EUNUCH. FA 1. One who has been emasculated. Such persons anciently were (as in the East they still are) employed to guard the harems of oriental kings and nobles. See p. 47. 2. Since, in the East, eunuchs often rose to stations of great power and trust, the word at length came to signify a minister of a court, without necessarily including the idea of emasculation. Such was the officer of Candace, queen of Ethiopia, whose conversion is related in Acts viii. 27-39. EUODIAS and SYNTICHE were Christian women at Philippi, and probably deaconesses of the church in that city. From Phil. iv. 2. it is evident that a difference of opinion subsisted between them : : most probably, it was respecting the necessity of retaining the Mosaic ceremonies under the Gospel dispensation and worship. EUPHRATES, a large and celebrated river of Western Asia: it rises in Armenia Major near Mount Aba, and, after flowing by Syria, Mesopotamia, and the site of Babylon, it empties itself into the Persian Gulf. In Gen. xv. 18. it is called "the great river," which distinctive appellation it deserves in contrast with rivers generally, though not with the Nile. (Buckingham's Travels in Mesopotamia, vol. i. p. 54.) Like the Nile, at certain seasons of the year, the Euphrates inundates the flat countries on its banks, and renders them extremely fertile.. EUROCLYDON, a tempestuous wind common in the Mediterranean, and well known to modern mariners by the name of a Levanter. It is not confined to any one single point, but blows in all directions from the north-east, round by the north, to the south-east. The great wind, or mighty tempest, or vehement east wind, described by the prophet Jonah (i. 4. iv. 8.), appears to have been one of these Levanters. Of this description was the violent or tempestuous wind mentioned in Acts xxvii. 14. (Shaw's Travels, vol. ii. pp. 127, 128.) EVE, the wife of Adam, and the common mother of the human race. (Gen. ii. iii.) The character of Eve is only known to us by her sin; in the commission of which we may observe the two fundamental passions, of which all the others are modifications; viz. pride-ye shall be as gods; and sensuality-the tree was good for food, and its fruit was pleasant to the eyes. (Gen. ii.. 5, 6.) EVIL-MERODACH, the son and successor of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. He delivered Jehoiakim king of Judah out of prison, upon whom he conferred many favours. (2 Kings xxv. 27. Jer. lii. 31.) According to Archbishop Usher, he reigned only one year, and was succeeded by his son Belshazzar. EUTYCHUS, circumstances of the death of, explained, 153, 154. EXCOMMUNICATION, punishment of, and its effects, 66. 106. EXECUTION of sentences, how and by whom performed, 57. EXPIATION, day of, how solemnized, 127. EXPOSITION of Scripture, part of the synagogue worship, 106. EXPOSURE to wild beasts, a capital punishment, 68. St. Paul not thus actually exposed, 191. EYES, putting out, a Jewish punishment, 66. Painting of the eyes described, 158. EZEKIEL, the son of Buzi, of the house of Aaron (Ezek. i. 1.) was carried captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar, with Jehoiakim king of Judah. He is the third of the greater prophets. See a further account of Ezekiel, and an analysis of his predictions in pp. 283-287. EZION-GEBER, a port in Idumæa, on the Elanitic gulf, whence Solomon sent ships to Ophir. (1 Kings ix. 26.) In later times it was called Berenice. Dr. Shaw supposes it to be the same port which is now called by the Arabs Meenah-el-Dsahab, or the port of gold. (Travels, vol. ii. pp. 118, 119.) EZRA or ESDRAS, the son (or, according to Coquerel and others, the grandson or great-grandson) of Seraiah, was a priest and scribe or doctor of the law; who, returning from capiivity, with a full commission from Artaxerxes, to settle the church and state of the Jews, zealously exerted himself in rectifying all the disorders which had crept into their affairs during their captivity. See a further account of Ezra, and an analysis of the historical book which bears his name, in pp. 224, 225. FAIR HAVENS, a place so called on the coast of Crete, most probably because it had good anchorage. (Acts xxvii. 8.) In The fourth century, according to Jerome, it was a large town. FAMILIES, Heads of, 41, 42. FAMINES in the Holy Land, 40. GA FATHERS, Jewish, power of, over their families, 164. FEET, washing of, 169, 170. Female ornaments of, 158. FINES, various, imposed by the Jews, 65. Particular FIRST-FRUITS, presentation of, 119, 120. FOREST of Cedars, 36; of Ephraim's, ibid; of Hareth, ibid; of Oaks, ibid. FORTIFICATIONS of the Jews, 88, 89. FOUNTAINS in the Holy Land, account of, 28, 29. GAAL, the son of Ebed, who raised a revolt in Shechem against Abimelech the son of Gideon; but, being defeated by the latter, he was compelled to flee. (Judg. ix. 26—41.) It is no known who he was or what afterwards became of him. GAASH, a hill in the inheritance of Ephraim, on the north side of which stood Timnath-Serah, memorable as being the place where Joshua was buried. (Josh. xxiv. 30.) At the foot of this hill, probably, were the brooks (or valleys) of Gaash mentioned in 2 Sam. xxiii. 30. GABBATHA. See p. 21. GAD. 1. Gad, or Good Fortune, a Syrian idol, notice of, 137. 2. Seventh son of Jacob, born of Zilpah: he gave his name to one of the twelve tribes; for the limits of whose allotment, see p. 16. 3. A prophet, the friend of David, whom he faithfully followed during his persecutions by Saul. After David's establishment on the throne of Israel, Gad was commissioned to propose to him one of three scourges, which was to punish the sinful numbering of the people; and afterwards directed him to build an altar in the threshing-floor of Ornan or Araunah. (1 Sam. xxii. 5. 2 Sam. xxiv.) Gad also wrote a history of David's reign, whence, perhaps, was taken the narrative of that census; and he transmitted to that monarch the divine commands concerning the establishment of public worship. (2 Chron. xxix. 25.) GADARA was, according to Josephus (Bell. Jud. lib. iv. c. 24.), the metropolis of Perea, or the region beyond Jordan: it was one of the cities of the district of Decapolis, and consequently under heathen jurisdiction, on which account, perhaps, it was destroyed by the Jews, but was rebuilt by Pompey, in favour of Demetrius Gadarensis, his manumitted servant, according to Josephus. The inhabitants of this city being rich, sent legates to Vespasian when he advanced against Judæa, and gave up this strong city to him; both the city and the villages belonging to it lay within the region of the Gergesenes, whence Christ going into the country of the Gadarenes, (Mark v. 1.), is said to go into the region of the Gergesenes (Matt. viii. 28.) The remains of the warm baths for which this place was anciently celebrated, and also of the tombs (among which the Gadarene demoniac abode) are still to be seen. Gadara is now called Oomkais, or Omkeis. The modern inhabitants of this place are as inhospitable as they were in the time of Jesus Christ. (Quarterly Rev. vol. xxvi. p. 389. Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 297, 298. Madden's Travels in Turkey, &c. vol. ii. p. 311.) GAIUS. 1. A Macedonian, and fellow-traveller of Saint Paul, who was seized by the populace at Ephesus. (Acts xix. 29.) 2. A native of Derbe, who accompanied Paul in his last journey to Jerusalem. (Acts xx. 4.) To him St. John is supposed to have addressed his third epistle. 3. An inhabitant of Corinth, with whom Paul lodged, and in 23. 1 Cor. i. 14.) FASTS of the Jews, public and private, how solemnized, 132. whose house the Christians were accustomed to meet. (Rom xvi Fast of the atonement, 127 GA first book of Chronicles, who says, that the sons of Ephraim being in Egypt, attacked the city of Gath, and were there slain. (1 Chron. vii. 21.) GA GALATIA, a province of Asia Minor, bounded on the west by Phrygia, on the east by the river Halys, on the north by Paphlagonia, and on the south by Lycaonia. This country derived its name from the Gauls, two tribes of whom (the Trocm: and Tolis- Jerome says, there was a large town called Gath, in the way toboii) with a tribe of the Celts, or according to Prof. Hug, Ger- from Eleutheropolis to Gaza; and Eusebius speaks of another mans (the Tectosages), finding their own country too small to Gath, five miles from Eleutheropohs, toward Lydda (conse support its redundant population, migrated thither after the sack-quently different from that which Jerome speaks of); also aning of Rome by Brennus; and mingling with the former inhabit-other Gath, or Gattha, between Jamnia and Antipatris. Jerome ants, and adopting the Greek language, the whole were called likewise, speaking of Gath-Opher, the place of the prophet Gallo-Græci. During the reign of Augustus (a. u. c. 529, B. c. 26.), Jonah's birth, says, it was called Gath-Opher, or Gath, in the Galatia was reduced into a Roman province, and was thenceforth district of Opher, to distinguish it from others of the same governed by the Roman laws, under the administration of a pro- name. prætor. The Galatians seem to have preserved their native eligion, to which they superadded the worship of the great mother of the gods. Their principal cities were Ancyra, Tavium, and Pessinus; the latter of which carried on some commerce. Callimachus (Hymn. in Delum. v. 184.) and Hilary (Hymn. Hieron. pref. in. ep. ad Galat.), who was himself a Gaul, represent them as a very foolish people; whence St. Paul says, (iii. 1.) () FOOLISH Galatians, who hath bewitched you? This church was so dangerously perverted, and almost overturned, by the Judaizers there, that the apostle, in his epistle to them, does not call them saints. See an analysis of his epistle to the Galatians in Vol. II. pp. 337, 338. Galatia was also the seat of colonies from various nations, among whom were many Jews; and from all of these St. Paul appears to have made many converts to Christianity. (Gal. i. 2. 1 Cor. xvi. 1. 2 Tim. 4. 10. 1 Pet. i. 1.) According to Josephus (Ant. Jud. lib. xvi, c. 6.), the Jews here enjoyed considerable privileges. Robinson, voce Taxaria; Hug's Introd. vol. ii. pp. 363-365.) GALILEE, Upper and Lower, 17, 18. The Galilæans were accounted brave and industrious, though the other Jews affected to consider them as not only stupid and unpolished, but also seditious, and therefore proper objects of contempt. (John i. 47. viii. 52.) They were easily distinguished from the Jews of Jerisalem by a pecculiar dialect; for a notice of which, see p. 17. and note 2. Gath was the most southern city of the Philistines, as Ekron was the most northern; so that Ekron and Gath are placed as the boundaries of their land. (1 Sam. vii. 14. xvii. 52.) Gath lay near Mareshah (2 Chron. xi. 8. Micah i. 14. Heb.), which nearly agrees with Jerome, who places Gath on the road from Eleutheropolis to Gaza. Gath was a place of strength. in the time of the prophets Amos and Micah, independent of the kings of Judah (Amos vi. 2. Micah i. 10. 14.); but was taken by Uzziah, king of Judah, while Amos was living; and afterwards by Hezekiah, in Micah's time. Gethaim (2 Sam. iv. 3. Neh. xi. 33.) is Gath. David had a company of Gittite guards. GAULONITIS, District of, 18. GAZA, a very celebrated city of the Jews, distant about 60 miles south-west from Jerusalem: it was one of the five cities of the Philistines, which fell by lot to the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv. 47.), and which offered their golden emerods to the God of Israel for a trespass-offering. (1 Sam. vi. 17.) Its gates were carried away by Samson (Judg. xvi. 2.), and hither he was conducted when taken by the Philistines (v. 21.), three thousand of whom, both men and women, were assembled on the roof of the temple of their god Dagon (27.), and perished when Sarnson pulled it down. (30.) "If any one should question the possi bility of 3000 people being upon the roof of the temple in ques tion, he may be referred to the accounts of the temples at Thebes in Upper Egypt, which have been given by all recent travellers; accounts, which, while they come to us authenticated in such a manner as to admit of no doubt in regard to their verity and correctness, at the same time present things apparently incredible, and contrary to all the philosophizing of most speculative and theoretical historians. The ruins of ancient Greece and Rome so far as vastness and extent are concerned, dwindle into insigni ficance when compared with the astonishing remains of early architecture at Thebes. What is most confounding of all to that philosophizing, in which historians of a skeptical cast are prone to indulge, is, that these mighty ruins are, beyond all doubt, the GAMALIEL, a Pharisee and an eminent doctor of the law, under relics of architecture designed and executed in ages, when (as whom St. Paul was educated. (Acts v. 24. xxii. 3.) He possessed some popular writers admonish us to believe) men were not yet great influence among the Jews, and is said by some to have pre-weaned from contending with the beasts of the forest for their sided over the sanhedrin during the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius. GALILEANS, Sect of, principles of, 148. GALLIO, a proconsul of Achaia, was the elder brother of the philosopher Seneca, and was called Marcus Annæus Novatus; but took the name of Gallio, after being adopted into the family of Lucius Junius Gallio. Before his tribunal Saint Paul was dragged at Corinth. His conduct on that occasion exhibits him in the character of a mild and amiable man; and St. Luke's account is confirmed by profane writers. See Vol. I. p. 79. GAMES, Olympic, allusions to, explained, 191-194. Gymnastic games in imitation of them among the Jews, 190. GARDENS of the Hebrews, notice of, 180. GARMENTS of the priests, 113. Of the high-priests, 113, 114. Rending of, a sign of mourning, 159. Great wardrobes of, ibid. GATES of cities, 155.; were seats of justice, 54. Gates of Jerusalem, 19, 20. GATH, a city of the Philistines, one of their five principalities (1 Sam. vi. 17.), famous for having given birth to Goliath. David conquered it in the beginning of his reign over all Israel (1 Sam. xvii. 4.): it continued subject to his successors till the declension of the kingdom of Judah. Rehoboam rebuilt or fortified it. (2 Chron. xi. 8.) Uzziah reconquered it, as did Hezekiah. Josephus makes it part of the tribe of Dan; but Joshua takes no notice of it. Calmet thinks, that Mithcah, mentioned by Moses (Num. xxxiii. 29.), is the Metheg in 2 Sam. viii. 1. In our authorized version it is rendered, David took Metheg-Ammah, that is, Metheg the Mother, which, in 1 Chron. xviii. 1., is explained by-He took Gath and her daughters (or towns); Gath being the mother, and Metheg the daughter. But it may be that the district of Gath and its dependencies was called in David's time Metheg-Ammah; but this being unusual, or becoming obsolete, the author of the Chronicles explains it to be Gath and its villages. According to this idea, Gath of the Philistines, the birthplace of giants (2 Sam. xxi. 20. 22.), must lie far in Arabia Petraa, towards Egypt, which is confirmed by the author of the lairs and for their acorns, nor but very little elevated above them The ruins at Thebes present evidences of control over physical, mechanical power; of skill in architecture on a scale of surprising magnitude; and of art in mixing and laying on colours, that are fresh as if painted but yesterday, after having been laid on for more than thirty centuries; which confound and put to shame all that the arts and sciences, and the experience of three thousand years, have since been able to accomplish. So much for the rudeness, and barbarity, and ignorance of the primitive ages, The Philistines, the near neighbours of the Egyptians, and their hearty coadjutors in polytheism, might well have, and doubtless had, large temples as well as they; large enough to afford room for three thousand, and some of them not improbably for many more, to stand upon the roof. As to the strength of Samson, in tearing away pillars on which such enormous weight rested;-those, who disbelieve any thing which is miraculous, will of course regard the whole as a mythos (or fable); those, who admit the reality of miracles, will doubtless be ready to believe, that there was some supernatural aid afforded him in the case under consideration. A heavy blow was inflicted upon polytheism by the event in question, and on its votaries, who were the enemies of God's chosen people." (Stuart's Herr. Chrestomathy, pp. 189, 190.) After destroying Tyre, Alexander the Great besieged Gaza, which was at that time held by a Persian garrison, and took it after a siege of two months. He appears to have left the city standing; but afterwards, B. c. 96, Alexander Jannæus, reigning prince of the Jews, took it after a siege of a year and destroyed it. Thus was Gaza made desolate agreeably to the prediction of GE Zephaniah. (ii. 4.) Subsequently Gabinius rebuilt this city, which Augustus bestowed on Herod the Great, after whose death it was annexed to Syria. (Schleusner and Robinson, voce la.) The city of Gaza is mentioned in Acts viii. 26. with the parenhetical remark,—that aùrn iσTv ipapas-it [or the same] is desert: which has greatly exercised the ingenuity of commentators, some of whom refer aura to dos, and translate it by unfrequented; while others referring it to the city, explain it by deprived of fortifications: others again suppose the ancient city to have remained desolate, and that which flourished in the days of St. Luke to have occupied a somewhat different site nearer to the sea; and others consider these words to be a mere gloss which has found its way into the text. A passage, however, in Josephus, which has escaped the researches of most of the learned men, clears up the difficulty, and shows the minute fidelity of the sacred historian. A short time before the siege of Jerusalem, in consequence of a massacre of the Jews at Cæsarea, the whole | nation became greatly enraged, and in revenge laid waste many villages and cities; and among these were Anthedon and Gaza, which they utterly demolished. Gaza therefore was actually ips, a desert, at the time St. Luke wrote. (Josephus, Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. 18. § 1. Hug's Introd. vol. i. p. 25.) The neighbourhood of modern Gaza is described by Captains Irby and Mangles as being richly wooded with olives, sycamores, mulberries, cedars, fir trees, &c. &c. The country enclosed by hedges of prickly pears, the hills gently rising to the view beyond each other, and the whole has a beautiful appearance. Excepting the perishable materials, with which the houses are constructed, stone being substituted for mud, the town partakes of the wretched appearance of those in Egypt. (Travels, p. 178.) GEBAL, Mount, 31. GEDALIAH, the son of Ahikam, was left by Nebuchadnezzar in Palestine, after the destruction of Jerusalem, to govern the remainder of the people who continued there. He was treacherously slain by Ishmael the son of Nethaniah. (2 Kings xxv. 22-25.) GEHAZI, the servant of the prophet Elisha, who, contrary to his master's intention, fraudulently obtained presents of Naaman, the Syrian general, and was smitten with leprosy for his wickedness (2 Kings v. 20-27.); a judgment which ought to warn us not only of the curse which cleaves to ill-gotten wealth, but above all, of the just vengeance of God, which pursues all who, for purposes of worldly gain, bring a scandal and reproach upon their religion. GEHINNOM, or the Valley of Hinnom, 32. GENEALOGIES of the Hebrews, 79.; of the Herodian family, 51. GENNESARETH, a region 50 furlongs in length, and 20 in breadth; a very pleasant and fruitful place, abounding in the gardens of great men, whence it had its name from Gen and Sar, as being the garden of princes; it lay at the bottom of the Lake of Gennesareth, and gave that name to it. (Luke v. 1.) GENNESARETH, Sea of, 26, 27. GENTILES, Court of, in the temple, 99. GEOGRAPHY, not unknown to the Jews as a science, 187. Sketch of the historical and physical geography of Palestine, 13-40. GERGESA, a town near Gadara, so called, either from the Girgashites, the posterity of Canaan (for neither did Zebulon nor Naphtali drive out all the Canaanites, Judg. i. 30. 33.), or from Gergishta, signifying clay, the soil being clay; it gave name to a region so called, which comprehended in it Gadara, Hippo, and Magdala. See GADARA, p. 423. GERIZIM (Mount), a peak of Mount Ephraim, over-against Mount Ebal; between the two the city Shechem was situated. (Deut. xi. 29. xxvii. 11, 12.) In subsequent times this mounrain became the seat of the religious worship of the Samaritans, who erected a temple there; for a notice of which, see p. 101. GERSHOM and ELIEZER, the sons of Moses and Zipporah, were only simple Levites, while their relations, the sons of Aaron, enjoyed the highest honours of the pontificate. GERSHON, a son of Levi, who gave his name to one of the hree great branches of the Levites. The office of the Gershonites was, to carry the veils and curtains of the tabernacle, on the western side of which they encamped. GESHUR, a country in Syria, the daughter of whose king David married, and by her had Absalom (2 Sam. xv. 8.), who, after the murder of his brother Amnon, retired to the king of Geshur his grandfather. (13.) (IESSIUS FLORUS, the procurator of Judæa, notice of, 53, GI GETHSEMANE, a garden beyond Kedron, at the foot of Mount Olivet, so called from the wine-presses in it: it is memorable in the evangelical history, as being the scene of our Saviour's agony. It is described by recent travellers, as being a small plat of ground, with a low hedge or enclosure of stones; no verdure growing on it, save six or eight venerable-looking olives, which have stood there for many centuries: they are highly venerated by the Christians here, who consider any attempt to cut or injure them as amounting to an act of profanation. (Missionary Register for 1824, p. 504. Jowett's Researches in Syria, p. 303. Carne's Letters, p. 290. Rae Wilson's Travels, vol. i. p. 212. third edition.) GIEEAH, a city in the tribe of Benjamin, not far from Jerusa lem: it is frequently called Gibeah of Saul, from being the birth-place of the first Hebrew monarch. GIBEON, the capital city of the Gibeonites, who took ad vantage of the oaths of Joshua, and of the elders of Israel, on an artful representation which they made of their belonging to a very remote country. (Josh. ix.) Joshua and the elders had not the precaution to consult God on this affair, and inconsiderately made a league with these people: they soon discovered their mistake, and without revoking their promise of giving them their lives, they condemned them to carry wood and water to the tabernacle, and other servile work, as a mark of their pusillanimity and duplicity, as slaves and captives; in which state of servitude they remained, till the entire dispersion of the Jewish nation, ▲. м. 2553, в. c. 1451. Three days after the Gibeonites had surrendered to the Hebrews, the kings of the Canaanites being informed of it, came and besieged the city of Gibeon. (Josh. x. 3, &c.) The Gibeonites came to Joshua, and desired speedy help. Joshua attacked the five kings early in the morning, put them to flight, and pursued them to Bethoron. The Gibeonites were descended from the Hivites, the old inhabitants of that country, and possessed four cities; Cephirah, Beeroth, Kirjath-jearim, and Gibeon, the capital, afterwards given to Benjamin, excepting Kirjath-jearim, which fell to Judah. The Gibeonites continued subject to those burdens which Joshua had imposed on them, and were very faithful to the Israelites. Nevertheless Saul, through what mistaken zeal we cannot tell, destroyed a very great number of them (2 Sam. xxi. 1, 2, 3, &c.); but God, as a punishment of his cruelty, in the reign of David, sent a great famine, which lasted three years (A. M. 2983, B. c. 1017); and the prophets told David that this calamity would continue so long as that cruelty remained unre venged, which Saul had exercised against the Gibeonites. David asked the Gibeonites, what satisfaction they desired? They answered, "Seven of Saul's sons we will put to death, to avenge the blood of our brethren." The Gibeonites hung them up before the Lord. This happened early in the spring, when in Palestine, they begin barley-harvest. From this time there is no mention of the Gibeonites, as composing a sort of separate people. But it is probable that they were included among the Nethinim, or Given, who were public slaves, appointed for the service of the temple. (1 Chron. ix. 2.) Afterwards, those of the Canaanites, who were subdued, and had their lives spared, were added to the Gibeonites. We see (Ezra viii. 20. ii. 58. 1 Kings ix. 20, 21.) that David, Solomon, and the princes of Judah, gave many of them to the Lord; these Nethinim being carried into captivity with Judah and the Levites, many of them returned with Ezra, Zerubbabel, and Nehemiah, and continued as before, in the service of the temple, under the priests and Levites. Gibeon was seated on an eminence, as is evidenced by its name. It was forty furlongs from Jerusalem (according to Josephus) north. It is called Gabaa. (2 Sam. v. 25. compared with 1 Chron. xiv. 16.) There is mention of the foun tain and pool of Gibeon. (2 Sam. ii. 13.) We neither know when, nor by whom, nor upon what occasion, the tabernacle and altar of burnt sacrifices made by Moses, in the wilderness, were removed to Gibeon; but this we certainly know, that toward the end of David's reign, and in the beginning of Solomon's, they were there. (Chron. xxi. 29, 30.) David, seeing the angel of the Lord at Aaunah's threshing-floor, was so terrified, that he had rot time or strength to go so far as Gibeon, there to offer sacrifice, but Solomon being seated on the throne, went to sacrifice at Gibeon, because this was the most considerable of all the high places, where sacrifices were then tolerated, the temple being not yet built. (1 Kings iii. 4.) 1. One of the four rivers of Paradise; which Bishop Patrick and Dr. Wells suppose to be the easterly channel of the two, into which the Euphrates is divided after its junction with the Tigris. Others, however, (and among them, Gesenius,) suppose it to be the Oxus or Araxes. Josephus considers it to be the Nile, (Ant. Jud. lib. i. c. 1. § 3.), which now is said to be called Guyon by the Abyssinians. 2. A fountain or watercourse near Jerusalem, where Solomon was anointed King by Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet. (1 Kings i. 32-40.) It is supposed to be the same which was afterwards called SILOAM; for a notice of which, see p. 28. GILBOA, Mountains of, notice of, 30. GILEAD, Mountains of, notice of, 31. Balm of, 36. GILGAL, a celebrated place on the east of Jericho, and on this side Jordan, where the Israelites encamped for some time after their passage over that river. A city was afterwards built there, which became memorable for many events. It was a seat of justice (or, as we should now term it, an assize-town): Samuel, when travelling in circuit through the land, went yearly to Gilgal. (1 Sam. vii. 16.) Here Saul was crowned king of the Hebrews. In subsequent times it was the seat of idolatry. (Hos. iv. 15. Amos v. 5.) НА (Gen. xlvii. 11.), and "the fat of the lad." (Gen. xlv. 18.) The land of Goshen lay along the most easterly branch of the Nile, and on the east side of it; for it is evident, that at the time of the Exodus, the Israelites did not cross the Nile. In ancient times, it was considerably more extensive, both in length and breadth, in consequence of the general failure of the eastern branches of the Nile; the main body of the river verging more and more to the west continually, and deepening the channels on that side. (Dr. Hales's Chronology, vol. i. p. 374. Madden's Travels in Turkey, &c. vol. ii. p. 182.) GOVERNMENT of the Jews, under the patriarchs. See p. 40, 41. Under Moses and the judges, 41, 42. Under the kings, 42-48. During the Babylonian captivity, 49, 50. Under the Asmonæan and Herodian princes, 50-52. Under the Roman procurators, 52, 53. GOZAN, a city or country in northern Mesopotamia. (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11. xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 2.) By the geographer Ptolemy it is called Gauzanitis, now Kausehan. GRAIN, threshing of, 178. GREAVES (Military), use of, 88. GREECE, in the Scriptures, often comprehends all the countries inhabited by the descendants of Javan, as well in Greece as in Ionia and Asia Minor. Since the time of Alexander the Great the name of Greeks is taken in a more uncertain and enlarged sense, because, the Greeks being masters of Egypt and Syria, of the countries beyond the Euphrates, &c. the Jews called all those Gentiles Greeks. In the Maccabees, the Gospels, and Paul's writings, a Greek commonly signifies-a Gentile. In the Old Testament Greece and Greeks are named Javan. Isaiah says (lxvi. 19.), that the Lord shall send his ambassadors to Javan, to the isles afar off. Ezekiel tells us (xxvii. 13. 19.) that Javan, Tubal, and Meshech came to the fairs at Tyre. Daniel (xi. 2.), speaking of Darius, says "that he shall stir up all against the realm of Javan." Alexander the Great is described by the name of King of Javan. (Dan. viii. 21. x. 20.) GRINDING of corn, 178. GUARD, military, of the Temple, 101. GYMNASTIC exercises of the Jews, 190. HABAKKUK, the eighth of the twelve minor prophets, who foretold the captivity and restoration of the Jews. For an analysis of his predictions, see Vol. IV. p. 277. GOG and MAGOG, the accurate chronologer, Dr. Hales, thinks, are the general names of the northern nations of Europe and Asia, or the districts north of Caucasus, or Mount Taurus, colonized by Gog, or Magog, another of the sons of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), called, by the Arabian geographers, Jajuie and Majuje. (Rennel. Herod. p. 112.) Gog rather denotes the people, Magog the land. Thus Balaam foretold that Christ would be "a king higher than Agag," or rather "Gog," according to the more correct reading of the Samaritan Hebrew text, and of the Septuagint version of Num. xxiv. 7.: and Ezekiel, foretelling a HADRACH (Land of). This land, which is mentioned in future invasion of the land of Israel by these northern nations, Zech. ix. 1., occurs in no other part of the Old Testament. But Meshech, Tubal, and Togarmah, styles "Gog their chief a Syrian king, who is called Rehob in 2 Sam. viii. 3., is by Joprince," and describes their host precisely as Scythian or Tar-sephus named Apaos or Apages, which Dr. Blayney thinks was tarian; "coming out of the north, all of them riding on horses;" his proper and real name; that of Rehob, or the charioteer, having "bows and arrows" their weapons; "covering the land, like a been added characteristically on account of the number of his cloud, and coming like a storm," in the "latter days." (Ezek. chariots. (2 Sam. viii. 4.) This prince reigned over that part xxxviii. 1-17.) He also describes their immense slaughter, in of Syria which was called Zobah; so that, if by the land of Hathe valley of the passengers on the east of the sea, thence called drach or Arach be meant the kingdom of Zobah, the three capithe valley of Hamon Gog, "the multitude of Gog." (Ezek. tal kingdoms of Syria-Zobah, Damascus, and Hamath, will xxxix. 1-22.) This prophecy seems also to be revived in the then be cited for the whole. (Blayney on Zechariah, p. 37.) Apocalypse, where the hosts of Gog and Magog are represented as coming to invade "the beloved city," and perishing with immense slaughter likewise in Armageddon, "the Mount of Mageddo," or Megiddo. (Rev. xvi. 14-16. xx. 7-10.) Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 463. (first edition). GOLDEN CALF, worship of, 136. Golden calves of Jeroboam, ibid. GOLGOTHA, notice of, 19. GOLIATH, a Philistine giant, a native of Gath, well known for his combat with David. (1 Sam. xvii.) GOMER, the son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2, 3. Ezek. xxxviii. 6.), whose posterity peopled Galatia, according to Josephus; Phrygia, according to Bochart; but, according to Calmet and Gesenius, they were the Cimmerians or Cimbri, a little known and barbarous northern nation. GOMORRAH, one of the four cities in the vale of Siddim, which were sunk in the Dead Sea. (Gen. x. 19. xiii. 10.) GOSHEN (Land of), was the most fertile pasture ground in the whole of Lower Egypt: thence called Goshen, from Gush, in Arabic, signifying "a heart," or whatsoever is choice or precious. There was also a Goshen in the territory of the tribe of Judah, so called for the same reason. (Josh. x. 41.) Hence weph recommended it to his family as "the best of the land" HAGAR, an Egyptian woman, handmaid of Sarah, and mother of Ishmael. (Gen. xvi. 1. xxv. 12.) In Gal. iv. 24, 25. St. Paul applies this name by allegorical interpretation to the inferior condition of the Jews under the law, as compared with that of Christians under the Gospel. (1 HAGARITES or HAGARENES, the descendants of Ishmael. Chron. v. 10.) They constituted a tribe of Arabians, who are supposed to have settled in the vicinity of Mount Sinai. HAGGAI, the tenth of the minor prophets: he exhorted the Jews to rebuild the temple. For an analysis of his predictions see p. 287. HAI. See AI, p. 404. of this Index. HAIR, Jewish mode of dressing, 156, 157. Plucking off, a punishment, 66. Forbidden to be cut in certain forms, 142. HAM. 1. The youngest son of Noah, from whom, according to Gen x. 6-20., most of the southern nations were descended. Ac cording to Gesenius the name literally denotes warm or southern. 2. Land of Ham, a poetical name for Egypt, probably (says Gesenius) of Egyptian derivation, but to the Hebrew presenting the same signification as above. (Psal. Ixxviii. 51 cv. 23. 27. cvi. 22.) HE HAMAN a Persian nobleman, celebrated as the persecutor of the Jews: he was an Amalekite by nation, and descended from the poster y of Agag. (Esth. iii.—ix.) HI HEBRON, anciently called ARBA, and KIRJATH-ARBA, a city of Judæa, was situated on an eminence, twenty miles southward of Jerusalem, and twenty miles north from Beersheba. Abraham, HAMATH, on the northern boundary of Canaan, a colony of Sarah, and Isaac, were buried near Hebron, in the cave of MachPhoenicians, and the residence of a king who was in friendship pelah. (Gen. xxiii. 7, 8, 9.) Near this place was the oak or with David. (Num. xiii. 21. Judg. iii. 3. 2 Sam. viii. 9.) In turpentine tree, under which Abraham received three angels Amos vi. 2. it is called Hamath the Great, and in 2 Chron. viii. (Gen. xviii. 1.) Hebron was allotted to Judah. The Lord as 3. Hamath-Zobah. In Gen. x. 8. the inhabitants are called Ha- signed it to Caleb for inheritance. (Josh. xiv. 13.) Joshua first mathites. took Hebron, and killed its king (Josh. x. 3. 23. 37.), but afterwards Caleb again conquered it, assisted by the troops of his tribe, and the valour of Othniel. It was appointed for a dweling of the priests, and a city of refuge. David, after the death of Saul, settled the seat of his kingdom here. At Hebron, Absaivu began his rebellion. During the captivity of Babylon, the Edomites, having invaded the south of Judah, took Hebron: wherefore in Josephus it is sometimes made a part of Edom. Here Zachariah and Elisabeth resided, and John the Baptist was born. It is described, in 1823, as being a large town, with a Turkish mosque erected over the supposed burial-place of the patriarchs. (Carne's Letters, p. 280.) HANANEEL, a prophet in the reign of Asa king of Judah, by whom he was imprisoned for his fidelity in reproving the monarch for forming an alliance with Benhadad king of Syria. (2 Chron. xvi. 7—10.) HANDMILLS of the Jews. 154. HANNAH, the wife of Elkanah, and the mother of the prophet Samuel, whom she consecrated to the service of God. (1 Sam. i. ii.) HANUN, the son of Nahash, king of the Amorites. By the advice of evil-counsellors he maltreated, contrary to the law of nations, the ambassadors whom David had sent to congratulate him on his accession. (See p. 157.) This transaction led to a war, which terminated fatally for Hanun, whose army was utterly discomfited, his capital taken, and his subjects destroyed. (2 Sam. x. xi. 1. xii. 26—-30.) Hanun is supposed to have perished during the war. HAPHTOROTH, or sections of the prophets read in the synagogues, 104. Table of them, 105. HARAN. 1. The eldest son of Terah, and brother of Abraham and Nahor, the father of Lot, Milcah, and Iscah. He is said by Moses to have died before his father (Gen. xi. 28.), a circumstance which to us may appear too minute to be recorded; but in those days, when life was longer, and subject to fewer diseases than at present, the death of a son before his father was an event of sufficient importance to be distinctly noticed. With the exception of Abel, Haran is the first man mentioned in the sacred history, whose father beheld him depart this life. 2. HARAN OF CHARAN, a city in the northern part of Mesopotamia, where Abraham sojourned for a time in his passage to the land of Canaan. It was probably the same city, which the Greeks afterwards called Kapp and the Romans Carræ, and which zecame celebrated for the defeat and death of Crassus. HAREM (Royal), notice of, 47. HARETH, Forest of, 36. HAROSHETH of the Gentiles, a city near Lake Merom, which probably derived its name from the number of Gentiles who resided in its vicinity. Here Sisera dwelt, whose troops were discomfited and pursued by the Israelites to its very gates. HARP, form of, 184. HARVESTS of Palestine, account of, 23. 177, 178. 1. Two districts in Yemen, the one inhabited by the descendants of Havilah, the son of Cush, and grandson of Ham (Gen. x. 7.), the other by descendants of Shem. (ver. 29.) 2. A gold country (Gen. ii. 11.), perhaps a general name for Arabia (and India), which accords best with the opinion of those who imagine the Pison to be the Ganges. HAURAN, a district in the north-eastern part of Canaan, which derived its name from the town or city of Hauran. (Ezek. xlvi. 18.) It is the same with the Auranitis of Josephus and the ITUREA of St. Luke. (iii. 1.)—For its limits, &c. see p. 18. HAZAEL, a general officer of Benhadad king of Syria, whom he treacherously murdered and usurped his kingdom. During a reign of more than forty years he was the vigilant and successful enemy of the Hebrew princes, whose territories he laid waste, and at length he laid siege to Jerusalem, whence he consented to withdraw, only on condition of the treasures of the temple and of the palace being delivered up to him. HEAD, covering for, 156. HEADS of tribes or families, 41, 42. HEATHEN NATIONS, account of their deities worshipped by, 139. Allusion to their idolatrous rites explained, 139–142. HEBER. 1. The son of Salah (Gen. xi. 14.), from whom some critics and commentators have supposed that his descendants the Heprews derived their name. 2. A descendant of Hobab, the brother-in-law of Moses and husband of Jael, who killed Sisera. HEBREWS OF THE HEBREWS, who they were, 108 HELIOPOLITAN Temple, notice of, 101. HERMOGENES, the name of a man who at first was St. Paul's companion, but afterwards deserted him. (2 Tim. i. 15.) HERMON, Mount. See p. 30. HEROD the Great, account of, 50, 51. Massacre of the infants at Bethlehem by his order, 51.; I. 419. HEROD Agrippa, I. and II., account of, 52. HEROD Antipas, account of, 52. Why he was at war with Aretas king of Arabia, I. 50. HERODIAN FAMILY, genealogy of, 51. HERODIAS, the grand-daughter of Herod the Great, and sister of Herod Agrippa I. She was first married to her uncle Philip (Herod); but afterwards abandoned him, and connected herself with his brother Herod Antipas, whom she persuaded to put John the Baptist to death, because he had boldly denounced their incestuous union. (Matt. xiv. 3. 6. Mark vi. 17. 19. 22. Luke iii. 19.) HESHBON, the capital city of the kingdom of Sihon, situated about 20 miles eastward of the river Jordan: it was given to the tribe of Reuben. It is supposed to be the same place which is now called Hhubhzan. Numerous ruins attest its ancient splendour. This town is situated on so commanding a position, that the view from it extends at least 30 miles in every direction; and, to the southward, where the prospect is most extensive, the eye ranges, probably, a distance of 60 miles in a direct line. (Buck ingham's Travels among the Arab Tribes, p. 106.) HEZEKIAH, the son and successor of Ahaz king of Judah: he was a wise and pious prince, who extirpated idolatry, and restored the worship of the true God throughout his dominions. For a notice of the disease with which he was afflicted, see p. 196. HIDDEKEL, one of the four rivers which watered Paradise. (Gen. ii. 14.) It is generally supposed to be the same as the Tigris. HIEL, of Bethel, rebuil: Jericho, notwithstanding the maledic. tion denounced in Josh. vi. 26.; the effects of which he felt in his own family; his eldest son dying when the foundations of the walls were laid, and his youngest son when the gates were set up. (1 Kings xvi. 34.) HIERAPOLIS, a city of Phrygia, in the vicinity of Coloss and Laodicea (Col. iv. 13.), celebrated for its mineral waters, which now flow disregarded by the Turcomans. "Once there existed on the self-same spot a life-giving stream: but Epaphras and his successors, who said to the then countless multitudes of Hiera polis,—' Whosoever will, may come and take of the water of life freely,' have ages ago been silent in the grave." (Arundell's Seven Churches of Asia, p. 83.) The ruins of Hierapolis are still considerable: they are described by Mr. A. (Ibid. pp. 79-82.) This place is now called Pambouk Kalesi. HIEROGLYPHIC STONES, forbidden to be worshipped by the Israelites, 139. HIGH PLACES, account of, 101-103. 140. HIGH-PRIESTS, functions, dress, and privileges of, 113, 14 Their succession, 115. HINNOM, a person who is known only from the circumstance of his having given his name to a VALLEY, situated at a very short distancam 1. a alem; for a notice of which soc p. 32 |