those who are to be leaders in commercial and manufacturing lines. The gift of millions to established colleges for the new courses of study in electricity, in laboratory work in chemistry and bacteriology, in business management and in many new forms of social service and preparation for international service, shows that there is a new recognition of what may be called the intellectual side of modern industry and public office. Women are sharing in this new movement. They are in Schools of Journalism; they are doing fine if secondary work in laboratories; they are useful in a multitude of new observational and recording secretaryships; they are finding numerous routine positions under great students which well suit their tendency to play with sympathy and with skill "the second violin" in the modern orchestra of specialized labor.

Only one Madame Curie as yet. Perhaps never many such great original minds on the women's side of social culture. No one can predict until centuries of equal educational opportunity, and generations of intellectual comradeship with great men, have set a groove in women's lives for the development of genius. But now at the dawn of the Twentieth Century, there is clear demonstration that women have not been left behind when men stepped out in a new path of scientific demonstration and discovery and application of expert knowledge to practical life.

WOMEN IN PROFESSIONS

This all has a bearing upon women's position as lawyer and doctor. In these two fields new discoveries

and new ways of social helpfulness have set new fashions in vocational work.

In the field of medicine we have a union of these two tendencies which has been of great significance in the opening of new vocations to women. We have the school-doctor and the school-nurse and the school dentist and eye specialist, the public laboratory in the interest of sanitation and public health and we have the visiting Health Board official. The new positions thus opened are specially suited to women and women are more and more filling them. They give the security of a regular income which many women prefer to any even hopeful gamble for large returns. They offer a routine duty in which hours of labor may be made definite and not too severe for each day. They give a chance for long and intimate comradeship with directors of homes and school leaders which is often of great social value. Men fight shy of a routine position which, although offering sooner a living wage, has a fixed limit early in the race for vocational eminence. The tendency of women in the medical profession is far more generally one with the new social need for a salaried health-worker with social service impulses. The consequence is that a far more competent woman official can be found for the salary the public will pay than for any man who will stay on the job. The further consequence is that school-boards and health-boards are finding this out and more and more women are being placed as custodians of health at the strategic points of school and home and public clinic and private philan

thropic aid, maternity centers and in all places where the social spirit is wedded to the scientific method.

There is a similar trend but not so widely operating in the lawyers vocation. We have Legal Aid Societies, both public and private. We have legal knowledge placed at the disposal of the poor and otherwise friendless without fee or for small compensation. We are growing toward "People's Advocates" or salaried officials who shall be the legal friend of all who might otherwise fail of protecting support at court trials. We have a new ideal, not yet well formed even in prophecy, that law should be not a thing of precedent only or chiefly, but in its application vibrant in response to the new social democracy. We have also the fresh demand upon legal advice which is made by the new social sensitiveness of women who inherit great wealth and feel responsibility for its helpful distribution. The introduction of short courses in legal training in colleges for the benefit of those women particularly who need to know more than could otherwise be gained of proper management of large interests create positions for women teachers of law. All these tendencies offer vocations in which legal training may be used with less strain upon the strength than in many of the older types of lawyer work. We have in the case of one woman at least, Judge Allen of the United States, a woman rising to a chief place in the legal profession. But, appropriately and significantly, it is as a Judge that she takes her honored place. So far, the special gifts of women great in the legal profession have shown themselves, as might have been prophesied, in the Judge's bench. The new

Courts of Domestic Relations, those for Juvenile Delinquents, and for the cases that need adjudication as related to care of dependents and defectives, demand women. They are pre-eminently the translation of the old family control of individuals in terms of new community life. They belong specifically to the sex that even in ages of man's complete dominance held the reins of guidance in private conclaves and had power of management in family crises. It is, however, not alone, that women are coming into their own rightful place as judges deciding problems of social right and social duty in cases of individual weakness or suffering. They come in with men by their side. Nay, they are asked in by men who feel their own inadequacy in dealing at single hand with the wayward girl, the broken family and the friendless child.

There is no place in the modern world where women and men work together to better social advantage and with more wholehearted confidence each in the other's wisdom and good will, than in the Courts where personal relations are studied and settled on bases of equity and justice.

WOMEN IN INDUSTRY

In Business and Industry women have arrived as salaried and wage-earning helpers in almost every field. The history of women in the economic changes that have transformed handicraft into power-driven machine work throws special light upon the most important movement in the world of industry. Women had their old work taken from them in larger measure and more summary fashion than did men when domestic labor

gave place to the factory. Moreover they were for a long time felt to be out of place as wage-earners, however hard they might be allowed to work in their own homes; and at most a temporary supply of workers, available between childhood and marriage; and hence to be used as floating laborers to keep down wages and negative the Trade Union demands of men. When it was seen that women as a class were in modern industry for permanent service, if not as individual workers for a long period of steady employment; and that they must not, for their own sakes or for the real benefit of men, be allowed to lower wages or postpone improvement in conditions of the worker, three movements were started all of which have had a large effect upon the modern business world. The first was the movement to secure protective legislation for women and children, classed together as they have been in most of the efforts to better their condition. The age of the worker, hours, sanitary conditions, moral protection and finally a minimum wage have been the basic demands in the long series of legislative measures urged by those who saw that women entered the machine-dominated age handicapped and must be helped to some measure of equality of rights even if by superiority of protection.3

The provision of the English Statute of Labourers of 1563 shows the early need for such legal protection in its power given to "Two Justices of the peace, the Mayor or head officer of any City and two aldermen to appoint any such woman as is of age of 12 years and under 40 years and unmarried and forth of service to be retained or serve by the year or week or day for such wages and in such reasonable sort as they shall think meet; and if any such woman shall refuse so to serve then it shall be lawful to commit such woman to ward until she shall be bounded to serve."

See Women in Modern Industry, by B. L. Hutchins.

See "The Living Wage of Women Workers" in Studies in Economic Relations of Women, Women's Educational and Industrial Union of Boston Mass,