problems in the poorest countries and to make possible proper utilization of infrastructure and related projects funded with earlier United States assistance; and

(5) 46 programs of urban development, with particular emphasis on small, labor intensive enterprises, marketing systems for small producers, and financial and other institutions which enable the urban poor to participate in the economic and social development of their country.

(e) 45 (1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, $207,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $207,000,000 for fiscal year 1987.48

45 Sec. 304 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3146) redesignated subsec. (c) as subsec. (d), amended former subsec. (d) and redesignated it as subsec. (e), and added a new subsec. (c).

46 Sec. 104(b)(1) of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 9653; 93 Stat. 360) struck out para. (2), which concerned various programs designed to alleviate energy problems experienced by developing countries, and redesignated paras. (3) through (6) as paras. (2) through (5), respectively.

47 Sec. 304(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1533) inserted “and programs of disaster preparedness, including the prediction of and contingency planning for natural disasters abroad".

48 Sec. 309(b) of the International Security and Development Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190) added the authorization figures for fiscal years 1986 and 1987. Authorizations for recent years included the following: fiscal year 1976-$99,550,000; fiscal year 1977$104,500,000; fiscal year 1978-$105,000,000; fiscal year 1979-$126,244,000; fiscal year 1980—

Continued

(2) Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended.

(f) 49 Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated to carry out this chapter $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 shall be used to finance cooperative projects among the United States, Israel, and developing countries.

Sec. 107.50 Appropriate Technology. (a) In carrying out activities under this chapter, the President shall place special emphasis on the use of relatively smaller, cost-saving, labor-using technologies that are generally most appropriate for the small farms, small businesses, and small incomes of the poor.

(b) Funds made available to carry out this chapter should be used to the extent practicable for activities in the field of appropriate technology, including support of an expanded and coordinated private effort to promote the development and dissemination of appropriate technology in developing countries.

[SEC. 108.51 MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT CREDITS. * ferred and redesignated as sec. 256-2004]]

[Trans

$125,000,000; fiscal year 1981-$140,000,000; fiscal year 1982-$147,200,000; fiscal year 1983– $147,200,000; fiscal year 1984-$160,000,000; fiscal year 1985-no authorization; fiscal years 1988 through 2006-no authorization.

Sec. 402 of the Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-Corruption Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-309; 114 Stat. 1097), however, provided the following:

"SEC. 402. FUNDING OF CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE ACTIVITIES OF USAID.

"(a) ALLOCATION OF FUNDS FOR CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES.-Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year 2001 to carry out chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.; relating to development assistance), there is authorized to be available at least $60,200,000 to carry out activities of the type carried out by the Global Environment Center of the United States Agency for International Development during fiscal year 2000.

"(b) ALLOCATION FOR WATER AND COASTAL RESOURCES.-Of the amounts made available under subsection (a), at least $2,500,000 shall be available for water and coastal resources activities under the natural resources management function specified in that subsection.".

Sec. 105 of Public Law 96-53 struck out language in subsec. (e) that provided $30,000,000 during the period July 1, 1975, to Sept. 3, 1977, for reimbursement to private voluntary agencies of the United States for costs incurred with respect to the shipment of food and nonfood commodities provided through private donations.

49 Sec. 307(b) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190) added subsec. (f).

50 22 U.S.C. 2151e. Sec. 107, as added by sec. 306 of Public Law 94-161, was amended and restated by sec. 107 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 947).

51 Sec. 4 of the Microenterprise Results and Accountability Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-484; 118 Stat. 3922) moved sec. 108 from chapter 1 of part I to title VI of chapter 2 of part I, and redesignated it as sec. 256.

An earlier sec. 108 was added by the FA Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-189) and repealed by sec. 102(g)(2)(K)(i) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat.