into the other country. The observ-|other countries will largely do away ance of good faith in enforcing these with any need for extending the three provisions and their extension to mile limit.

STATISTICS OF TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES

BY JAMES B. HEDGES
PROFESSOR AT CLARK UNIVERSITY

square miles; Samar, 5,124 square Palawan, 4,500 square miles; Panay, miles; Negros, 4,903 square miles; 4,448 square miles; Mindoro, 3,794 square miles; Leyte, 2,799 square miles; Cebu, 1,695 square miles; Bohol, 1,534 square miles; and Mastate, 1,255 square miles. The total area is about 115,026 square miles, of which 92 per cent. is included within the eleven islands named above.

Population. Total population ac

Of the population in 1920, 34,539 were males and 20,497 females; 27,-cording to Philippine census of 1918 883 were white; 26,558 Indians; 56 Chinese; 312 Japanese; 128 negroes. Chief town, Juneau; population, 3,058.

HAWAII

Area. The total area of the islands is 6,449 square miles. The principal islands and their area are: Hawaii, 4,015 square miles; Maui, 728 square miles; Oahu, 598 square miles; Kauai, 547 square miles; Malokai, 261 square miles; Lanai, 139 square miles.

is 10,314,310, chiefly of Malay race,91 per cent. of whom are Christians and only 932,953, or 9 per cent., are Moros or pagans. Population of Manila is 285,306, of whom 259,437 are Filipinos: 17,760 Chinese; 1,612 Japanese; 2,916 Americans; 2,050 Spaniards; 664 English; 201 Germans; 121 French; and 71 Swiss.

PORTO RICO

Area. The area of the island is 3,435 square miles.

Population. The population of Population. The population in United States census of 1920 was 1920 was 1,299,809; between 1910 and 255,912, of whom 151,146 were males, 1920 the population increased by 16.3 and 104,766 females. The estimated per cent. The distribution of the number of the various nationalities population according to color in 1920 and races on June 30, 1924, was: was as follows: white, 948,709; Hawaiians, 21,271; part Hawaiians, black, 49.246; mulatto, 301,816; Chi20,950; Chinese, 24,522; Japanese, nese, 32; Japanese, 4; all others 125,368; Portuguese, 26,791; Fili- (Filipinos and Hindu), 2. pinos, 39.608; Porto Ricans, 6,347; Spanish, 1,932; Americans, British, Germans, and Russians, 34,272; Koreans, 5.817; others, 215.

Principal City.-Honolulu, population, 83,327.

PHILIPPINES

Principal Towns.-San Juan, population 71,443; and Ponce, 41,912.

GUAM

Area. The length of the island is 32 miles, the breadth from 4 to 10 miles, and the area 210 square miles.

on

Population.-The population June 30, 1924, was 15,710, of whom 15.160 were classed as "Natives."

Area. The group is composed of 7,083 islands, of which only 466 have an area of one square mile, or over. The most important islands are: Luzon, with an area of 40,814 square miles; Mindanao, 36,906 port of entry.

Principal Towns.-Agaña is the seat of government; population, 7,432. Piti, with a population of 429, is the

VIRGIN ISLANDS

Area. The islands consist of the three islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John, having an area respectively of 33, 84, and 21 square miles, -a total of 138 square miles. Population. The population by the census of November 1, 1917, was: St. Thomas, 10,191; St. Croix, 14,901; St. John, 959,-a total of 26,051.

Principal Towns.-St. Thomas, on island of the same name, population, 7.747; Christiansted and Frederiksted on island of St. Croix, population 4,574 and 3,144 respectively.

AMERICAN SAMOA Area.-American Samoa consists of the islands of Tutuila, area 54

SELECT TERRITORIAL REFERENCES

BY CHARLES E. HILL

PROFESSOR AT GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

Alaska Territory, Annual Report of
the Governor. Wash.

Annual Report of the Isthmian Canal
Commission and the Panama Canal.
Wash.

BARCELO, A. R.-"American Rule in
Porto Rico." Current History.
Vol. 21, pp. 511-517.

Booy, Th. de, and FARIS, J. T.-The
Virgin Islands. Phila., 1918.
CAMERON, Jenks.-The National Park
Service; Its History, Activities and
Organization. N. Y., 1922.
Cox, L. M., and others.-The Isle of
Guam. Wash., 1917. Written by

naval officers employed in the gov-
ernment of the island.

CROCKER, Henry G.-The Extent of
the Marginal Sea. Wash., 1919. Á
collection of official documents giv-
ing excerpts from the laws of vari-
ous countries and the views of rep-
resentative publicists.
ELLIOTT, Charles B.-The Philippines.
2 vols. Indianapolis, 1917.
account of the government during
the military régime and up to the
end of commission government.
Federal Power Commission, Annual
Report. Wash.

An

Federal Power Commission, Report on
Water Powers in Southeastern
Alaska, U. S. State Department.
Foreign Relations of the United
States. Annual, Wash., 1924. Last
volume, published in 1924 for
the year 1915, contains material on
American spheres of influence.
Guam, Annual Report of the Gov-

ernor. Wash.

Hawaii, Annual Report of the Governor. Wash.

HIBBARD, Benjamin H.-A History of the Public Land Policies. N. Y., 1924.

JONES, Chester L.-Caribbean Interests of the U. S. N, Y., 1916. KERR, James M.-Mining and Water

Cases Annotated. Chicago, 1912. KINNEY, Clesson S.-A Treatise on the Law of Irrigation and Water Rights. San Francisco, 1912. 4 vols.

LEWIS, George C.-On the Government of Dependencies. Ed. by C. P. Lucas, Oxford, 1891. A classic on dependencies, first published in 1841.

U. S. Library of Congress. List of
References on Water Rights and

DIVISION VIII

LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE

CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
BY LINDSAY ROGERS

PROFESSOR AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

In Europe during 1925 there were to change the character of the govfew attempts at constitution making. ernment set up by the Italian StatThe new states which came into be-uto of 1848. These changes related ing as a result of the War had for to electoral laws, local government, the most part completed their frame- and the position of the Cabinet. The works of government, and while some Italian electoral law, forced through of these had to be changed, the day by Mussolini in 1923, was one of the of constituent assemblies had passed. most ungenerous to minorities that New Constitutions.-The most im- any political system has ever known. portant attempt to draft a complete The country was divided into fifteen constitution was in Greece and on electoral districts. In each constituSeptember 30 the Government is ency party lists were submitted and sued a decree dissolving and or-voted on, and the votes obtained by dering new elections for the Na- each party were added. The party tional Assembly-a body which had with the largest national total (probeen serving both as legislature vided that it was at least 25 per cent. and constituent assembly. General of the total vote cast) was ipso facto Pangalos, the Premier and Secretary the Government. In other words, the for War, declared that the assembly entire list of this party was declared had lost the confidence of the nation; successful in every single circumscripthat it was an obstacle to a compro- tion, and two-thirds of the seats in mise between opposing political fac- the Chamber were assigned to the tions, and the complete restoration Government. The representation for of normal governmental conditions. the remaining seats was decided in There were, however, in a number each constituency according to the of constitutional systems, important preferences which the voters there developments, either through custom had expressed.

or through ordinary laws, which had

Proposed Plural Voting. After the effect of making changes in the one election under this law which, political machinery. The most spec-as was expected, gave the Fascisti tacular of these developments were, complete command of the Chamber, of course, in Italy and in Spain, Mussolini proposed another change. where dictatorships govern the countries, sometimes with scant regard for the provisions of constitutions; but in other countries, such as England and France, important questions of public law and governmental organization had to be considered.

In January last he brought in a new electoral bill which provided for a plural system of voting. The electorate was to be divided into three classes. Adult males unable to read and write or paying less than 100 lire in direct taxes to the State were entitled to one vote. The second class consisted of those who paid more than 100 lire taxes, all members of acadeElectoral Method.-In Italy, Mus-mies of art, letters and science, teachsolini's proposed reforms were suffiers in schools, holders of certificates ciently far-reaching almost completely from middle and upper schools, mem

ITALY

bers of Italian orders, officers and Local Self-Government. Extennon-commissioned officers, holders of sive reforms in connection with localcivil and military decorations, munici- self-government were inaugurated. pal and provincial councillors, mem- The administration of Rome was put bers of provincial and administrative in the hands of a Governor nominated committees, proprietors, editors and by Royal decree with full power and managers of daily and weekly papers responsibility for the administration and journalists enrolled in one of of the municipality. He will be asthe legally recognized press associa-sisted by two Vice Governors, and tions, managers of industrial, com- ten Directors, all named by Royal demercial and agricultural enterprises cree, and by a Commission of eighty and businesses paying a minimum tax persons chosen from the professional of 100 lire yearly, and the fathers of and merchant classes. In cities with at least five sons who are living or less than 5,000 inhabitants popularly were killed in the War-these were elected councils have been supplanted given two votes. Three votes were by agents appointed by the Govern allowed members of the Royal Fam-ment, and there has been consider. ily, cardinals, holders of military able administrative reorganization in gold medals, members of the four the direction of putting the national chief military and civil orders, and services of education and railroads, state officials, including deputies, ex- telephones, etc., under the direction deputies, senators, and professors of the Royal universities.

of the Prefects. While elections were thus being suppressed in 7,000 of Italy's 9,000 municipalities, Parliament granted women the right to vote in municipal elections.

This was much more complicated than the Belgian system of plural voting. It combined the worse features of this with the iniquitous Senate. The composition of Parprovisions of the Prussian three-class liament was also up for consideration. system, and the result would have It was first discussed by a Committee been to destroy any pretence of uni- of eighteen appointed by the Fascisti versal suffrage and to give the great Government, and various alternative bulk of the population only one vote suggestions were threshed out. This apiece in an election, while a com- Committee failed to agree. One group parative few could cast two or three proposed to make no change in the ballots. Senate, but to have the Chamber of Single Member Constituencies.-It Deputies elected in part on the basis was withdrawn by Mussolini almost of manhood suffrage, and elected in as soon as it was suggested, and for its other half on the basis of occuit was substituted a proposal to re-pation. A second group of the Comvert to the old system of single-mem-mittee opposed all professional repreber constituencies which obtained be- sentation, while a single member profore the adoption of proportional rep- posed Senatorial representation based resentation in 1919. The uninominal on occupation. This last scheme was scrutiny was agreed to by the Italian Senate last March. The particular point of criticism was a provision perinitting retiring deputies to be candidates for reëlection without formality, while new candidates had to present a petition with four hundred signatures. This differentiation was to the obvious advantage of the Fascisti, whose representatives in the present Chamber of Deputies would not have to comply with the same formalities required of possible opponents in the next election. The Senate, nevertheless, approved a law by a vote of 214 to 58.

adopted for Mussolini's proposals. He did not, however, desire to displace the present members of the Senate (who were appointed for life) but would in time turn the Senate into an elective instead of a life body, and base it on professional representation. These reforms were embodied in a bill introduced in Parliament in November.

Cabinet. But of most importance was Mussolini's proposal with regard to the position of the Cabinet. The bill prepared in November made the Premier "responsible to the King for the general political direction of the