created by collective labor shall be gathered by the Single Tax, and distributed to the collective producers, not in personal dividends, but in provision for collective necessities and the gratification of collective desires.

The construction of the government of this corporation must be democratic.58 That is, exactly that of a private business corporation. No individual action must be permitted to replace the concerted action of the people.

Nor need we forget that Utopia is beyond the reach of human action. That evil and death are as permanent as gravitation, and will forever remain essential elements of growth and progress. It is not our business if we never reach perfection. All men must be free to choose between good and evil, and we must be content with the rule of the majority. We may be assured, however, that the majority is for the most part right, and that our individual duty is to promote justice between man and man, and thus advance the brotherhood of all mankind. Now, I confidently claim your assistance in promoting this Utopian idea. It is exactly the form of government to which you were converted in relation to municipal affairs. It is the form of government adopted by business corporations and by English cities. I ask your assistance to teach it in your schools, that its operation may

be extended to counties, States, and nations. This is "the ideal arrangement, although, perhaps, impossible. If it is impossible, it must become possible somehow before we can get on" (Jordan).

But nothing is impossible which is founded on truth, justice and natural law. Past experience proves it. One now can scarcely believe that only fifty years ago men were shot down and imprisoned for advocating vote by ballot and universal suffrage, and by honorable men, who believed their adoption to be impossible in England! Who could have anticipated the abolition of slavery in the United States fifty years ago? Even thirty years ago who could have dreamed that men would speak to each other a thousand miles apart? So, with or without the aid of universities, industrial freedom must ultimately prevail, because it is founded on truth and justice and the law of human life. It is obedience to this law which constitutes true religion, and I would call upon the clergy of all denominations to adopt it as the basis of their teaching. This law provides the true remedy for ignorance, poverty, and immorality, and is the only safeguard against starvation, misery and death. This law promises the realization of that glorious document-the Declaration of Independence which states so clearly that all men have equal right to life, liberty and the pur

suit of happiness. This law which alone gives right to all men equally to gratify their physical and intellectual desires (Henry George). This law which is so well expressed in the motto of English co-partners "each for all, and all for each." This law which assuredly makes for more and better life among men (Jordan). This law which declares the equality of all men before natural law, and is the foundation of the brotherhood of all mankind.

STALLARD.

APPENDIX.

Note I.-Adequate intelligence and adequate strength are not combined in the same man. (J.)

Men in general are neither idiots nor invalids. Man has nothing else to depend upon but intelligence and strength. (S.)

Note 2.-Labor is also exerted on labor or the past results of labor, also a form of industry.

(J.)

Labor cannot be exerted on labor only. There can be no labor without land or its products. (S.)

Note 3.--Only by exchange. But one can be exchanged for another and must be in social cooperation. (J.)

But we are now discussing individual, independent life, and exchange is necessarily excluded from the argument. (S.)

Note 4.-Not in the tropics, nor when incentives are withdrawn by social force. (J.)

We are still discussing individual life, but even in the tropics food does not fall into his open mouth. He must also tramp and beg when social incentives are withdrawn. (S.)

Note 5.—But lacking intelligence, he begs this article; his slavery is endemic, not the result of force. (J.)

Nevertheless, many intelligent and highly edu cated men may and do become absolutely destitute, often the result of uncontrolable forces. Under present conditions they are compelled to beg for food or work. How many thousands have done so? How many masters of arts are cowboys in Texas? (S.)

Note 6.-Your argument that trees have not equal access to land seems to me without force.

(S.)

It is without force, but so is the statement that men have a divine or any other right to equal access. Trees, as individuals, are certainly dependent on access to land, men are not. (J.)

My statement is not that men have a divine or any other right to equal access to land, but a statement of simple fact, viz., that access to land is an essential condition in the maintenance of independent human life. Both men and trees exist on the conditions supplied by land, and would die without them. Equal access is simply an impossibility, and were it possible could not be maintained. This is nowhere proposed by Henry George. But the right or title of all men to access