HO HIRAM I. king of Tyre, the ally or tributary of David, to whom he sent ambassadors to congratulate him on his accession to the throne. The dominions of Hiram are supposed to have extended over the western part of the chain of Mount Lebanon. When David was building a palace, Hiram sent him cedar timber and able artificers. (2 Sam. v. 11. 1 Chron. xiv. 1.) HORTICULTURE of the Jews, account of, 179, 180. 1. The earlier name of JOSHUA, the servant and successor of Moses. (Num. xiii. 8. 16.) HIRAM II., the son and successor of the preceding, who congratulated Solomon on succeeding his father on the throne of 2. The last king of Israel, who, having conspired against Israel. He also furnished Solomon with timber, stone, and arti- | Pekah, slew him and usurped his throne. In his reign Shalmaficers for his magnificent buildings, especially the temple at Jeru- neser king of Assyria invaded Israel, took Samaria, which he salem. He is known under the same name by profane histo-reduced to a heap of ruins, and removed the Israelites beyond the river Euphrates. rians. HIRAM OF HURAM, a celebrated artificer, was the son of a widow, belonging to the tribe of Dan, and a Tyrian. He was sent by Hiram II. to Solomon, for whom he executed the principal work in the interior of the temple, as well as several of the sacred utensils. (1 Kings vii. 1. 3. 2 Chron. ii. 14. iv. 11.) HISTORICAL Geography of the Holy Land, 13-22. HISTORICAL WRITING, cultivated by the Jews, 185, 186. HITTITES, the descendants of Heth, the second son of Canaan. They dwelt in the south part of the promised land, near Hebron. HIVITES, a tribe of the Canaanites. They seem to have been the same with the Avim, whom the Philistines expelled. Driven from the south-west of Canaan, part of them appear to have settled about Avim, Gibeon, and Shechem, whose inhabitants are called Hivites in Josh. ix. 11. 19. xvii. 23. Gen. xxxiv. 2.; and another part seem to have settled near Mount Hermon. (Josh. xi. 3.) HOBAB, the son of Jethro, and the brother-in-law of Moses, at whose earnest request he accompanied the Israelites as a guide through the wilderness. His family dwelt among them during the time of the first judges. HOLOCAUSTS, account of, 118. HOLY LAND, the country of the Jews, why so called, 13. HOPHRAH. See PHARAOH-HOPHRAH. HOSPITALITY of the Jews, 173. Notice of Tessera Hospitales, 173, 174. HOT SEASON in Palestine, 24, 25. HOURS of the Jews and Romans, 72, 73. HOUSES of the Jews and their furniture, 151–154. of houses, 134. Leprosy HULDAH, a prophetess, the wife of Shallum, who was consulted by Josiah concerning the book of the law, which was found in the treasury of the temple. (2 Kings xxii. 14.) HUR, whom some have supposed to be the husband of Miriam, and the brother-in-law of Moses, appears to have been one of the most intimate friends of the latter. During the battle between the Hebrews and the Amalekites, he upheld the weary arms of Moses, and when he was absent he shared with Aaron the authority over the Israelites. (Exod. xvii. 10. xxiv. 14.) HUSBANDRY of the Jews, account of, 174-178. HUSHAI, the friend of David; who, during the rebellion of Absalom, remained with that prince, and was of eminent service to David by infatuating the counsels of Absalom. (2 Sam. xvi.) HYMENEUS is supposed to have been a citizen of Ephesus: who being converted by St. Paul, afterwards fell into the heresy of those who denied the resurrection of the body, or, rather, who maintained that the term was to be understood figuratively in reference to conversion, as being a resurrection from their former death in trespasses and sins; and that no other resurrection was to be expected. (Valpy on 2 Tim. ii. 17.) Hyssop, notice of, 35. note 7. IBZAN, the eighth judge of Israel, governed seven years. His prosperity is indicated by the circumstance of his having thirty sons, and as many daughters; and his riches, by all of them being married. (Judg. xii. 8.) ICONIUM, a city of Lycaonia, the chief of the fourteen belonging to that tetrarchy. Here was a synagogue of Jews and proselytes, to whom Paul and Barnabas preaching, and confirming their doctrine by miracles, converted many to the Christian faith (Acts xiv. 1, 2, 3.); and here the unbelieving Jews and Gentiles made an assault upon them, to use them despitefully, and to stone them. (ver. 5.) It is now called Konieh. IDOLATRY, origin and progress of, 135. History of it among the Israelites, 135, 136. Different kinds of, and its punishment, 61. Idols worshipped by them, 136–139. Idols of Greeks and Romans mentioned in the New Testament, 139. Allusions in Scripture to the idolatrous rites of the heathen explained, 139, 140 IDUMEA, Or EDOM, country of, 18. 1. A mountain on the confines of Edom where Aaron died Num. xx. 22-28.), whose pretended tomb is still shown to avellers; but, from its appearance, it should seem to have been ebuilt at no very distant period. The view from this mountain is extensive. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 433–438.) 2. A mountain in Lebanon. (Num. xxxiv. 7, 8.) HOREE, a mountain in Arabia Petræa, so near Mount Sinai that Horeb and Sinai seem to be two hills of the same mountain. Sinai lies east, Horeb west: so that when the sun rises, the latter ts covered with the shadow of Sinai. There are springs and fruit-trees on Horeb, but only rain-water on Sinai. At Horeb God appeared to Moses in the burning bush. (Exod. iii. 1, 2, 3.) At the foot of this mountain Moses struck the rock, and drew ILLYRICUM, a province lying to the north and north-west of water from it. (Exod. xvii. 6.) Elijah retired here to avoid the Macedonia, along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea or Gulf persecution of Jezebel (1 Kings xix. 8.); and the cave or grotto, of Venice. It was divided into two parts, Liburnia to the north in which the prophet found shelter, is yet pointed out by tradition, (now called Croatia), which is not mentioned in the New Testathe truth of which is confirmed by the appearance of the sur-ment; and Dalmatia to the south, which region still retains the rounding scenery. This cave "is as desolate a place of refuge as the fancy can conceive:-no brook or pool is nigh, to quench the burning thirst; not a shrub grows on the soil, but sad and useless precipices are on every side. Every part of the way was strewed with broken fragments of rocks." (Carne's Recollections of the East, p. 345.) It is frequently said in the Old Testament, that God gave the law at Horeb, though other places expressly name Sinai; because Horeb and Sinai in some sort form but one mountain. From its lofty summit nothing is to be seen on every side, as far as the eye can reach, but ranges of naked mountains succeeding each other, like waves of the sea. This mountain is now called St. Catherine's. (Carne's Letters from the East, pp. 197, 198.) HORITES, a people who dwelt in Mount Seir (Gen. xiv. 6.), same name. Hither, St. Paul informs Timothy, Titus went INAUGURATION of the kings of Israel and Judah, ceremonial of, 44. INCENSE, offering of, 119. INJURIES (Corporal), punishment of, 63, 64. IRRIGATION practised by the Jews, 176, 177. ISAAC, the son of Abraham by Sarah, and one of the patri JA archs of the Israelitish nation. He married Rebekah, and was the father of ESAU and JACOB, by whom he was honourably interred in the cave of Machpelah, about ten years before Jacob went into Egypt. ISAIAH, a celebrated Hebrew prophet, distinguished for the strength and sublimity of his conceptions and language. For a further account of Isaiah, and an analysis of his predictions, see pp. 262-269. In Acts viii. 28. 30. Esaias or Isaiah is metonymically put for the book or prophecy of Isaiah. ISHBOSHETH, or ISHBAAL, the son and successor of Saul. He reigned only two years; his whole party being thrown into confusion on the death of Abner, and himself being assassinated by two captains of his own troops. (2 Sam. ii. 1 Chron. viii. 33. ix. 39.) ISCARIOT. See Junas, p. 432, infra. ISHMAEL, the son of Abraham and Hagar. On the birth of Isaac, Hagar and her son were expelled from the house of Abraham, at the desire of Sarah, and dwelt in the wilderness of Paran, to the south of Palestine. Of Egyptian origin by his mother, Ishmael married an Egyptian woman, by whom he had two daughters, one of whom Esau married, and twelve sons, who gave their names to as many tribes of Arabians, conformably to the predictions concerning Ishmael. (Gen. xvii. 20. xxv. 9. xxviii. 9. xxxvi. 5.) For a notice of these predictions and their fulfilment, see Vol. I. p. 122. Ishmael died, aged 137 years. ISLES OF THE GENTILES (Gen. x. 5,), probably mean many of the maritime countries washed by the Mediterranean Sea. The Hebrews also used the word isles to signify all those countries which were divided from them by the sea. (Isa. xi. 10, 11. xl. 15. Jer. ii. 10.) ISRAEL, (that is, a prince of God, or a mighty prince,) the name given by the angel to the patriarch Jacob at Peniel. (Gen. xxxii. 24.) By Israel, in the Scriptures, is sometimes meant the person of Jacob, and sometimes his whole progeny, including both the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel, or the ten tribes as distinct from Judah. ISRAEL, Land of, 13. Kingdom of, 17. 48. Mountains of, 31. ISRAELITES, the descendants of Israel. At first they were called Hebrews, from the patriarch Abraham, surnamed the Hebrew, from his having passed over the Euphrates into the land of Canaan. After the exodus from Egypt, they were generally called Israelites; and on their return from the Babylonish captivity, they were denominated Jews, from the tribe of Judah, the most considerable of the twelve tribes. Their political state from the time of Moses to the subversion of their kingdom by the Assyrians, 40-50. Idols worshipped by them, 136-139. Court of the Israelites, 59. ISSACHAR, the fifth son of Jacob and Leah, and the head of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. For the limits of the canton allotted to which, see p. 17. ITALY, an extensive and fertile region of Europe, bounded on the north by the Alps, on the east by the Adriatic Sea or the Gulf of Venice, and on the west and south by the Ligustine and Tyrrhene Seas, which names were formerly applied to parts of the Mediterranean Sea. ROME was its capital, and the seat of almost universal empire in the time of the writers of the New Testament. (Acts xviii. 2. xxvii. 1. 6. Heb. xiii. 24.) ITUREA, region of, 18. JABBOK, Brook, notice of, 26. JABESH, a city in the half-tribe of Manasseh beyond Jordan, generally called Jabesh-Gilead, because it lay in Gilead, at the foot of the mountains so named. According to Eusebius it was six miles from Pella towards Gerasa; consequently it must have been east of the sea of Tiberias. Jabesh-Gilead was sucked by the Israelites, because its inhabitants refused to join in the war against the tribe of Benjamin. (Judg. xxi. 8.) Nahash, king of the Ammonites, laying siege to Jabesh, proposed hard conditions to the inhabitants, from which Saul delivered them, A. M. 2009, B. c. 1094. They ever after showed great gratitude to Saul and his family: they carried off his and his sons' bodies, which the Philistines had hung upon the walls of Bethshan, and buried them honourably in a wood near their city. (1 Sam. xxxi. 11-13.) JABIN I. king of Hazor, one of the most powerful Canaanitish chieftains, ruled over the northern part of the land of promise. After the ruin of the confederation formed against the Israelites by Adonizedek, Jabin assembled his tributaries near the waters of Merom, and summoned all their forces to arms. This coalition JE was destroyed, as well as the preceding; and Jabir himself perished at the destruction of his capital, Hazor. (Josh. xi 1—12.) JABIN II. king of Hazor, was probably descended from th preceding sovereign. During one or other of the servitudes of Israel under Cushan or Eglon, the kingdom of Hazor, which Joshua had destroyed, appears to have been re-established; and Jabin must have possessed a powerful dominion, since he is said to have brought into the field 900 chariots armed with scythes. This Jabin oppressed the Israelites for twenty years. After the death of his general Sisera, who had been conquered by Barak, the war was prolonged for some time, but it was finally termi nated by the ruin of Jabin. (Judg iv.) JACOB, the second son of Isaac and Rebekah, and the father of the twelve tribes of Israel. Having surreptitiously obtained his father's blessing (Gen. xxvii.), to avoid his brother's resentment, Rebekah sent him away alone into Mesopotamia, to Laban her brother, whose daughters, Leah and Rachel, he married. After serving Laban many years, he returned into the land of Canaan; having during his journey had an amicable interview with his brother Esau. He afterwards dwelt at Shechem, in a field which he had purchased of the Hivites; but being apprehensive of the resentment of the people, for the slaughter of the Shechemites by Simeon and Levi on account of the violation of their sister Dinah by Shechem, Jacob removed to Bethel, where he offered sacrifice, and God renewed his promises. Many years after this he went down to Egypt to his son Joseph, where he resided seventeen years, and died in a good old age, after giving his prophetic blessing to his sons. Jacob is, in Scripture, frequently put metonymically for his posterity, that is, for the Israelitish nation. JACOB'S WELL, notice of, 28. JAEL, the wife of Heber the Kenite. She killed Sisera, genera of the Canaanitish army, whom she had received into her tent by driving a nail into his temples: concerning this transaction see Vol. I. p. 411. JAIR, a Gileadite, who judged the Israelites for twenty-twe years. He had thirty sons who governed thirty towns, which also bore the name of the towns of Jair. JAIRUS, a ruler or presiding officer of a synagogue, whose daughter Jesus Christ restored to life by a miracle: the circumstances of which are considered in Vol. I. p. 105. JAMES. 1. JAMES, the son of Zebedee, and the brother of the apostle John: he was put to death by Herod Agrippa, about A. D. 44. (Matt. iv. 21. x. 2. Mark iii. 17. Luke vi. 14. Acts i. 13. xii. 2.) 2. JAMES, surnamed the Less. (Mark xv. 40.) He was the son of ALPHEUS, and wrote the epistle which bears his name. For an analysis of which, and a further account of James, see pp. 359, 360. JANNES and JAMBRES, two of the principal Egyptian magicians; who withstood Moses and Aaron by attempting to imitate the miracles which they actually performed. (Exod. vii. 11, 12 viii. 7. 18, 19.) As these names are not found in the Old Testa ment, the apostle probably derived them from tradition (2 Tim. iii. 8.), as they are often mentioned in the rabbinical books. JAPHET, the eldest son of Noah, was a witness of the deluge, and one of those who were saved in the ark. His descendants first settled in the isles of the Mediterranean Sea, and on the coasts of Asia. Minor and of Europe, whence they spread into the north and west. JARHAH, the Egyptian slave of an Israelite named Sheshan, wha gave him his daughter in marriage, and consequendly gave him his liberty. It is not improbable that Jarhah was 2. proselyte to the religion of Israel. (1 Chron. ii. 34.) JAVELING of the Hebrews, notice of, 88. JAZER, a city beyond the Jordan, given to the tribe of Gad: it afterwards became one of the Levitical cities. (Job. xxi. 20. xiii 25.) The SEA OF JAZER, (mentioned in Jer. xvii. §2.), Dr. Blaney is of opinion is the Dead Sea, Jazer being in the nort border of Moab. JEBUS, the son of Canaan, and father of the JERUSITES (Gen. ii. 16.), who dwelt in and around Jerusalem in the mountains, where they continued until the time of David, when Joab took the place. (2 Sam. v. xxiv.) JEDUTHUN, a Levite, one of David's choristers. (1 Chron. ix. 16. xvi. 38. 41, 42. xxv. 1.) His sons were emploved as raVĀ cians. (2 Chron. xxxv. 15. Neh. xi. 17.) JEHOAHAZ. 1. JEHOAHAZ, or Shallum, the second son of Josiah king Judah, whom he succeeded on the throne. He reigned on? JE three months, being taken captive and carried into Egypt by Pharaoh-Necho. (2 Kings xxiii.) 2. JEHOAHAZ, the son and successor of Jehu king of Israel. He followed the evil example of Jeroboam I. during a reign of 17 years. His dominions were ravaged first by Hazael, and afterwards by Ben-hadad, kings of Syria: but, Jehoahaz humbling himself before God, he and his people were delivered by his son Joash. JEHOASH. See JоASH. JEHOIAKIM or Eliakim, son and successor of Jehoahaz, king of Judah. After a wicked and inglorious reign of 11 years, Jerusalem was taken, and Jehoiakim carried as a prisoner to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. (2 Kings xxiii. 34-37. 1 Chron. iii. 15.) He was succeeded by his son, JE account of Jeremiah, and an analysis of he Prophecies and Lamentations, see pp. 272–276. JEHOIACHIN, who was also called Coniah and Jechoniah. (1 Chron. iii. 16. Jer. xxii. 24. xxiv. 1.) After a reign of three months he was carried to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar, together with a multitude of his people, and all the spoils of the city and temple. (2 Kings xxiv. 8. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 9.) Through the kindness of Evil-merodach, the son and successor of Nebuchadnezzar, he was restored to his personal liberty, and was supported at Babylon by the king's bounty. (2 Kings xxv. 27. Jer. lii. 31.) JEHOIDA, the successor of Azariah in the pontificate; who with his wife JEHOSHEBA, preserved his nephew Joash from the mas-tities of the opobalsamum or balm of Gilead, so highly esteemed sacre of the royal family by Athaliah, and placed him on the throne of Judah. He reached the advanced age of 130 years, and was honoured with a burial among the kings, in consideration of his piety and disinterested patriotism. (2 Kings xi. 4, &c. xii. 1, 2. 2 Chron. xxii. 10-12. xxiii. xxiv. 1-3. 15, 16.) JEHOIARIB, the head of the first of the twenty-four classes of priests established by David (1 Chron. xxiv. 7.), from whom the family of the Maccabees were descended. (2 Mac. ii. 1.) JEHORAM. 1. JEHORAM, the son of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, with whom for a short time he was associated on the throne, and then succeeded him as sole monarch, B. c. 889. He married Athaliah the daughter of Ahab, who seduced him into idolatry. He began his reign by murdering his brothers, and was succeeded by Ahaziah, after a wicked reign of eight years. (2 Chron. xxi.) On the nature of his disease, see p. 196. 2. JEHORAM OF JORAM, king of Israel, the son and successor of Ahab, whose impieties he followed. He was slain in the twelfth year of his reign by Jehu, B. t. 884. JEHOSHAPHAT, the son and successor of Asa king of Judah: he was a pious prince; and in the third year of his reign he sent some of the chief officers of his court, together with certain Levites and priests, throughout his dominions, to instruct the people in the book of the law and their consequent duties. After a reign of twenty-five years, he died in peace, B. c. 889. (2 Chron. xvii.-xx. 1-34.) JEHOSHAPHAT, Valley of, account of, 32. JEHOVAH, the incommunicable name of the self-existent Being, for which the Jews substituted Adonai, in conformity with an ancient superstition. In our authorized translation, this word is rendered the LORD," in order to distinguish it from Lord, signifying a governor. Concerning the pronunciation of Jehovah, see Gesenius's Hebrew Lexicon, voce -Land of Jehovah, 13. JEHU. 1. A prophet, the son of Hanani, who was sent to denounce the divine judgments against Baasha king of Israel. (1 Kings xvi. 7.) 2. The son of Jehoshaphat, and grandson of Nimshi, who conspired against Jehoram, king of Israel, B. c. 884, and reigned 28 years. JEMIMA, KEZIA, and KEREN-HAPPUCH, the three daughters of Job, born after his restoration to prosperity. They obtained a portion of their father's inheritance, a privilege which in those days could be conferred only by very rich parents. JEPHTHAR, the ninth judge of Israel, succeeded Jair in the government of the people, whom he delivered from the Ammontes. Concerning his vow, see Vol. I. p. 411. His administraicn lasted six years, JEREMIAH, the second of the four greater prophets, was the son of Hilkiah, of the sacerdotal race, and a native of Anathoth. He was distinguished for an ardent love of his country, for the pathetic tenderness with which he deplored her fate, and for the ungrateful treatment which he received from his countrymen. The time and manner of his death are unknown. For a further JERICHO, a celebrated city in the tribe of Benjamin, of which frequent mention is made in the New Testament. It was the first city taken from the Canaanites by Joshua, who razed it to the ground, and denounced a severe curse on the person who should rebuild it. (Josh. vi. 20. 26. Heb. xi. 30.) This curse was literally fulfilled, in the days of Ahab, upon Hiel the Bethel ite, by whom the city was rebuilt. (1 Kings xvi. 34.) After this event it was ennobled by the schools of the prophets, which were established there (2 Kings ii. 5.): and near it was a large but unwholesome spring, the waters of which rendered the soil unfruitful, until they were cured by the prophet Elisha (2 Kings ii. 21.); and from that time they have become exceedingly whole some and fertilizing. In the time of our Saviour, Jericho yielded only to Jerusalem for its size and the magnificence of its buildings: it was situated in a bottom, in that vast plain which was named the great plain (which marks the propriety of the ex pression going down from Jerusalem, Luke x. 30.); and is 150 furlongs, about nineteen miles distant from the capital of Judæa. The country around Jericho was the most fertile part of Palestine, abounding in roses and palm trees (whence in Deut. xxxiv. 3. it is called the city of palm trees), and yielding also great quanin oriental courts even to the present day; and which being an article of commerce accounts for the mention of publicans and of a chief publican in that region. (Luke xix. 2.) Jericho was one of the cities appropriated for the residence of the priests and Levites, 12,000 of whom dwelt there; and as the way thither from Jerusalem was rocky and desert, it was, as it still is, greatly infested with thieves. A country more favourable for the attacks of banditti, and caves better adapted for concealment, than those presented on this road, can scarcely be imagined. This circumstance marks the admirable propriety with which our Lord made it the scene of his beautiful parable of the good Samaritan. (Luke x. 30-37.) Jericho is, at present, a wretched village, consisting of about thirty miserable huts, (compared with which the worst Irish cabin is a palace), so low, that at night, one might almost ride over them, without being aware of the fact. The once celebrated " City of Palms" cannot now boast of one of those beautiful trees in its vicinity. The plain that surrounded it (through which the Jordan flows) is watered by a beautiful fountain it has ever been venerated as the same which the prophet Elisha healed (2 Kings ii. 19-22.), the water of which was naught (or bitter) and the ground barren. (Carne's Letters, pp. 322, 323. Three Weeks in Palestine, p. 83.) JEROBOAM I., son of Nebat, and the first king of Israel. He was a wicked prince, who from political motives established idola "The whole of this road," says Mr. Buckingham, "from Jerusalem to the Jordan, is held to be the most dangerous about Palestine, and, indeed, in this portion of it, the very aspect of the scenery is sufficient, on the one hand, to tempt to robbery and murder, and, on the other, to occasion a dread of it in those who pass that way. It was partly to prevent any accident happening to us in this early stage of our journey, and partly, perhaps, to calm our fears on that score, that a messenger had been despatched by our guides to an encampment of their tribe near, desiring them to send an escort to meet us at this place. We were met here accordingly, by a band of about twenty persons on foot, all armed with matchlocks, and presenting the most ferocious and robber-like appearance that could be imagined. The effect of this was neightened by the shouts which they sent forth from hill to hill, and which were re-echoed through all the val leys, while the bold projecting crags of rock, the dark shadows in which every thing lay buried below, the towering height of the cliffs above, and the forbidding desolation which every where reigned around, presented a picture that was quite in harmony throughout all its parts. It made us feel most forcibly the propriety of its being chosen as the scene of the delightful tale of compassion which we had before so often admired for its doctrine, independently of its local beauty. (See Luke x. 30-34.) One must be amid these wild and gloomy solitudes, surrounded by an armed band, and feel the impatience of the traveller who rushes on to catch a new view at every pass and turn; one must be alarmed at the very tramp of the horses' hoofs rebounding through the caverned rocks, and at the savage shouts of the footmen, scarcely less loud than the echoing thunder produced by the discharge of their pieces in the valleys; one must witness all this upon the spot, before the full force and beauty of the admirable story of the Good Samaritan can be perceived. Here, pillage, wounds, and death would be accompanied with double terror, from the frightful aspect of every thing around. Here, the unfeeling act of passing by a fellowcreature in distress, as the Priest and Levite are said to have done, strikes one with horror, as an act almost more than inhuman. And here, too, the compassion of the Good Samaritan is doubly virtuous, from the purity of the motive which must have led to it, in a spot where no eyes were fixed on him to draw forth the performance of any duty, and from the bravery which was necessary to admit of a man's exposing himself, by such delay, to the risk of a similar fate to that from which he was endeavouring to rescue his fellow-creature."-(Backingham's Travels in Palestine, pp. 292 banditti who infest it, in Sir F. Henniker's Notes dur ng a Visit to Egypt 293. See a good illustration of the nature of the road to Jericho, and of the Nubia, &c. pp. 289-291. London, 1823 8vo.) JO try (see p. 136.), and changed the order of the Hebrew calendar. He is never mentioned in the Old Testament, but in terms of detestation. He died after a reign of 22 years. JEROBOAM II., the thirteenth king of Israel, succeeded his father Jehoahash. He reigned 41 years; and is recorded to have done evil in the sight of God, following the example of Jeroboam I. JERUBBAAL. See GIDEON. JERUSALEM (city), situation of, and the name by which it was called, 18, 19. Fortifications and walls, 19, 20. Its state before the war of the Jews with the Romans, 20. Remarkable buildings, 21. Temple, 98-101. Successive captures of this city, 21. Its present state and population, 22. JESUS, that is, the Saviour, the name of the Messiah, the Son of God, and the Divine Author of the Christian religion, who is constituted by God the Lord of all things. He is called Jesus, because he came to save his people from their sins. (Matt. i. 21. Eph. i. 21, 22. Heb. i. 2.) The history of his life, miracles, doctrine, death, resurrection, and ascension, is related in the four Gospels. In 2 Cor. i. 19. Jesus iv, metonymically, put for the Gospel or religion of Jesus. JO nacle in the wilderness, we may readily conceive, would, in no long time, form establishments of this kind, after they were settled in Canaan. 2. JOAB, the son of Zeruiah, and nephew of David. With his brothers Abishai and Asahel, he commanded his uncle's troops against Abner. He was one of the greatest generals and most valiant men in David's army, but was of an imperious and revengeful disposition. Having conspired to raise Adonijah to the throne of his father David, Joab was put to death by com mand of Solomon. JOANNA, the wife of Chuza, steward of Herod Antipas. She is enumerated among those women, who having been healed by Jesus, followed him out of Galilee, and assisted in supporting hiza. (Luke viii. 3. xxiv. 10.) JOASH, the eighth king of Judah, was the son of Ahaziah. On the massacre of his family by Athaliah, he was preserved by Jehoiada the high-priest and his wife Jehoshebah, and secreted for six years in one of the apartments of the temple, where he was brought up. At the age of seven years, the courageous fidelity of the high-priest placed him on the throne of his ancestors. During the life of Jehoiada, he ruled well; but on the death of that wise and pious counsellor, he listened to the advice of some of his courtiers; fell into gross idolatry; and at length put to death the son of his benefactor. From this time, his reign became disastrous; his kingdom was invaded by the Syrians under Hazael; his armies were totally discomfited by very inferior forces; and he could only save his capital, by delivering to the Syrians the treasures which had been consecrated by his predecessors, and those which he had himself offered in the temple. A lingering illness seized him: the blood of Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada, found avengers; and after reigning 40 years, Joash was assassinated by three of his servants. (2 Kings xii. 2 Chron. xxiv.) JETHRO, or Raguel, a priest of Midian, and the father-in-law of Moses, to whom he gave the wise counsel, of instituting in ferior judges (from him sometimes termed Jethronian prefects), to hear and determine minor causes; while questions of moment were brought before the Hebrew legislator himself. See p. 42. JEWS. After the captivity, most of those who returned and rebuilt Jerusalem and the temple, and restored the rites of the Mosaic worship, having sprung from the kingdom of Judah, the term Jews became a general appellation for all the inhabitants of Palestine, and afterwards for those descended from them. (Dan. iii. 8. Esth. iii. 10. 2 Macc. ix. 17.) For the political state of the Jews, from the patriarchal times to their final dispersion, see pp. 40-53. Their courts of judicature, legal proceed- JOASH or JEHOASH, king of Israel, the son and successor of ings, criminal law and punishments, 54-57. The whole nation Jehoahaz. Possessed of more talents than virtues, by his fortuwhy accounted holy, 108. Account of the Jewish church and nate wars he prepared the splendid reign of his son Jeroboam its members, 108-111. All male Jews required to be at Jeru-II.; and wanted nothing but piety. He reigned sixteen years, salem, at the three great annual festivals, 122. Whither they travelled in caravans, ibid. note. Corruptions of religion among them, and their idolatry, 135-143. Their extreme corruption during the time of Christ, 148-150. Their mode of computing time, 72-77. Their private life, manners, customs, occupations, arts, and sciences, 150-187. Jews of the dispersion, who they were, 109. In the New Testament, the term "Jew" is employed, (1.) With reference both to nation and religion. (Matt. xxviii. 15. Mark vii. 3.) (2.) With reference to religion only. (Rom. ii. 23, 29. Rev. ii. 9. iii. 9.) (3.) With reference to nation only. (Acts xix. 34. xxi. 39. xxii. 3. Gal. ii. 13.) JEZEBEL. 1. The daughter of Ethbaal or Ithosalus king of the Zidonians, and wife of Ahab king of Israel. She was infamous for her idolatries, and for her cruel persecutions of the worshippers of the true God, particularly the prophets. She at length perished miserably, according to a prediction of the prophet Elijah. (1 Kings xvi. 31. xviii. 4. 13. xxi. 23. 2 Kings ix. 30-37.) 2. In Rev. ii. 20. Jezebel is put as a generic term for an idolatrous and infamous woman, the emblem of corrupt teachers. Compare p. 462. JEZREEL, a celebrated city, situated in a valley of that name, in the canton of the half-tribe of Manasseh, on the west of the river Jordan, and on the confines of the tribe of Issachar (Josh. xix. 18.) Here Ahab had a palace; and here the retri butive justice of God overtook Jezebel. (2 Kings ix. 3û~27.) JEZREEL, Plain of, account of, 33. JOAB. 1. JOAB, the son of Seraiah and the grandson of Kenaz (1 Chron. iv. 13, 14.), nephew of Othniel the first judge of the Hebrews, was the founder of a colony of artizans, or "craftsmen," at Ono, in the tribe of Benjamin, not far from the river Jordan. The valley, where he settled, obtained the name of the Valley of Craftsmen, an appellation which shows that the arts practised by them were of the first utility; and Nehemiah gave it the same appellation. (xi. 35.) The establishment of Joab, towards the time of the first judge, from whom he was descended, proves that the Hebrews had not forgotten the arts which they had acquired in Egypt, and shows in what estimation trades were held. The people, who had erected the taber during which he "did evil in the sight of the Lord, and departed not from all the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin." (2 Kings xii. 10-12. xiv.) JOB, an inhabitant of the land of Uz or Idumæa, whose piety and afflictions are celebrated in the poetical book which bears his name; for an account of which, and of the patriarch himself, see pp. 227-237. For a notice of the disease with which he was afflicted, see p. 196. JOEL, the son of Pethuel, and the second of the minor prophets. His history is entirely unknown. See an analysis of his predictions, in P. 270. JOHN. 1. Joun the Baptist, the son of Zecharias and Elisabeth, was the kinsman and precursor of Jesus Christ, and distinguished for the simplicity and integrity of his life. Notice of his dress, see p. 395. He was beheaded by order of Herod Antipas, whom he had reproved for his incestuous marriage. (Matt. iii. 1. xiv. 2-4. 8. 10.) 2. JouN the Apostle and Evangelist, was the son of Zebedes and Salome, brother of James the elder, and originally a fisherman. He seems to have been of a mild and affectionate disposition, and peculiarly dear to his Lord. His name is prefixed to the fourth Gospel, to three Epistles, and to the Apocalypse; for an analysis of which, see pp. 313-318. 364-377, 378-383. 3. JOHN, surnamed MARK, the companion of Paul and Barnabas in their journeys. 4. JOHN, one of the chief men among the Jews, a member of the Sanhedrin, and perhaps related to the high-priest. (Acis iv. 6.) JOKTAN, the eldest son of Eber, from whom many Arabian tribes were descended. (Gen. x. 25—30.) JOKTHEEL. 1. A city belonging to the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 38.) 2. The name which Amaziah king of Judah gave to Selah, an Arabian city which he took. (2 Kings xiv. 7.) JONAH. 1. JONAH, the son of Amittai, and the fifth of the minor prophets, who was swallowed by a large fish, and continued three days and three nights in the stomach of the monster See an analysis of his prophecy in p. 259. 2. JONAH or JONAS, the father of the apostle Simon Peter He was a fisherman. (John i. 42. xxi. 15-17.) JONATHAN, the son of Saul, and the faithfully attached friend JO of David in all his persecutions. Jonathan displayed signal valour in the wars with the Philistines. He perished in battle with his father on Mount Gilboa; and his death is pathetically lamented by David in a funeral elegy which he composed in honour of both. (2 Sam. i.) JOPPA, a sea-port of Palestine, on the Mediterranean, called also Japha, and now universally Jaffa, owes all the circumstances of its celebrity, as the principal port of Judæa, to its situation with regard to Jerusalem. It is situated on the side of a low hill, over the sea. "As a station for vessels, its harbour is one of the worst in the Mediterranean: ships generally anchor about a mile from the town, to avoid the shoals and rocks of the place. In ancient times it was the only place resorted to as a sea-port in all Judæa. Hither Solomon ordered the materials for the emple to be brought from Mount Libanus, previous to their conveyance by land to Jerusalem." (Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. p. 442. Jolliffe's Letters from Palestine, p. 198. Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 186-188.) It is a place of very great antiquity; and it appears from the Acts of the Apostles (ix. x. xi.) that the Gospel was received here soon after Christ's ascension. Here also St. Peter restored Dorcas to life (Acts ix. 40.), and from this place it was that the prophet Jonah, many centuries before, had embarked for Nineveh. (Jonah i. 3.) The house of the British vice-consul (signor Damiani), in 1831, stood on the reputed site of the house which had been Simon the Tanner's, the host of the apostle Peter; and a portion of an ancient wall therein was pointed out, as a genuine relic of the original mansion. (Three Weeks in Palestine, p. 6. London, 1833.) JORAM. See JEHORAM, 2. p. 430. JU whom he accompanied to Mount Sinai at the giving of the law In the battle with the Amalekites, he had bravely commanded the Israelites, and had been blessed with victory. He had been one of the twelve spies, whom Moses had sent to explore the land of Canaan; and as Caleb and he were the only persons out of that number who had encouraged the people when intimidated by the report of the other spies, so they were the only Is raelites who were more than twenty years of age that survived their forty years' wandering in the desert, and participated in the conquest of Canaan. Joshua died at the age of 110 years, after he had for seventeen years governed the Israelites. His earlier name was Hoshea, which Moses changed to Joshua, or, as it is pronounced in Hebrew, Jehoshuah, the import of which is the Salvation of God. Joshua has been considered as a type of our Saviour. As the Hebrew general vanquished the impious Canaanites by the aid of God, and introduced His people into the rest of the promised land, so Jesus (whose name in Greek is the same as Jehoshuah) will one day subdue and exterminate the enemies of his name and disciples, and will introduce his people into that place of rest, in which they will enjoy perfect and eternal happiness. For an analysis of the book of Joshua, see pp. 214-216; and for an account of the division of the Holy Land by him, see pp. 16, 17. of this volume; and for his government of the Israelites, see p. 42. Observations on the pile of stones raised by Joshua at Gilgal, I. 100, 101. JOSIAH, the son of Amnon and Jedidah, succeeded his father on the throne of Judah, at the early age of eight years, and during a reign of thirty-one years he endeavoured, with much success, to restore the worship of God to its original purity. Being a tributary or ally of the Assyrians, he refused a passage through JORDAN, River, account of, pp. 25, 26. Region cund about, his dominions to Pharaoh-Necho king of Egypt, who was marchp. 33. Thickets of, p. 36. JOSEPH. 1. JOSEPH, the eleventh son of Jacob, born of Rachci. Hated by his brethren, he was sold by them as a slave to some Midianitish merchants, by whom he was carried into Egypt, and again sold to Potiphar. He subsequently became governor over all the land of Egypt, and sent for his father and brethren to Egypt, where he provided for them. On the departure of the Israelites, pursuant to his command, the remains of Joseph, which had been embalmed according to the Egyptian process, were carried into Canaan (Heb. xi. 22.), and, it should seem from Josh. xxiv. 31., after the conquest by Joshua, were interred in Jacob's field near Shechem. (Gen. xxxvii. 1.) Joseph is sometimes, metonymically, put for his descendants, that is, the half-tribe of Ephraim. 2. The husband of Mary, and the reputed father of Jesus. (Matt. i. 16. 18-20. 24. ii. 13. 19. Luke i. 27. ii. 4. 16. 33. 43. iii. 23. iv. 22. John i. 46. vi. 42.) 3. JOSEPH of Arimathea, a member of the Jewish Sanhedrin, and privately a disciple of Jesus Christ. After his death, Joseph requested his body of Pilate, and honourably entombed it in his own new sepulchre. (Matt. xxvii. 57-60. Mark xv. 43-45. Luke xxiii. 50. John xix. 38.) 4. One of the seventy disciples of Jesus, also called Barsabas and Justus. He was nominated as one of the two candidates for the apostleship in place of the traitor Judas. (Acts i. 23.) JOSES. 1. A brother of James the Less, and a kinsman of Jesus. (Matt. xiii. 55. xxvii. 56. Mark vi. 3. xv. 40. 47.) He is the only one of the sons of Cleopas and Mary who did not become an apostle; which circumstance has been accounted for by Coquerel, who supposes that Joses was one of those brethren or kinsmen of Jesus Christ who distinguished himself by his want of faith in him (compare John vii. 5.), and therefore was deemed unfit for the apostleship. As it appears from Acts i. 14. that the brethren of Jesus were present at the meetings of his disciples, which were held between the ascension and the day of Pentecost, it is not improbable that Joses was converted after the resurrection. 2. JOSES, surnamed BARNABAS, the companion of St. Paul. (Acts iv. 36.) ing into Assyria. The two armies met at Megiddo, where Josiah, entering into the battle in disguise, was mortally wounded by an arrow: he died at Jerusalem, deeply regretted by all his subjects. Jeremiah composed Lamentations in his honour. (2 Kings xxii. xxiii. 2 Chron. xxxiv.) JOTHAM, the eleventh king of Judah, exercised the regal authority during the leprosy which terminated the life of his father Uzziah, whom he succeeded on the throne. He is recorded to have done that which was right in the sight of God, and to have imitated his father's piety. "He became mighty, because he prepared his ways before the LORD his God." He discomfited the Ammonites, and for three years received of them a rich tribute in silver, barley, and corn, which his father had imposed; but which that people had refused to pay. Magnificen erections distinguished his reign. The principal gate of the temple was enlarged and embellished; the hill of Ophel received new fortifications; and various buildings, both for habitation and defence, were erected in the mountains of Judah. After a reign of sixteen years he died, much regretted by his people, and was interred in the sepulchres of the kings, e. c. 742. JUBAL, the son of Lamech and Adah: he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ. (Gen. iv. 21.) In other terms, he was the inventor of musical instruments. By compar ing his discoveries with those of Jabal, the institutor of the nomadic life, and of Tubal-Cain, the instructor of every artificer in brass and iron, we may perceive how soon the agreeable followed the useful arts. JUBILEE, Feast of, how celebrated, 128, 129. 1. JUDAH, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, gave his name to the most numerous of the tribes of Israel; for the limits of the canton assigned to which, see p. 17. At the time of the revolution under Rehoboam and Jeroboam, this tribe also gave its name to that part of the kingdom of Israel which continued faithful to the house of David. 2. DESERT OF JUDAH, account of, 34. 3. KINGDOM OF JUDAH, 17. Causes of its duration for a longer time than the kingdom of Israel, 49. 4. LAND OF JUDAH, notice of, 14. 5. MOUNTAINS OF JUDAH, notice of, 31. JUDEA, Country of, 18. JUDAS. JOSHUA, the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, called Jesus by the Greeks. He was the minister or servant, and the suc- 1. JUDAS, surnamed Iscariot, (Heb. wp, IsuH KаRIOтH), cessor of Moses; an office which he deserved to fill on many that is, a man of Karioth or Carioth, one of the apostles of Jesus accounts: for not only had Moses discovered in him distinguished Christ. He seems to have possessed the full confidence of his talents, but God himself had destined Joshua to be the com- fellow-apostles, by whom he was intrusted with all the presents mander-in-chief of his people, in which capacity Moses presented which were made to them, and with all their means of subsisthim to them a short time before his death. Joshua had dis-ence: and, when the twelve were sent out to preach and to work played both knowledge and courage during the life of Moses, miracles, Judas appears to have been among them, and to have |