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SELECT REFERENCES ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS
BY FRANK H. HANKINS
PROFESSOR AT SMITH COLLEGE

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Waste. N. Y., Macmillan.
Dow, G. S.-Social Problems of To-
day. N. Y., Crowell.

FLOYD, Wm.-Social Progress. A
Handbook of the Liberal Movement.
N. Y., Arbitrator.

GROVES, E. R.-Social Problems and
Education. N. Y., Longmans,
Green.

LUMLEY, F. E.-Means of Social Con-
trol. N. Y., Century.

MORLEY, F.-Unemployment Relief in
Great Britain. Boston, Houghton,
Mifflin.

TABER, C. W.-The Business of the
Household. Phila. Lippincott.
THIES, Sophie.-How Foster Children
Turn Out. N. Y., State Charities
Assoc.
WORTHINGTON and TOPPING.-Special-
ized Courts Dealing with Sex De-
linquency. N. Y., Hitchcock.

Organized Social Work
EAVES, Lucile.-Aged Clients of
Boston Social Agencies. Boston,
Women's Educational and Indus-
trial Union.

National Conference of Social Work,
Proceedings. N. Y.

N. Y. State Conference of Charities
and Correction, Proceedings.

Social Work of Religious
Organizations

BEACH, H. P., and FAHS, C. H.-
World Missionary Atlas. N. Y., In-
stitute of Social and Religious Re-
search.

PARSONS, P. A.-An Introduction to
Sociology and Social Problems.
N. Y., Knopf.
QUEEN, S. A., and MANN, D. M.-GALPIN, C. J.-Empty
Social Pathology. N. Y., Crowell. N. Y., Century.

Family Life

Churches.

WILSON, W. H.-The
Church. N. Y., Century.

Farmer's

BERRIDGE, W. A., WINSLOW, E. A., and WEGENER, A. D.-Church and Com

FLINN, R. A.-The Purchasing
Power of the Consumer. Chicago,
Shaw.

BRECKENRIDGE, S. P.-Family Welfare
Work in a Metropolitan Com-
munity. Univ. of Chicago Press.
Bureau of the Census, Marriage and
Divorce, 1923. Wash.
DOUGLAS, P. H.-Wages and the Fam-
ily. Univ. of Chicago Press.
HALL, F. S.-Medical Certification for
Marriage. N. Y., Russell Sage
Foundation.

JOHNSON (compiler).-Selected Arti-
cles on Marriage and Divorce.
N. Y., Wilson.
MCMAHON, Johnson (compiler).-So-
cial and Economic Standards of
Living. N. Y., Heath.
POPONOE, Paul.-Modern Marriage.
N. Y., Macmillan.

munity Recreation. N. Y., Macmillan.

Recreation

LEE, Joseph.-The Normal Course in
Play. N. Y., Barnes.
MITCHELL, E. D.-Intramural Ath-
letics. N. Y., Barnes.
National Conference of Outdoor Rec-
reation, Proceedings. Wash., Supt.
of Docs.

Playground and Recreation Associa-
tion of America, Recreative Ath-
letics. N. Y., Barnes.
STALEY, S. C.-Individual and Mass
Athletics. N. Y., Barnes.

Child Welfare and Child Labor ADDAMS, Jane, and others.-The Child, the Clinic and the Court. N. Y., New Republic.

FULLER, E.-The International Year | STRECKER, E. A., and EMBAUGH, F. G.

Book of Child Care and Protection.
N. Y., Longmans, Green.
RICHMOND, M. E., and HALL, F. S.-
Child Marriages. N. Y., Russell
Sage Foundation.

Social Hygiene

A Health Survey of Eighty-six Cities. N. Y., American Child Health Association.

DUNHAM, F. L.-An Approach to Social Medicine. Balto., Williams & Wilkins.

FISHBEIN, M.-The Medical. Follies.
N. Y., Boni & Liveright.
TURNER, C. E.-Personal and Com-
munity Health.
St. Louis, Mosby.

Mental Hygiene

-Practical Clinical Psychiatry.
Phila., Blakiston.

URSTEIN, Maurice. Leopold and
Loeb: A Psychiatric-Psychological
Study. Chicago, Medical Book Co.
WILLIAMS, E. H., and HOAG, E. B.-
Rest and Grow Strong. Indianapo-
lis, Bobbs-Merrill.

Social Liquor Problem Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, The Prohibition Situa tion. N. Y.

KROUT, J. A.-The Origins of Prohibi tion. N. Y., Knopf.

WHEELER, W. B., and BRUCE, W. C.— "Is Prohibition a Success After Five Years: Pro and Con," Current History, vol. 22, pp. 687-708. Symposium: "Five Years of Prohibition and Its Results," North Am. Review, vol. 221, pp. 509-640, and vol. 222, pp. 29-78.

DANA, C. L.-Textbook of Nervous
Diseases. N. Y., Wood.
GLUECK, S. S.-Mental Disorder and
the Criminal Law. Boston, Little, Symposium in The World To-morrow,
Feb., 1925.

Brown.

HAMILTON, G. V. T.-An Introduction to an Objective Psychopathology. St. Louis, Mosby. JANET, Pierre.-Principles of Psychotherapy. Transl. by H. M. and E. Guthrie. N. Y., Macmillan. Joint Committee on Methods of Preventing Delinquency, The Problem Child in School. N. Y. National Committee on Mental Hygiene, numerous pamphlets and their magazine, Mental Hygiene. N. Y. POLLOCK, H. M.-Mental Diseases in the United States as Shown by the Federal Census of 1923. N. Y., State Hospital Commission.

Socialism

BEER, M.-Social Struggles in the Middle Ages, Social Struggles and Socialist Forerunners, Social Struggles and Thought. Transl. by H. J. Stenning. Boston, Small Maynard & Co.

Social Statistics

CHADDOCK, R. E.-Principles and
Methods of Statistics. Boston,
Houghton, Mifflin.
HEXTER, M. B.-Social Consequences
of Business Cycles.
SCHMECKEBIER, L. F.Statistical
Work of the National Government.
Balto., Johns Hopkins Press.

DIVISION XXV

IMMIGRATION AND RACES

RACE CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
BY ROBERT S. FOERSTER

PROFESSOR AT PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

General. The end of the first quar-| Europeans in the United States.ter of the new century supplies a We are for the most part a nation most convenient observation point composed of European white races. from which to note the composition In the ten years ending in 1920 our of the population of the United native population grew by 13,333,548 States. It is true that we have not or 17 per cent., and our foreign born for the year 1925 any exact measure population grew by 404,806 or 3 per of the elements of this population. cent. (foreign born whites grew by Such a measure does exist, however, 367,209). But these figures for for the year 1920, and it is possible to growth fail wholly to show the exindicate in what principal ways a tent to which our population is still 1925 cross section, could we have it, of recent foreign stock. The ten would differ from that of 1920. years before 1920 embraced the years. of the World War. Beginning in 1914, immigration fell off because of the need for men in the fighting countries and because of the prohibitions attached to emigration from those countries; many aliens departed from the United States on being called to the colors in Europe; the drift toward the resumption of emigration from Europe on a great-perhaps an unprecedented-scale, after the War, was thwarted by new restrictions imposed upon immigration by the United States. In consequence the foreign-born stock in the United States increased but little in this decade, and in 1920 this stock constituted an unusually small proportion of our total population.

No other great country can measure the decennial changes of its population as far back as the United States. No other great nation, through its expanding and formative years, has recorded so fully the stages of its growth. All the great nations of the world are composed of diverse elements, but in no other great people of mixed stocks is it possible to pic ture at equal intervals the stages of growth. The United States Census Bureau is in fact a laboratory in which the people are periodically measured and appraised.

The total count of persons in the population in 1920 was 105,710,620. Of these 94,820,915 were white. Slowly, decade after decade, the proportion of white has been rising; it Parentage. For a better measure was 88.9 per cent. in 1910 and be- of the sustained importance of the came 89.7 per cent. in 1920, the high- foreign element in our race stock we est in our history. The principal non- must look to the figures for parentwhite elements were the negroes, who age. In 1910-20 the white populawere 9.9 per cent. of the population; tion born in the United States inthe American Indians who were 0.2 creased by 12.721,749 (18.6 per cent.). per cent.; the Chinese and Japanese Of these 8,933,382 had American-born who together were about three-quar-parents, but 2.778,228 had foreignters as numerous as the Indians. born parents and 1,010,139 had one

foreign and one American parent. In emphatic sort than those that mark

other words, at the end of a decade in which foreign immigration seemed almost negligible, the increase of that part of our population having at least one parent foreign born was actually 44 per cent. as great as the increase of that part having both parents native.

These figures dealing with our recent growth have been given prominence because they show that, even in a decade of small immigration, the foreign race factor may contribute heavily, through births, to our next generation.

off the three European races and their mixtures from the other primary races of the earth.

Nearly nine-tenths of our population is of European white stock. In other terms, the ancestors of ninetenths of our population lived in Europe as late as the time of the discovery of America, and for the most part lived there much later than that epoch. Biologically we are European, and our civilization is conditioned largely by our biology and by the culture developed by the white races in Europe.

Northern and Southern Europe.- Third Generation Stock.-It is easy Most of the foreigners in the United to exaggerate the racial importance States in 1920 represented an immi- of the immigrants from Southern and gration that had come before 1910, Eastern Europe in the United States. and largely originated in Europe. Their numbers, it is true, look subThe total number of foreign born stantial when placed alongside those was 13,920,692 and of these 11,882,- of our immigrants from the rest of 053 originated in Europe. North- Europe. They are, however, to-day western and Central Europe supplied only a first-or-second-generation stock more than two-thirds of all who had while our immigrants from the rest come from the continent of Europe, of Europe are not to be thought of while Southern and Eastern Europe as merely a first-generation stock. together supplied less than one-third. but as essentially the same in kind In other words, our foreign population of 1920 was for the most part of the same origins as that of the early days of our settlement.

with the great mass of our "native white" stock. In other words, it was not Greeks, Italians and Russians but largely British, Irish, Germans and Scandinavians (or their descendants) who were the parents of our present native stock.

The British Isles led, with Germany a fairly close second; and these two together included about a third of all our European immigrants. Distribution in U. S.-Our foreignItaly, however, had in 1920 nearly as born population is to be found chiefly many representatives as Germany, in those parts of the country where while Russia and Poland followed the white population as such is most closely after. These three were the numerous. Extremely few foreign outstanding countries of the "newer" immigration. Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Jugoslavia, Finland, Greece were heavily represented, and loomed much larger beside the Scandinavian countries than they did in earlier years; yet Sweden, Norway and Denmark were still represented in 1920 by considerably more than a million immigrants.

Furthermore, practically all these Europeans of both the "newer" and the "older" immigration are of closely related stocks. Among Nordic, Celtic and Mediterranean races, the three great races of Europe, differences can certainly be pointed out, but they are all differences of a less

born are in the South Atlantic and East South Central States; and it is chiefly immigrants from Mexico who are to be found in the larger number of foreign born living in the West South Central States. At the head of all divisions are the Middle Atlantic States, where in 1920 lived a full third of all our foreigners. Next in order come the East North Central States, the New England States, the West North Central, and the Pacific.

Each nationality of foreign born, however scattered its representatives, has settled by predilection in some state or states. The Oriental races have been on the Pacific Coast, the

Mexican immigrants in the South, the rest of the country, and this has West. Immigrants from England, been on a scale unprecedented in our Scotland and Ireland are largely in history. The number of negroes who New York, Massachusetts and Penn- were living in the North in 1920 fell sylvania; immigrants from Germany, but little short of a million and a in New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, half. Pennsylvania and Ohio; those from Partly because of migration to the Norway and Sweden in Minnesota, North and partly from other causes Wisconsin, Illinois; those from Italy (such as a falling birth rate while the in New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- death rate has not much changed) vania and Massachusetts; those from the negroes present in the Southern Poland, Russia and Lithuania in New States have not increased so fast as York, Pennsylvania and Illinois; the whites in the same states. In the those from Canada in Massachusetts, East South Central division of states, Michigan and New York; those from an increase among the whites in 1910Czechoslovakia in Pennsylvania, Il- 20 was accompanied by an actual delinois and Ohio; those from Finland crease among the negroes. And, exin Michigan, Minnesota and Massa- cept for West Virginia, every Southchusetts; those from Greece in New ern state had in these years a greater York, Massachusetts and Illinois; increase of whites than of negroes, if those from Switzerland in California, it did not actually have a decrease of New York and Ohio. negroes.

Immigrants from Canada living in the United States in 1920 numbered considerably more than a million. By far the greater part of them were of European origin; some were of stocks that had been established in Canada for several generations. By their coming the white factor of the population of the United States was measurably increased. Intermarriage. European white stocks have always intermarried in the United States, less in the first generation (the immigrating) than in subsequent generations. Statistical data are but partial and occasional but, such as they are, attest the fact beyond doubt. When the foreign accent and foreign customs disappear, when the upbringing is purely of this country, no barrier continues between different European white stocks. In this sense we are becoming more and more homogeneous as a people.

Negroes. The tenth of our population remaining after the white stocks are removed from the picture is principally negro. When the century began, negroes numbered 8,833,994; in 1920, they numbered 10,463,131. While the great majority live in the Southern States, their increase in those states has been proportionately much less than in the North and West. Actually there has been a large migration from the South into

Our census authorities, following a common usage, regard persons born of crosses between whites and blacks as belonging to our negro stock. These persons (mulattoes) amounted to 15.9 per cent of the total negro stock in 1920. In counting mulattoes, so much depends on the personal judgment and care of the enumerators, that close accuracy of the final figure is not in question. Since a still higher percentage was reached by the census authorities in 1910, the figure of 1920 is probably conservative. higher percentage of mixed stocks were found in the Northern and Western States than in the Southern.

A

Indians, Chinese and Japanese.There were three other non-white stocks separately listed by the Census. American Indians were recorded as 244,437, Chinese as 61,639 and Japanese as 111,010. The Indians were slightly fewer than in 1910. The Chinese were considerably fewer-their decline had been continuous since 1890, when they numbered 107,488. The Japanese were much more numerous than at any previous Census-their increase had been continuous since 1890, when they numbered only 2,039.

Latin Americans.-More numerous than our American Indians and the Chinese and Japanese taken together, are our immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America. They num

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