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Profits Tax Procedure, 1921. (N. Y., Ronald Press, 1925.) Motor Vehicle Confer. Committee Special Taxation for Motor Vehicles (Ed. 1925).

PAGE, T. W.-Making the Tariff in the United States. (Institute of Economics Series.) N. Y., MeGraw-Hill, 1924.)

PATTERSON, E. N.-"Shall Taxes Be Cut? How Shall It Be Done?" (New Republic, Supplement, Nov. 4, 1925.)

PECK, H. W.-Taxation and Welfare (N. Y., Macmillan, 1925).

SCHOLZ, K.-"A Study of Real Estate Assessment in Philadelphia, with Certain Recommendations for Improvements." (City Club News, vol. 3, no. 12, 1924.)

SELIGMAN, E. R. A.-Essays in Taxation. (10th ed., N. Y., Macmillan, 1925.)

The Tax Problem in West Virginia. (N. Y., Nat. Indust. Confer. Board, 1925.)

DIVISION XIII

DEFENSE AND ARMAMENTS

ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY
BY WILLIAM ADDLEMAN GANOE
MAJOR, U. S. A., ARMY WAR COLLEGE

ORGANIZATION

ficers, 5,116 enlisted men; National Guard, 11,114 officers and 166,411 enlisted men; Regular Army, 12,462 officers and 122,792 enlisted men for a population of 126,732,318 people.

Army of the United States, as it now stands, was created by the National Defense Act of 1920 in the proportion of one half Organized Re- War Department, as the managing serves, one third National Guard and agency of the military forces for the one sixth Regular Army. Thus, over people, is presided over by the Sec80 per cent. of our officer personnel retary of War, a civilian, who is anis composed of men whose main pur- swerable directly to the President of suits are civilian. A comparatively the United States, the Commandersmall permanent force, the Regular in-Chief. The Secretary (Mr. Dwight Army has, besides policing our terri-F. Davis), in turn, is assisted by the tory and doing some very vital in-Chief of Staff (Major General John dustrial work, the double duty of L. Hines), who oversees the military keeping itself educated in the com-functions, and by the Assistant Secplex technique and practice of modern retary of War (Mr. Hanford Macwar and of passing the essentials of Nider), who has charge of the sup that knowledge on to the National ply, real estate and war industrial Guardsman and the Reservist. The plans. These three, two civilians and above legislation was made princi- an army officer, constitute the War pally at the instigation of ex-service Council. men, when the lessons of the late war were yet vivid, in order to overcome in the future the waste and confusion characterizing our previous wars. It has thus come about that the military forces of the country are placed upon the most democratic, suitable and economical basis they have ever occupied, so that the nation Corps, Air Service, Corps of Engienjoys its first real military policy. neers, Signal Corps, General Staff The practical purpose of the triple Corps, Adjutant General's Departcomponents of this new army is to ment, Inspector General's Departhave the small Regular Army, in casement, Judge Advocate General's Deof emergency, bear the brunt of the partment, Quartermaster Corps, Fifirst line of defense, even to annihi-nance Department, Medical Departlation, but at least until the Nationalment, Ordnance Department and Guard and Organized Reserves can Chemical Warfare Service, Officers mobilize to go to the front. On June of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, and 30, 1925, the strength was as fol-officers and enlisted men of the Mililows: Organized Reserves, 72,191 of- tia Bureau.

Subdivisions. Under the Secretary of War are activities of Insular Affairs, the Panama Canal, Inland and Coastwise Waterways, River and Harbor Improvements, with other civil work; as well as the branches of the army: Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, Coast Artillery

BRANCHES OF SERVICE

Territorial Distribution. The command of major and brigadier genarmy is scattered over the United erals when such can be obtained. States, Hawaii, Panama, Alaska, Appropriations.-The appropriaPorto Rico, the Philippines and tion for the army for the fiscal year China, not including military at- 1925 was $334,553,786. Of this tachés and the like in other countries. amount 23.3 per cent. went to purely Nine corps area commanders in the industrial and civil use, namely, United States and department com- Rivers and Harbors, Flood Control, manders in Hawaii, Panama, Canal Muscle Shoals, Soldiers' Home and Zone, the Philippines and China op- the Panama Canal; another 15.1 per erate directly in the chain of com- cent. was spent directly or indirectly mand under the Secretary of War and upon the civilian components. In adChief of Staff, as follows: First Corps dition, approximately 13 per cent. Area, including Maine, New Hamp- more went to the support of the overshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode head: education in the army and Island and Connecticut, is com- tests and experiments to keep abreast manded by Major General André W. of the progress of other nations. As Brewster; Second Corps Area, includ- will be seen later, other money not ing New York, New Jersey, Delaware included above was saved or spent and Porto Rico, by Major General upon the public at large. Thus, Charles P. Summerall; Third Corps much less than half of the money Area, including Pennsylvania, Mary- available was left for the upkeep of land, Virginia and the District of Co- the regular forces in their training lumbia, by Major General Douglas and work in our extensive territory. MacArthur; Fourth Corps Area, including North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Ten nessee, Mississippi and Louisiana, by Infantry (Major General R. H. AlMajor General Johnson Hagood; len, Chief).-Out of an authorized Fifth Corps Area, including Ohio, strength of 4,200 officers and 110,000 West Virginia, Indiana and Ken- enlisted men, on June 30, 1925, there tucky, by Major General Robert L. were actually 3,654 officers and 40,Howze; Sixth Corps Area, including 858 enlisted men. Since infantry is Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Jeffer- the basic arm, it alone having the son Barracks and Arcadia Target power to enforce decisions in batRange, Missouri, by Major General tle, all other branches are trained, William S. Graves; Seventh Corps organized and equipped to assist the Area, including Missouri (except as infantry in its needs and functions. above), Kansas, Arkansas, Iowa, Ne- It comprises in its organization the braska, Minnesota, North Dakota and essential combat and administrative South Dakota, by Major General elements which make its units selfGeorge B. Duncan; Eighth Corps sustaining. The infantry weapons Area, including Texas, Oklahoma, are primarily the rifle and bayonet, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, and secondarily, grenades, pistols, auby Major General Ernest Hinds; tomatic rifles, machine guns, threeNinth Corps Area, including Wash-inch trench mortars, 37 mm. cannon ington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wy- and tanks. The Chief supervises and oming, Utah, Nevada, California and controls the service schools within Alaska, by Major General Charles T. the branch, develops sound tactical Menoher; the Hawaiian Department, doctrines for the infantry, procures by Major General Edward M. Lewis; necessary training regulations and the Philippine Department, by Major gains team-work with other branches General James H. McRae; the Pan- through higher authority. ama Canal Department, by Major ticularly has his interest centered in General William Lassiter; and the peace time on the advancement of U. S. Army Forces in China, by education at the Infantry and Tank Major General William D. Connor. Schools at Fort Benning, Ga., and These areas are again subdivided into Camp Meade, Md., respectively. Up tactical divisions and brigades under to June 30, 1925, a total of 2,674

He par

officers had completed courses at the vised or reviewed 33 training reguformer and 203 officers and 3,638 en-lations, tested 54 articles of equiplisted men at the latter. The course ment and submitted studies on equipfor Regular Army officers at the In- ment projects. At the Cavalry School fantry School is nine months and for are three schools for enlisted men. other officers from six weeks to three The Horseshoers' School turned out months. Since the plant has to be 41 men having finished Cavalry horselarge enough to give suitable terrain shoer's courses; the School for Bakers for all kinds of training, the present and Cooks turned out 244 men, who school occupies a reservation covering went as instructors to the National 97,000 acres. The graduates of both Guard, R.O.T.C., and Organized Reschools have been distributed among serve camps throughout the middle the regiments of the Regular Army, west; the Saddlers' School graduated National Guard, Organized Reserves 21 men.

and the colleges. In this way in- Field Artillery (Major General fantry training is kept economically William J. Snow, Chief).-This up to date. branch shows with its personnel and Cavalry (Major General Malin instruction a steadily increasing adCraig, Chief). This branch has car-vancement, the enrollment in the ried along throughout the year the R.O.T.C.'s for the past few years bearmy's training in that mobile arm. ing an illustration: 6,011 for 1920; Since, in a large and open country 7,165 for 1921; 7,552 for 1922; 8,043 such as the United States, night for 1923; and 10,362 for 1924-25. reconnaissance and counter-reconnais- Graduates of these courses were comsance, security for large forces, quick missioned in the Field Artillery secseizure of positions, the containing tion of the Organized Reserves in of hostile forces, the break-through, numbers, as follows: 1921, 80; 1922, the pursuit and raids can be accom- 263; 1923, 371; 1924, 370; 1925, 510. plished almost exclusively by cavalry, it has had to train its personnel and animals along varied and comprehensive lines. Besides carrying out duties similar to those of the chiefs of other combatant branches, the Chief of Cavalry supervises the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, occupying about 20,000 acres, for the education and training of all parts of our army in riding, horsemanship and cavalry leadership to the ends above stated. In the 192425 course 82 Regular Army officers, 17 National Guard officers, 10 Reserve officers and 4 Cuban officers took regular, machine gun, special advanced equitation and special riding hall, school stables and anicourses. To gain some idea of the efficiency of the branch and this school, a single horse-show team of five cavalry officers and twelve horses during the past summer in the east captured 130 ribbons, many cups and other prizes. A similar team, now In all instruction the aim has been in Canada, will compete against to give the student a practical knowlteams of other countries at the Na-edge which will be essential to him, tional Horse Show in New York City, doubtless. with credit to the United States. The Cavalry Board, in its work during the year, prepared, re

Field Artillery School is located on the Reservation of Fort Sill, Oklahoma, adjoining the Wichita National Forest and Game Reserves. The school uses an area of 51,000 acres, whose extent furnishes a large and suitable firing area. The School includes a permanent Air Service Flying Field, where student officers who volunteered were given a special and additional course in aërial observation with special heed paid to observing field artillery fires. A battalion of Infantry has provided the means for study of Infantry formations and operations both in the classroom and field demonstrations. A

mals have afforded instruction in riding and draft. In the study of motors and tractors, the student has been required to don overalls, set up and assemble his tractor and to operate it in road tests.

not only in his present grade but in the next higher. During the 1924-25 term, 113 Regular Army officers, including an Infantryman and one gen

eral officer, 51 National Guard offi- however, must replace the old type cers, 25 Reserve officers, 4 Cuban of- which is unable to support the heavy ficers and 1 Philippine Scout officer loads demanded by modern field finished regular and special courses; forces. The "Advance Guard" ponand 78 enlisted men of the Regular toon boat built of an aluminum alloy Army and 17 of the National Guard and a new design of wooden pontoon, finished specialist courses in Horse-built slightly larger but of double shoeing, as Saddlers, in Motor Me- capacity, are some of the results rechanics, Gun Mechanics and Commu-cently achieved. In developing the nications. use of aerial photography for mapSeacoast Defense.-The moderni-making, the Board is coordinating the zation of our seacoast defenses was work of the 29th Engineer Battalion continued by the Chief of Engineers (topog.) and of the detachment on not only for this country but espe- duty with the Air Service at the Mccially for the Panama Canal and Cook Field development station, as Oahu. So far as funds are available, well as experiments _in_map-making all essential installations were kept carried on at the Engineer Reproin proper repair. Since, with the in- duction Plant. crease in range and power of modern armament both afloat and ashore, fortifications must change or become obsolete, full use was made of recent This corps (Major General Charles developments in railway guns, in McK. Saltzman, Chief Signal Officer), long-range searchlights, in anti-air-besides carrying on its training of the craft armament and in improved con- army in signal work, has benefited struction methods. In addition to the country in industrial and scienthe maintenance of modern fortifica- tific ways. The Corps laid a cable tions, Congress authorized funds for system of 4,588 statute miles bethe preservation of the historical tween Seattle, Washington, and Sewforts at San Juan, Porto Rico, Fort ard, Alaska, from March 25, 1924, Niagara, N. Y., and Fort Marion, when the first load of cable left EngFla. This was carried out as in- land, to October 9, 1924, when it was tended, assisted, in the first case, by completed. It operated during 1925 funds made available by the Govern- the largest and most comprehensive ment of Porto Rico. Under the Wash-radio net in the world for the fol

SIGNAL CORPS

ington Treaty the fixed defenses of lowing bureaus and departments: Manila Bay cannot be augmented but War Department, U. S. Veterans' Bucan and are being maintained in a reau, Department of Labor, Navy reliable state of efficiency. The great Department, Department of Justice, Panama Canal, the naval base at Shipping Board, Treasury DepartPearl Harbor, Oahu and the most im- ment, Department of Agriculture, Deportant of our own coastal harbors partment of Commerce, Post Office are being made secure against hos- Department, Department of the Intile naval bombardment as rapidly terior, Interstate Commerce Commisas funds permit. During the fiscal sion, Panama Canal, Bureau of Pubyear 1925 the Chief of Engineers had lic Health Service and Coast and available for all these purposes the Geodetic Survey. The net has grown total sum of $1,171,413. from something which handled only Board on Engineer Equipment at a small part of the War Department Fort Humphreys is constantly en- business in 1922 to a service for gaged in testing and developing es- practically all government rapid comsential tools and methods required munication, with consequent saving by engineers in war. For example, to the United States. In electrical the pontoon bridge material now in work the Corps' research and degeneral use by the army is practically velopment at its various laboratories the same type as was successfully de- has been of a character which will veloped during the Virginia Cam- aid commercial activities as well as paigns of the Civil War. Equipage military. Among other things, a built and tested at Fort Humphreys, heteorodyne frequency meter was de

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