India - Sir John Strachey - Google Cărți

Căutare Imagini Maps Play YouTube Știri Gmail Drive Mai multe »

Cărți

Imagini ale paginilor

PREFACE.

In 1884, on the invitation of the Historical Board, I gave a course of lectures on India before the University of Cambridge. They formed the basis of the present work, but they have been much altered and ampli

fied.

I have to thank Sir William HUNTER for allowing me to use for this book the map prepared for his * Imperial Gazetteer of India.'

JOIN STRACHEY.

October 1888.

CONTENTS.

English ignorance regarding India-India not a country but a continent

—The name Hindustan—The great differences between the countries

of India—Bengal and Northern India—No countries or nations of

the European type-Sir Alfred Lyall's ' Asiatic Studies '-No unity

in India, physical, political, social, or religious-Professor Seeley on

the conquest of India-The Englieh not foreigners—the British

Government–The growth of a single Indian nationality impossible

- Danger of generalisations—The main features of Indian geography

-The Indo-Gangetic plain— The countries included in it-Presiden-

cies and provinces — The table-land of Central and Southern India

- Area and population of British provinces and Native States--

Physical causes of the great differences between the countries of

India–Sindh and Bengal-Meteorology--The monsoons—The

periodical rains and their distribution-Mr. Blanford on the con-

trast between Indian climates—The Himálaya-Its influence on

India-Its geography— The great rivers of India—The Ganges and

Gogra—British and Native Himálayan districts—The Kumáon

Himálaya—Scenery of the Himalaya .

LECTURE II.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE GOVERNMENT IN INDIA AND AT HOME.

Presidencies and provinces - The Presidency of Bengal-First constitu-

tion of the Government–The Regulating Act of George III.-

Hastings and his Council-Changes between 1773 and 1833–Re-

newal of the East India Company's Charter in 1833– The Governor-

General of India in Council—Separation of the North-Western

Provinces from Bengal-Renewal of the Charter in 1853-A Lieu-

tenant-Governor appointed for Bengal—The mutiny of the Native

army--Transfer of the Government to the Crown-The Indian

Councils Act of 1861—The existing constitution of the Supreme and

Provincial Governments—The Governor-General in Council—The

Indian legislatures—Their powers—The Governments of Madras

and Bombay—The Lieutenant-Governors of Bengal, the North-

Western Provinces, and Punjab—The Chief Commissioners of

Burma, the Central Provinces, and Assam-Former cumbrous mode

of transacting business—Opinion of Mr. J. S. Mill-Observations

of Sir Henry Maine-Changes made by Lord Canning and by the

Indian Councils Act-Reformis completed by Lord Lawrence—The

Council converted into a Cabinet—The manner of transacting busi-

ness - Power of Governor-General to overrule the Council-Exer-

cise of this power by Lord Lytton-Migration of the Government

to Simla-Relations betweeu Supreme and Provincial Governments

-Mr. Bright on the Government of India-Decentralisation - The

various departments and secretariats—The Home Government–The

Secretary of State and Council of India— Mode of transacting busi-

ness—Nature of control exercised over the Government of India . 29

THE ARMY IN INDIA-THE FINANCES AND THE PUBLIC REVENUES.

The advance of Russia towards the frontiers of India—Consequent

changes in our position—The armies of India before the Mutinies-

The Mutinies of 1857—The reorganisation of the army—Its present

constitution—The Staff Corps—Increase to the army caused by the

advance of Russia-Its present strength— The department of Finance

and Commerce, Reforms instituted by Mr. James Wilson-Finan-

cial decentralisation—The existing system of financial administra-

tion, Growth of the public revenues since 1840—Their present

amount-Small proportion of the revenues derived from taxation

- The sources of the public income—The Land Revenue-Its nature

described by Mr. Fawcett and Mr. J. S. Mill--Its incidence under

Native and British Governments—Moderation of assessment-

Aurangzeb's revenues— Rates on land–The Opium Revenue—The

manner of raising it—The consumption of opium in China—Mis-

taken ideas on the subject-China not dependent on India for the

supply of opium— The Chefoo Convention-Consumption of opium

in India-Forests_Tributes from Native States—Post Office-Tele-

TAXATION IN INDIA - FOREIGN TRADE-HOME CHIARGES,

Revenue derived from taxation—The Salt Tax-Sources of supply of salt

-Former system of levying duties—The Inland Customs Line-Its

abolition-The present system-Results of recent reforms – The

policy that should be followed— The Stamp Revenue-Excise on

spirits and drugs-Misrepresentations on this subject-Principles

of excise administration-Assessed taxes-- The Income Tax-Regis-

tration-Customs duties—The duties on cotton goods—Free trade

in China—Abolition of import duties—The results—Effect of re-

mission of duties on cotton goods-Export duty on rice—The

growth of the foreign trade of India --Conditions under which the

trade is carried on-Imports of gold and silver—Excess of exports

over imports-Charges in England on account of India—The man-

ner in which these charges are met- :-The currency–Fall in the gold

value of silver-The loss by exchange-Serious consequences and

causes for anxiety.

LECTURE V.

PUBLIC WORKS—THE PUBLIC DEBT-FAMINE INSURANCE.

Mr. J. S. Mill on the duties of Governments_Fanines in India–Neces-

sity for roads, railways, and canals--Absence of roads under Native

Governments—Their condition under the East India Company-

-Measures taken by Lord Dalhousie—Railway construction-

Creation of Public Works Department—Progress up to 1887–Irri-

gation works in Northern India-Canals of Mohammedan sovereigns

-The Ganges and other canals—Their value-Irrigation works in

Central and Southern India and in Sindh-Expenditure on railways

and irrigation works—The manner of providing funds—Guaranteed

companies—Policy of borrowing for investment in public works-

Barracks and hospitals for British troops— The Public Debt-Divi.

sion into Ordinary and Public Works Debt-Increase of debt owing

to the Mutinies of 1857—Subsequent decrease of Ordinary Debt-

Investments of the Government in railways—Railways constructed

by guaranteed companies—The financial results of the policy of

borrowing for public works—Expenditure from revenue on public

works-Insurance against famino-The policy adopted . . 120

LECTURE VI.

THE LAWS AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.

The foundations of the existing judicial system-Regulations and Acts

-The laws and the courts before the transfer of the Government

to the Crown-- Regulation and Non-Regulation Provinces— The

Indian Law Commission-Lord Macaulay and the Penal Code --The

progress of codification-Sir Henry Maine on the Indian Codes -

Sir James Stephen on the Indian Penal Code The establishment of

High Courts—The Code of Criminal Procedure-Constitution of the

Criminal Courts—Criminal jurisdiction over European British sub-

jects—Changes in the law in 1884—The codification of the Civil Law

-Hindu and Mohammedan law-Chapters of the Civil Code already

enacted—Simplification and consolidation of the law–The Code of

Civil Procedure—Constitution of the Civil Courts—Civil jurisdic-

tion over Europeans—The Black Act of 1836-Lord Macaulay-

The Native judges—Defects in the existing judicial system • 143

« Înapoi Continuați »