⇒ secrecy, and the yeas and nays of tho members of either house shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent journ for more than three days, nor to any other place than that houses shall be sitting. Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for o be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony ad and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or house they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator e shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed e under the authority of the United States which shall have been emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; olding any office under the United States shall be a member of -ing his continuance in office. Procedure bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Reprethe Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if turn it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, I likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that ecome a law. But in all cases the votes of both houses shall be eas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against e entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill urned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after en presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if it, unless Congress by their adjournment prevents its return, in hall not be a law. Every order, resolution or vote to which the the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (extion of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, er, ed by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and sentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and of excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; to borrow money on the credit of the United States; to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States Indian tribes; to establish a uniform rule of naturalization and the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; to coin e the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of asures; to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securiI coin of the United States; to establish postoffices and postroads; progress of science and useful arts, by security for limited times inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and disstitute tribunals inferior to the Suprme Court, to define and punish onies committed on the high seas, and offences against the laws of lare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules ures on land and water; to raise and support armies, but no approney to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; to aintain a navy, to make rules for the government and regulation 1 naval forces; to provide for calling forth the militia to execute e Union, suppress insurrection and expel invasions; to provide for ning and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of e employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the vely the appointment of the officers and the authority of training ording to the discipline prescribed by Congress; to exercise exclusive all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles y, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, t of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and uildings; and to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper to execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by on in the Government of the United States, or in any department or corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of r or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex po law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference s given by any regulation of commerce or, revenue to the ports of one Sta those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged t clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treas in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular stateme account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pu from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United and no person holding an office of profit or trust under them shall, with consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign State. Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make a but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pa Limitations of bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obl State Powers. of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall out the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties ports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing spection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any S imports or exports shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United State all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congres State shall, without the consent of Congress, pay any duty of tonnage, keep or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact w other State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually in or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. The President and His Powers. Section 1. The executive power shail be vested in a President of the States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four year together with the Vice-President, chosen f Electoral College-Eligibility, same term, be elected as follows: Each Stat Succession, Compensation. appoint, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, a number of electors, equal whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be e in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person holding an of trust or profit under the United States shall be appointed an elector. The e shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. they shall make a list of all the persons voted for and of the number of vo each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the s Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such n be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be mor one who have such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, th House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them dent, and if no person have a majority then from the five highest on t the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in ch the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States sh necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-Pres But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate choose from them by ballot the Vice-President. The Congress may determi time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person ex natural born citizen or à citizen of the United States at the time of the ad of this Constitution shall be eligible to the office of President; neither sha person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of t five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In c the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation or ina to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devo the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of re death, resignation or inability both of the President and Vice-President, dec what officer shall then act as President and such officer shall act accordingly the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. The President sh stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall be neith creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been el and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the T STANFORD LIBRAR office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my protect and d end the Constitution of the United States." President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy cates, and of the militia of the several States; when called into the actual service of the United States, he may require the d opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United = cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the ent of the Snate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the concur, and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States ents are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be aw; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law s of departments. The President shall have power to fill ail nay happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commisIl expire at the end of their next session. tra shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the ARTICLE III. Supreme Courts and Judicial Powers. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to d establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, r offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times receive es a compensation which shall not be diminished during their cone judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising stitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ial ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, to all cases ce. of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; s of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming ants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, ates, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other s and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the I shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall ial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, shall be held in the State where the said crime shall have been t when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such as the Congress may by law have directed. reason against the United States shall consist only in levying war or in adhering to their enemies, giving them ald and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony 9 of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corod or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Rights of States and Citizens. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress al laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and prohe proved, and the effect thereof. 'he citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and Imitizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from Justice, and of be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No perservice or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more Creation of New or part of States, without the consent of the legislatures States. States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Co shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rul regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudi I claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Guaranty of Republican Government. Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this U Action by Congress Amendments to Constitution. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it nece shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the latures of two-thirds of the several States, shall convention for proposing amendments, which in eithe shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part o Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, a one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; pro that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, sh deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. Supreme Authority of Constitution. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adopti this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Con Debts and Treaties Religious Test. tion as under the confederation. This Constitution, an laws of the United States which shall be made in purs thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be under the authority of the United States, shall b supreme law of the land; and the judges in every shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before ment and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and ju officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bour oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United S ARTICLE VII. Ratification of Constitution. The ratification of the convention of nine States shall be sufficient for the lishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifyin Nine States Suf ficient to Establish. same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the present, the seventeenth day of September, in the ye our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the indepen of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have unto subscribed our names. GEO. WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virgi New-Hampshire-JOHN LANGDON, NICHOLAS GILMAN. Massachusetts-NATHANIEL GORHAM, RUFUS KING. Connecticut-WM. SAML. JOHNSON, ROGER SHERMAN. New-York-ALEXANDER HAMILTON. New-Jersey-WILL. LIVINGSTON, DAVID BREARLY, WM. PATERSON, Pennsylvania-B. FRANKLIN, THOMAS Delaware DAYTON. MIFFLIN, ROBERT MORRIS, CLYMER, THOMAS FITZSIMONS, JARED INGERSOLL, JA GEO. READ, GUNNING BEDFORD, Jun'r, JOHN DICKINSON, R Georgia-WILLIAM FEW, ABR. BALDWIN, Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary AMENDMENTS. (The first ten amendments were proposed at the first session of the Ist gress of the United States, which was begun and held at the city of New-Yor March 4, 1789, and were adopted by the requisite number of States---1 vol. of U. S., p. 72. They together constitute a Bill of Rights) The following i preamble and resolution; Congress of the United States begun and held at e, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that ory and restrictive clauses should be added; and as extending the Eic confidence in the government will best insure the beneficent nstitution. y the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of ngress assembled, two-thirds of both houses concurring, That the es be proposed to the legislatures of the several States as amendonstitution of the United States, all or any of which articles, when e-fourths of said legislatures, to be valid to all intents and 'purE said Constitution, namely: -Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of re- I-A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a I. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right III.-Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imand unusual punishments inflicted. X.-The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not deny or disparage others retained by the people. -The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constituted by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or I.-(Proposed by Congress held at Philadelphia, December 2, 1793; II. (Proposed at first session of VIIIth Congress, in Washington, |