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7 Labial Sounds

The Labial Sounds are so called, because the sound or breath, in passing from the mouth, is chiefly modified by the position and action of the lips. In describing them, the same order is observed as in the Table.

1. P. An atonic abrupt sound. Atonic, because it has no tone or musical sound; but is merely a strong expulsion of the breath in a whisper. Abrupt, because in the manner of forming it, the breath is suddenly or abruptly forced through the lips. Ex.: Pip, Pulp, Pope, Paper, Pop, Palpable, Pauper, Papa. P is sometimes silent. Ex.: Psalm, Psalter, Receipt.

2. B. A subtonic abrupt sound. Subtonic, because while it has an audible sound it does not amount to a tone or a musical sound, but to a sort of murmur. Ex.: Babe, Bulb, Barb, Blab, Bob, Bib, Bible, Bibber.

B is sometimes silent.

Ex.: Debt, Dumb, Thumb, Subtle.

3. F, Gh, Ph. An atonic smooth sound. Smooth, because the sound or breath is allowed to pass with less resistance and in a more gentle manner than in most of the atonic and subtonic sounds. Ex.: Fife, Fade, Phosphorescent, Fearful, Phantom, Rough, Laugh, Philosopher, Enough, Tough.

Gh and Ph are sometimes silent. Plough, Phthisic, Phthisis.

Ex.: Dough, Through,

4. V. A smooth subtonic sound. Ex.: Vivid, Vivacious, Velvet, Vie, Vain, Voice.

5. M. A resonant subtonic. Resonant, a peculiar ringing sound that is obtained by forcing the sound through the nose. Ex.: Man, Mummy, Mimic, Mamma, Moon, Moment, Mammoth.

6. Wh. An aspirate atonic. Aspirated, by the forcible man ner in which the breath is forced through the lips when in the attitude of forming the sound. Ex.: When, Wheel, Whether, What, Whittle, White.

7. W. An ambiguous subtonic. Ambiguous, it approaches very near to the nature of a vocal tonic; but as it is never sounded by itself, independent of some tonic sound, it seems more proper to class it with the subtonics. Ex.: Woe, Wed, Weak, Wood, Well, Wayward, We, Way.

W is sometimes silent. Ex.: Wrong, Write, Wrestle, Wreck

6 Linguo-Dental Sounds.

1. Tor D (final). An abrupt atonic. Ex.: Tart, Trout, Tint, Tactics, Tittle-tattle, Titular, Rushed, Helped, Stopped.

T is sometimes silent. Ex.: Ragout, Eclat, Debut.

2. D. An abrupt subtonic.

Ex.: Dead, Dared, Did, Deed,

Dandy, Diddle, Deduce, Odd, Duds.

D silent. Ex.: Wednesday, Handkerchief.

3. Th. Atonic- smooth. Ex.: Thin, Theme, Thorn, Lath, Moth, Bath, Think, Threat.

4. S, C. A smooth atonic. Ex.: Sauce, 'Cease, Secede, Kiss, Succeed, Seduce, Sense, Saucy, Sluice.

N. B. C has this sound only before E, I, Y.

5. Th. A smooth subtonic. Ex.: Thither, That, Thou, They, Whither, Then, This, Those.

6. Z, S, X, C. A smooth subtonic. Ex.: Zeal, Buzz, Ease, Rose, Is, Discern, Diseases, Xenophon, Suffice, Sacrifice.

8 Linguo-Palatal Sounds.

The Linguo-Palatal Sounds are those which, in passing out of the mouth, are modified by the action of the tongue upon the palate.

1. Ch, Tch. An abrupt atonic sound. Ex.: Church, Check, Witch, Rich, Stretch, Catch, Chatter.

2. J, G. An abrupt subtonic. Ex.: Judge, Gem, Ginger, Just, Jacob, Genus, George.

3. Sh, S, T, C. A smooth atonic. Ex.: Shame, Shun, She, Nation, Nuptial, Martial, Ocean, Social, Special, Sure, Sugar. 4. Z, S. A smooth subtonic. Ex.: Azure, Closure, Hosier, Pleasure, Grazier, Treasure.

5. L. A liquid subtonic. Liquid - a peculiar flowing freedom of sound readily coalescing with the tonic sounds. Ex.: Loll, Jill, Lily, Lollard, Likely, Lovely, Lowly, Lonely, Lullaby. L is sometimes silent. Ex.: Alms, Balm, Calf, Half, Chalk. 6. R. A liquid subtonic. This sound is given with three degrees of intensity. In the first, the tongue is held close to the palate without touching it, and the sound is emitted similar to a tonic, but with less openness and freedom. It is thus sounded when it follows a tonic in the same syllable. In the second, the tongue (not the tip) just touches the palate. This sound is given to R before a tonic. In the third, the tip of the tongue is made rapidly to vibrate against the palate. This is employed for great emphasis. Ex.: Are, More, Far, Car, Roll, Rare, Trembling, Trill.

7. N. A nasal subtonic. Ex.: Nine, None, New, Ninny. N silent. Ex. Hymn, Kiln. Column, Autumn.

8. Y. An ambiguous subtonic. Ambiguous, both becaus its subtonic approaches very near to a tonic sound, and often the letter is a pure tonic character.

Y as a subtonic.

Ex.: Ye, Yell, Yarn, You, Youth.

Y as a tonic. Ex.: Eye, By, Fry, Lily.

Y silent. Ex.: Key, Sunday, Monday, &c.

4 Guttural Sounds.

The Guttural Sounds are those which, in passing through the throat, are there modified by the action of the back part of the tongue against the rear-palate.

1. K, C, Q. An abrupt atonic. Ex.: Kick, Chord, Quick, Cocoa, Cook, Quote.

N. B. C has this sound before A, O, U.

Q is always followed by U.

K is sometimes silent. Ex.: Knife, Knight, Knell, Knob.

2. G. An abrupt subtonic. Ex.: Gig, Gay, Rug, Egg, Gag, Giggle.

G silent. Ex.: Sign, Deign, Gnash, Gnat, Phlegm.

3.

3. Ng, N. A nasal subtonic. Ex.: Bringing, Ringing, Singing, Gingham, Ink, Bank, Drink, Wink.

4. H. An aspirate atonic. Ex.: Hate, Ha! Ha! Hall, Hot H silent. Ex.: Heir, Honest, Herb, Hour, Honor.

SUBTONIC

EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION.

COMBINATIONS.

- (FOR PRACTICE.)

1. Bl, dl, gl, rl, vl, zl, lb, ld, lm, In. - Able, handle, glow, hurl, driv'l, muzz'l, bulb, fold, film, fall'n.

2. Br, dr, gr, rb, rd, rg, rm, rn.— - Brand, draw, grave, barb, lard, barge, arm, bard.

3. Bz, dz, gz, thz. lz, mz, nz, rz, vz. — Robes, deeds, begs, breathes, falls, tombs, fans, wars, lives.

4. Gd, jd, ld, md, nd, ngd, bld, dld, gld, rld, zid. — Begg'd, wedg'd, fold, doom'd, land, hang'd, hobbl'd, audl'd, haggl'd, snarl'd, muzzl'd.

5. Lbd, rbd, lmd, rmd, dnd, rnd, snd, rvd. Bulb'd, barb'd, film'd, arm'd, madd'n'd, burn'd, reas'n'd, carv'd.

6. Rbz, rdz, rmz, rnz, roz, dnz, zmz, znz. — · - Grbs, barbs, arms, barns, carves, madd'ns, spasms, pris'ms.

7. Lbz, loz, lmz, idz, blz, dlz, glz, rlz, vli, ziz. — Bulbs, lves, films, folds, cables, addles, mangles, hus, driv'ls, muzles.

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1. Fs, ks, ps, ts, sk, sp, st. - Cliffs, rocks, caps, bats, mask, epend, stone.

2. Fth, pth, fths, pths. fts, pts, sps, sts. depths, wafts, crypts, clasps, rests.

3. Ft, kt, pt, cht, skt, spt, ist, pst. push'd, fetch'd, mask'd, clasp'd, laugh'st,

SUBTONIC AND ATONIC

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Fifth, depth, fifths,

Oft, sack'd, crept, lap'st.

COMBINATIONS.

1. Fl, kl, pl, sl, tl, lsh, lth, lk, lp, ls, lt.—Fling, cling, plume, slay, title, filch, health, milk, help, false, halt.

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2. Fr, kr, pr, tr, rf, rch, rk, rp, rs, rt. From, crown, prance, trade, turf, search, hark, harp, hearse, cart.

3. Mf, mp, mt, ngk, nch, nt, kn, sn, vn. - Nymph, hemp, tempt, ink, linch, meant, tak'n, snow, ev'n.

4. Knd, pnd, pld, sld, tld, lft, lkt, lpt. -Beck'n'd, op'n'd, rippl'd, nestl'd, titl'd, delft, milk'd, help'd.

5. Rth, rsh, rft, rkt, rnt, rpt, sht, skt.wharf'd, work'd burnt, harp'd, smash'd, mask'd.

North, marsh.

6. Lfs, nfs, lks, lts, nts, ngths, Iths.- Gulfs, nymphs, milks, halts, wants, lengths, healths,

7. Dst, gst, fst, Ist, mst, nst, pst, rst. laugh'st, fall'st, comb'st, winc'd, rapp'st, burst.

Did'st, begg's!

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8. Blst, dlst, fist, glst, klst, plst, rlst, tlst, zlst. Troubl'st, nandl'st, trifl'st, mangl'st, wrinkl'st, help'st, hurl'st, settl'st, muzzl❜st.

9. Bdst, gdst, ldst, ndst, rdst, vdst, rlst, ntst.- Prob’dst, begg'dst, hurl'dst, send'st, liv'dst, hurl'st, want'st. 10. Rbst, rmst, dnst, knst, rnst, rsvt, znst. hard'n'st, black'n'st, burn'st, curv'st, impris'n'st.

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Barb'st, warm'st,

11. Bldst, dldst, gldst, kldst, rldst, tldst, vldst. - Troubl❜dst, fondl'dst, mangl'dst, wrinkl'dst, hurl'dst, sell'dst, drivl❜dst. 12. Lmdst, rmdst, rndst, dndst, kndst, zndst. Whelm'dst. arm'dst, burn'dst, hard'n'dst, impris'n'dst.

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ACCENT.

Accent is a stronger impulse of the voice laid on a particular syllable. Every word has its accent, but this is never marked in writing, nor is there any system of rules adequate to guiding the student in placing the accent correctly. This is another lefect in our system of notation, which can only be supplied by al instruction. The importance of accent however, will appear

from the fact that it is sometimes the only means of distinguish ing the meaning of the word.

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Sometimes the ordinary accent of the word is changed by a contrast in sense.

He must increase but I must décrease.

I did not say to export but to import.

He that descended is the same as he that ascended.

PRONUNCIATION.

A correct pronunciation includes the right method of articulating the elements of words and placing the proper accent. A good pronunciation is the result merely of a patient and studious mechanical practice of the elements, and can be learned by any one who will subject himself to the necessary labor.

But it is absolutely essential to the good reader and speaker, for without it, all other virtues and powers of expression are covered up under this defect.

The chief difficulty consists in the articulation. The following examples are intended to bring out the utmost force of articulation and pronunciation, and must frequently be red to by the student for practice.

EXERCISES.

He is content in either place.
He is content in neither place.

They wandered weary over wastes and deserts.
They wandered weary over waste, sand, deserts.

I saw the prints, without emotion.
I saw the Prince, without emotion.

Whoever heard of such an ocean?
Whoever heard of such a notion?

That last still night.
That lasts till night.

His cry moved me.
His crime moved me.

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