ARMS TRAFFIC CONFERENCE BY CHARLES G. FENWICK PROFESSOR AT BRYN MAWR COLLEGE Invitation of League of Nations. | of a license (Arts. 3, 4): (3) Requir- cal return of its foreign trade in arms Reservations are made from the The Protocol, after reciting that in Implements of War." (2) "Proto- the use in war of asphyxiating, poicol for the Prohibition of the Use in sonous and other gases has been War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or "justly condemned by the public Other Gases, and of Bacteriological opinion of the civilized world" and Methods of Warfare." (3) "Declara- has been prohibited in treaties "to tion regarding the Territory of Ifni." which a majority of Powers of the (4) Final Act. world are Parties" declares that the Categories.-The Convention di-contracting parties, "so far as they vides arms, ammunition and imple- are not already Parties to treaties ments into five categories: (1) Su- prohibiting such use, accept this propervision and publicity of all inter- hibition" and, moreover, that all the national trade in arms by limiting signatories agree to extend the proexport to "a direct supply to the hibition to the use of "bacteriological Government of the importing State" methods." The convention was signed (Art. 2); (2) Permitting export for by 19 countries and the protocol by supply to private persons if author- 29. Provision was made for the adized by their Government by means hesion of other states. TREATIES COMPLETED AND RATIFIED BY CHARLES G. FENWICK UNITED STATES-PANAMA Smuggling of Intoxicating Liquors. Signed at Washington, June 6, 1924; ratifications exchanged, Janu ary 19, 1925; proclaimed, January 19, The treaty follows the lines of the firming the principle of the three- off the southwest coast of Cuba, was mile territorial limit, but containing either included in the provisions of an agreement on the part of Panama Art. I of the Treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, to permit the visit and search on the 1898, by which Spain relinquished high seas of vessels flying its flag by "all claim of sovereignty over and the authorities of the United States title to Cuba," or else, as was held by for the purposes of ascertaining certain Senators, was included under whether the vessel is attempting to the provisions of Art. II of the Treaty smuggle intoxicating liquors into the which ceded Porto Rico and "other United States. Seizure of the vessel islands now under Spanish soverfor judicial condemnation is per-eignty in the West Indies" to the mitted upon reasonable cause found. United States. On March 2, 1901, the Search and seizure must not, however, Platt Amendment was adopted, among be exercised at a greater distance its conditions being "that the Isle from shore than can be traversed in of Pines shall be omitted from the one hour by the suspected vessel. proposed constitutional boundaries of On its part the United States agrees Cuba, the title thereto being left to to forego seizure of intoxicating future adjustment by treaty." This liquors kept under seal by Panaman condition was embodied in Art. VI of vessels when in its ports. Claims by Panaman vessels arising under the treaty are to be adjusted by a joint commission, or, failing that method, by recourse to the Hague Permanent Court of Arbitration. UNITED STATES-SWEDEN the treaty of May 22, 1903, by which the United States relinquished "its authority and government in the is land of Cuba" in favor of the Republic of Cuba. On March 2, 1904, the present treaty was signed, being identical with a treaty of July 2, 1903, which had expired by reason of a time limitation, and on Feb. 1, 1906, Arbitration. (Signed at Washing- it was reported favorably by the Senton, June 24, 1924; ratifications ex-ate Committee on Foreign Relations. changed, March 18, 1925; proclaimed Ratification of the treaty was, howMarch 18, 1925.) ever, delayed, and while the island The treaty follows the lines of the had been under de facto Cuban govtreaty of April 4, 1908, between the ernment since 1902, it was not until United States and Great Britain, stip- March 13, 1925, that the Senate conulating for the submission to arbitra-sented to its ratification. Art. I of tion by The Hague Permanent Court the treaty recites that the United of Arbitration, of disputes of a legal States relinquishes in favor of the nature or relating to the interpreta- Republic of Cuba all claim of title tion of treaties, provided, however, that such disputes do not affect the vital interests, the independence, or the honor of the contracting parties, and do not concern the interests of third states. A special "understand- III contains provisions designed to ing" was annexed to the treaty by protect the rights and privileges of which the Permanent Court of Inter-American citizens resident in the isnational Justice might be substituted land at the time of the exchange of for The Hague Court of Arbitration ratifications of the treaty. in case the United States should become a member of the former court. UNITED STATES-CUBA Isle of Pines.-(Signed at Washington, March 2, 1904; ratifications exchanged, March 23, 1925; proclaimed, March 24, 1925.) to the island, while Art. II explains that this relinquishment is in consideration of the grants by Cuba to the United States of coaling and naval stations in the island of Cuba. Art. UNITED STATES-FINLAND Extradition. (Signed at Helsingfors, Aug. 1, 1924; ratifications exchanged, March 23, 1925; proclaimed, March 24, 1925.) The treaty follows the usual lines of such treaties, defining the offenses This island, lying about 50 miles for which fugitive criminals will be extradited and prescribing certain | substitution of the Permanent Court conditions with respect to surrender and trial. UNITED STATES-NETHER LANDS Arbitration over the Island of Palmas. (Signed at Washington, Jan. 23, 1925; ratifications exchanged, April 1, 1925; proclaimed, April 2, 1925.) These differences arose in consequence of uncertainty as to whether the island, situated about 50 miles Southeast of Mindanao, was included in the territory ceded to the United States by Spain in 1898. The Dutch flag was flying on the island in 1906, and thereafter American and Dutch flags were alternately raised and lowered. The United States at first refused to arbitrate, possibly in view of the fact that the island possesses a strategic value in relation to the defenses of the Philippines and might become a cable and radio station. In 1924 Governor Wood conducted an investigation into the ethnological character of the inhabitants, and a report was made to the gov ernment. The present treaty refers the decision with respect to the sovereignty of the island to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague, the arbi of International Justice in place of the Hague Court of Arbitration as the agency for the settlement of claims arising under the treaty, in case the United States should become a member of the former court. UNITED STATES-RUMANIA Extradition. (Signed at Bucharest, July 23, 1924; ratifications exchanged, April 7, 1925; proclaimed, April 14, 1925.) The treaty follows the usual lines, with the exception of an annexed agreement that the death penalty will not be enforced against criminals delivered by Rumania. UNITED STATES-OTHER Sanitary Code.-(Signed at Havana, Nov. 14, 1924; ratification of United States deposited with Government of Cuba, April 13, 1925; proclaimed, April 28, 1925.) The convention follows the general lines of the International Sanitary Convention, but sets up a special PanAmerican Sanitary Bureau to be used for the interchange of mortality and morbidity reports. UNITED STATES-FINLAND tral tribunal to, consist of one arbi- Most Favored Nation.-Agreement trator. Failing an agreement of the effected by exchange of notes, accordtwo parties upon the arbitrator the ing mutual unconditional most-faPresident of Switzerland is to desig-vored-nation treatment in customs nate him. Succeeding articles lay matters. Signed, May 2, 1925. down the procedure to be followed before the tribunal and the powers of the arbitrator. On Oct. 5, 1925, it UNITED STATES-SPAIN Commerce.-Agreement continuing was announced that Judge Max in force the commercial agreement of Huber, a Swiss, had been designated April 26, 1924. Effected by exchange by the two countries as arbitrator. of notes, May 2, 1925. UNITED STATES-NETHER LANDS Smuggling of Intoxicating Liquors. (Signed at Washington, August 21, UNITED STATES-CENTRAL AMERICAN REPUBLICS International Commissions of Inquiry.-(Signed at Washington, Feb. 1924; ratifications exchanged, April 7, 1923; ratifications deposited with 8, 1925; proclaimed, April 8, 1925.) the Government of the United States, The treaty is identical with that June 13, 1925; proclaimed, June 15, concluded with Panama (see above), 1925.) except for an "understanding" an The convention provides for the innexed to it providing for the possible stitution of commissions of inquiry for the investigation of questions of fact which have not been adjusted by diplomacy, to be formed from a permanent list of commissioners nominated, to the number of five each by the contracting parties. The findings of the commission are not to have the force of an arbitral award. UNITED STATES-GREAT BRITAIN In Respect of Canada-Smuggling. (Signed at Washington, June 6, 1924; ratifications exchanged, July 17, 1925; proclaimed, July 17, 1925.) UNITED STATES-GREAT BRITAIN In Respect of Canada-Level of the Lake of the Woods.-(Signed at Washington, February 24, 1925; ratifications exchanged, July 17, 1925; proclaimed, July 17, 1925.) The treaty provides for an International Lake of the Woods Control Board and for the maintenance of a fixed level, so as to secure to both countries the most advantageous use of the waters of the lake. UNITED STATES-ESTHONIA The treaty provides for the exchange upon request of information Most-Favored Nation in Customs. concerning the clearances of vessels (Agreement effected by exchange of or the transportation of dutiable car- notes, signed March 2, 1925; ratificagoes across the international bound- tion by Esthonian Parliament notified ary, or in cases where there is ground to the Government of the United to suspect an intention to smuggle States, Aug. 1, 1925.) goods into the United States. Provision is also made for the mutual return of stolen property, that has come into the possession of either government, for the reciprocal exchange of information concerning persons suspected of being engaged in the violation of narcotic laws, and for assistance in the conviction of such persons. UNITED STATES-GREAT BRITAIN In Respect of Canada-Extradition on Account of Breaches of Narcotic Laws. (Signed at Washington, Jan. 8, 1925; ratifications exchanged, July 17, 1925; proclaimed, July 17, 1925.) The treaty supplements earlier treaties of extradition so as to cover the offenses mentioned in the title. UNITED STATES-GREAT BRITAIN UNITED STATES-BELGIUM, BRITISH EMPIRE, CHINA, FRANCE, ITALY, JAPAN, THE NETHERLANDS AND PORTUGAL (Signed at Washington, Feb. 6, 1922; ratifications deposited with the Government of the United States, Aug. 5, 1925; proclaimed, Aug. 5, 1925.) This treaty, drawn up at the time of the Washington Conference on Disarmament, 1921-1922, had received the advice and consent of the Senate to its ratification on March 30, 1922. UNITED STATES-BELGIUM, BRITISH EMPIRE, CHINA, FRANCE, ITALY, JAPAN, THE NETHERLANDS AND PORTUGAL Chinese Customs Tariff.-(Signed at Washington, Feb. 6, 1922; ratifications deposited with the Government of the United States, Aug. 5, 1925; proclaimed, Aug. 5, 1925.) In Respect of Canadian Boundary. —(Signed at Washington, Feb. 24, 1925; ratifications exchanged, July 17, 1925; proclaimed, July 17, 1925.) The treaty supplementing the treaty of April 11, 1908, provides for The ratification of this treaty, measures to be taken to mark the drawn up at the time of the Washingboundary line at certain points, to ton Conference on Disarmament, maintain more effective supervision 1921-1922, had been advised by the of the marks already erected, and Senate of the United States, March otherwise to facilitate the determina-30, 1922, and had been carried out by tion of the boundary. the President, June 9, 1923. UNITED STATES-GERMANY -(To replace the Convention of Feb. 8, 1907. Signed at Washington, Dec. Friendship, Commerce and Con27, 1924; ratifications exchanged, sular Rights. (Signed at Washing- Oct. 24, 1925; proclaimed, Oct. 26, ton, Dec. 8, 1923; ratifications exchanged, Oct. 14, 1925; proclaimed, Oct. 14, 1925.) This treaty follows the usual lines, and was drawn up to take the place of the treaty annulled by the war. UNITED STATES-DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1925.) This convention, recognizing that the treaty of Feb. 8, 1907, contains provisions no longer in keeping with present needs, modifies the control of the United States over the Dominican customs so as to facilitate the re funding of Dominican debts and to provide for expenditures upon public Assistance of the United States in improvements in the Dominican Rethe Collection of Customs Revenues.public. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE DURING 1925 By ROLAND S. MORRIS RECENT AMBASSADOR TO JAPAN Status of International Problems. | to the solution of the reparations -As the year 1924 came to a close problem was acknowledged and apthe international outlook in Europe preciated by the European nations, still remained uncertain and many but political conditions in the United problems potentially dangerous were States indicated clearly that the unsettled. The reparation plan, sub- American people were still unwilling mitted by the Dawes Committee on to intervene through the League of April 9, 1924, was not accepted by Nations or otherwise in European the allied and German governments political controversies. until August 30, 1924, and on January 1, 1925, it was still a question how the plan would work out not only technically and economically but also politically. Even with reparations temporarily solved the burden of the unadjusted inter-allied debts bore heavily on the credit of the debtor nations and tended to retard them in their economic and industrial recovery. The close of the year 1924 marked the accession of Senator Borah to the position of Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and in the early days of January, 1925, Secretary Hughes made public his letter of resignation to take ef fect on March 4. Secretary Hughes had won the respect and admiration of the European Government and his retirement to private life was viewed The League of Nations Secretariat with general regret. His administrahad functioned most efficiently dur- tion of the Department of State ing the year 1924 but the Protocol aimed toward a cautious but steady adopted at Geneva during the Fall advance toward closer cooperation of that year looking toward stronger with Europe in all matters of a nonguarantees of security as a prelimi- political character. The Government nary to disarmament was deemed too of the United States was officially drastic for immediate ratification by represented at the Opium Conference the several governments. Thus the which had adjourned on December year closed with the Dawes plan as 16, 1924, to reconvene on January the only outstanding achievement. 16, 1925. On December 9, 1924, anEven here the question of the partici- nouncement was made of the official pation of the United States in the participation by the United States annuities under the Dawes plan was on the international conference of undetermined. The contribution which members and non-members of the had been made by American citizens League of Nations for the purpose of |