a comparison of Blair Niles Casual other versifiers are Aline Kilmer, The Wanderings in Ecuador and Colom-Poor King's Daughter; Grace Hazard bia, Land of Miracles with one of the Conkling, Ship's Log; Margaret Widbygone volumes of ladies' letters demer, Ballads and Lyrics; Sister home will show what the change has Mary Angelita, Sunshine and Candlebeen. American women now write light. It should be noted that a from and about all corners of the searching and spiritual study of the map, as indicated this year by Grace medieval poem "Pearl" has come Thompson Seton, Yes, Lady Saheb, for from another nun, Sister M. MadelIndia; Elizabeth Crump Enders, Tem- eva, who earlier in the season pubple Bells and Silver Sails, for China;lished a genuine contribution to unElizabeth, Touring Through France; derstanding of the "Canterbury and Katherine Fullerton Gerould, Tales" in her Chaucer's Nuns. The The Aristocratic West.

Collected Poems of H. D. might be claimed for this list, for though the author, Mrs. Richard Aldington, is a British subject, Hilda Dolittle was born in America. Of comparative newcomers Leonora Speyer, whose second volume Fiddler's Farewell ap peared this year, and Babette

L'Heure Joyeuse. - An American woman, Caroline Griffiths (Mrs. John Griffiths) has been this year signally honored not only by the French Government but by learned societies in France and England, for her unique work in connection with the establishment and maintenance of the first Deutsch, with Honey out of the Rock, children's libraries in Europe con- are especially important to be kept ducted on the plan of the model in mind. American children's library. The value of L'Heure Joyeuse-the appropriate name of these libraries in France and Belgium-can scarcely be overestimated in its relation not only to literature and education, but to the building up of future and lasting international understanding. Accepted at first by the French as a gesture of friendship, it is being retained by them as a necessity, and its founder distinguished with many honors.

The sensation of the season in the popular sense has been made by the appearance of Lava Lane, by Nathalia Crane, who though twelve years old must be regarded, whether in ideas or their expression, as a woman and not as a child. Constance Lindsay Skinner has done remarkable work in presenting Aztec poetry; Muna Lee made notable translations from the modern Spanish verse of South America (the June number of Poetry was given up to these). Marguerite Wilkinson has a book about poets and their methods, The Way of the Makers, and Jeannette Marks, poet and dramatist, has made, in Genius and Disaster, a startling study of writers, including poets, under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The award of the Pictorial Review's $5,000 prize for the "most original and meritorious work done by a woman" to Mrs. Edward Macdowell could be entered as news of poetry-production, for the Peterboro Colony has made it possible for not a few poets to work unmolested.

Poetry. America is this year the poorer for two poets. It scarce seems possible, to anyone who came into personal relation with the rich and vibrant life of Amy Lowell, that her new book, What's O'Clock? should bear the word posthumous; she lived so intensely that it seems incredible that she should be dead. Edith Thomas, recluse and mystic, to whom life tasted always of immortality, had for years sung out of solitude, and much of her later verse is still in manuscript: Jessie Rittenhouse (Mrs. Clinton Scollard) is at work upon a collection of her poems pub- Poetry Prizes.-Besides the long lished and unpublished. Martha G. list of poetry prizes won by women, Dickinson Bianchi, whose Life and Martha Ostenso won the beforeLetters of Emily Dickinson is one of mentioned Curtis-Brown Prize of the most important of the biographies $13,500 at almost the same time as of our poets, has this year published the appearance of her volume of her own volume, Wandering Eros; verse, and in addition the Dial's

$2,000 award for "notable service to | Widdemer the English Review prize, American letters" was won for 1924 Leonora Speyer the Chicago prize ofby Marianne Moore, a post. Olive fered by Poetry. These are all imTilford Dargan won the Ward-Bel- portant competitions open to men and mont prize in Tennessee; Louise women. The oldest and most imporNicholls the Lyric prize; Alice Hunt tant magazine of verse in America Bartlett, American editor of the continues to be edited by its founder, English Review, has been awarded Harriet Monroe, whose new volume, a gold medal by the English Poetry The Difference, may be out by the Society for her services in promoting time this is in press. One of the international relations in verse. Karle Wilson Baker took the prize of the South Carolina Poetry Society, Grace Crowell that of the Poetry Society of Texas, Agnes Kendrick Gray has the Mary Austin prize, Margaret

most distinguished of the newer poetry magazines, Palms, is published by Idella Purnell at Jalisco, Mexico, and Louise Nicholl is largely responsible for the high quality of The Measure.

SELECT REFERENCES ON WOMEN AND WOMEN'S WORK
BY MAY LAMBERT BECKER

EDITOR, READERS GUIDE, SATURDAY REVIEW OF LITERATURE

ATKESON, M. M.-The Woman on the | DORR, Rheta Childe.-A Woman of Farm. N. Y., Century, 1924.

Fifty. N. Y., Funk, 1924.

BAKER, E. F.-Protective Labor Leg-EAVES, Lucile, and others.-A Legacy

islation, with special reference to
women in the State of New York.
N. Y., Longmans, 1925.
BAKER-CROTHERS, HAYES, & HUDNUT,
Ruth. Problems of Citizenship.
N. Y., Holt, Chapter on
"The
Whys of the Women Movement,"
1925.
BAKER, C. H., Ed.-Diary and Letters
of Josephine Preston Peabody.
Boston, Houghton, 1925.
BARRUS, Clara.-Life and Letters of
John Burroughs. Boston, Hough-
ton, 1925.

BEERS, Lorna Doone.-Prairie Fires.
N. Y., Dutton, 1925.
BRADFORD, Gamaliel.-Wives. N. Y.,
Harper, 1925.

BRECKENRIDGE, Sophonisba.-Family
Welfare Work in a Metropolitan
Community. Chicago, Univ.
Chicago, 1925.
CATHER, Willa. - The

Professor's
House. N. Y., Knopf, 1925.
CLARK, Janet.-Lighting in Relation
to Public Health. Baltimore, Wil-
liams & Wilkins, 1925.
CLARKE, Ida Clyde.-Women of To-
day. N. Y., Author, 1925.

to Wage-earning Women. Boston,
Women's Educational and Indus-
trial Union, 1925.

EIKER, Mathilde. Mrs. Mason's
Daughters. N. Y., Macmillan,

1925.
FAWCETT, Millicent.-What I Remem-
ber. N. Y., Putnam, 1925.
FRANKEN, Rose.-Pattern.
N. Y.,
Scribner, 1925.

GLASGOW, Ellen. - Barren Ground.
N. Y., Doubleday, 1925.
HAMILTON, Mary A.-Margaret Bond-
field. N. Y., Seltzer, 1925.
HARRIS, Corra.-As a Woman Thinks.
Boston, Houghton, 1925.
HILL, C. D.-Citizenship of Married
Women. Am. Journ. of Interna-
tional Law, vol. 18, pages 720-
736.

of HODGEN, Margaret T.-Workers' Edu-
cation in England and the United
States. N. Y., Dutton, 1925.
HULL, Helen.-The Surry Family.
N. Y., Macmillan, 1925.
IRWIN, Inez Haynes.-Gertrude Havi-
land's Divorce. N. Y., Harper,
1925.
JOHNSTON, Mary.-The Slave Ship.
Boston, Little, Brown, 1925.
JOHNSTON, W. A.- - These Women.
N. Y., Cosmopolitan, 1925.
KENNEY, Annie.-Memories of a Mili-
tant. N. Y., Longmans, 1925.

Uncle Sam Needs a Wife.
Phila., Winston, 1925.
CRANE, L. F.-Nationality of Married
Women." Journ. of Comparative
Legislation, vol. 7, pp. 53-60.

KIRCHWEY, Freda, Ed.-Our Changing | RUSSELL, Dora.-Hypatia, or Women Morality. N. Y., Boni & Liveright, and Knowledge. N. Y., Dutton,

DIVISION XXIV

SOCIAL PROBLEMS

FAMILY LIFE

BY JOHN M. GILLETTE

PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA

Any discussion of the family for and changes in all areas of human the year 1925 is bound to differ some- society. Thus we may well allow what in its nature from accounts of that the family of today is being fields of physical science or mechanics. jostled by and submitted to more disThe family is not under control as turbing currents and influences than is auto manufacture or laboratory ex-in time past.

periments. We have to wait for Influences on the Family.-Of the things to happen to the family. There are so many families that on the average we do not know what happens to them for a good while after the event. Our records are fragmentary, incomplete, and far behind a given day, month or even year. We shall speak of the family, therefore, as it seems today, as it emerges out of the recent past.

more important of the many influences that beat upon the family institution the following are worthy of enumeration. The results of scientific discovery and technical inventions work themselves out upon the family in many ways. They take things and processes out of the home, put others into the home; they make demands on purse and attention, and may put Changes in Family Type. Our a strain on family ties; they tend United States family appears to be to move people out of their home life of the type that prevails in occi- and to substitute other satisfactions dental countries. It is monogamic in for those of the old type of home. form with an apparent tendency Rising standards of living apply toward term marriage and what is strains and shocks to the family ties. coming to be called the companion- The opportunities of employment for ate. This would indicate it is in women outside the home may posttransition. We are not obliged to pone marriage, or prevent it, or think that it is moving over to some cause seeming neglect of children by other form than monogamy, such as mothers who are employed. The polygamy or polyandry-but clearly Woman's Movement in its many within the monogamic world consid- forms is changing woman's thought erable changes are going forward. about family and home matters. Some Like other institutions the family women plan to subordinate males to has always been in transition. We females, others to eliminate the males are tempted to think that the changes entirely, others to make females equal occurring in it are now greater or in all matters to males. Not only more rapid than the average. If is the relation of women to men to so, we must recall that our age is be changed, but, in the minds of some one characterized by the most varied woman leaders, the disposal and care and tremendous changes in scientific, of the offspring is to be alteredmechanical, industrial and communi- perhaps nearby institutions are to cation fields, and that these changes care for children. The revolution in in turn set in operation other shifts industrial lines has taken out of the

home many of its economic processes. | ical home appears to be underAs a consequence women of the going a change. The home of sevmiddle class who can hire household eral rooms is being displaced by one help have abundance of leisure time, much shrunken-often to one large which is likely to be spent outside room equipped with convertible or the home and often in empty activi- disappearing furnishings and a kitchties. The widening knowledge of enette or its equivalent. It is albirth control has affected the size of leged that the wide use of the autothe family and resulted in a parent-mobile is largely responsible for this hood by choice. Outside agencies are change. Meanwhile the percentage of bidding for the children's time and homes rented grows apace and of interests such as the public schools those owned declines. with their many attractions and deHopeful Signs.-Notwithstanding, mands, playgrounds, recreation cen- the home and family is not without ters and the movies. Lengthening redeeming and hopeful features. Thus the period of formal education may Ogden, Ellwood and others have not greatly affect the masses, but it shown that among single, widowed postpones marriage for a consider- and divorced persons the rates of morable number. The homes of a great tality, crime, insanity and pauperism majority of people have been urban-are decidedly higher than among ized, which means that they are those married. It is amply demonchiefly eating and lodging places, out-strated also that juvenile delinquency side agencies being depended upon to is largely due to conditions of broken satisfy the larger parts of the inter- homes. Growing numbers of parents ests and attractions.

Effect on Divorce. These and other social influences are leaving their effects upon the family of the United States, as the following facts indicate. The ratio of divorce to marriage shows a great social change. In 1889 there was only 1 marriage in every 19 that ended in divorce. In 1895 the proportion ran to 1 in about 15; in 1900, to 1 in about 12; in 1916, to 1 in about 9; and in 1922, to 1 in 7. At the average annual rate of increase between 1905 and 1922, in 1925 1 out of every 6.85 marriages would presumably end in divorce. In some counties of the nation there are more divorces granted than marriages performed. Nevertheless, the marriage rate is increasing, according to the census figures; nor is marriage being postponed on the part of the masses.

cease to think of their offspring as economic assets and appreciate them as developing personalities. Among rural inhabitants the home is the chief social institution for providing comforts and satisfactions; and for multitudes of urban inhabitants it remains the center and support of life's activities. The automobile is making its contribution in keeping the family united for outings and vacations; and the radiophone likewise unites the family to hear programs. Multitudes of agencies are on foot to rehabilitate broken down families, to provide foster homes for homeless and neglected children, to heal the breaches between husband and wife, to stimulate beautification and sanitation of homesteads. Churches and other organizations are devoting attention to reforming the family by improving conditions at marriage and to reduce the Effect on Size of Family.-The divorce rate. There is much agitation size of family is exhibiting the ef- for amending the Federal Constitufects of social conditions. In 1850 tion so as to provide uniform divorce there were 5.6 members per family laws. Since only about 25 per cent. of in the nation; in 1920 there were 4.3. all divorced persons live outside the Much of this change is doubtless due state of their marriage, it would seem to urban influences; yet Ross and that the preponderating portion of Baber show that the average farm such interstate immigrants move for family has fallen from 5.9 to 4.2 business and other reasons and not to children per family during a gen- secure a divorce. Far greater results eration. could be secured by properly regulat For urban populations, the physing marriage in the individual states