ВА not far from the river Euphrates. He was sent for by Balak king of Moab to curse the Israelites; but instead of curses, he pronounced only blessings. (Num. xxii.-xxiv.) It is a question much debated among commentators, whether Balaam was a true prophet of the Lord, or only a magician and diviner or fortune-teller: and the arguments on each side are so strong, as o lead to the conclusion that he was both-a Chaldæan priest, magician, and astrologer by profession, a prophet by accident. He dwelt in a country, which, from time immemorial, was celebrated for the observation of the stars; and the astronomy of antiquity was never, perhaps, free from astrology. His fame, in every thing which at that time formed the science of Chaldæa, filled Asia: the honours and presents which he received, show the high estimation in which he was held. It is a circumstance, moreover, worthy of remark, that his religion was not a pure idolatry. He knew and served the LORD: the knowledge and worship of the true God did not simultaneously disappear among the nations; as is evident from the circumstances recorded of Melchisedek, Jethro, and, perhaps, Abimelech. The history of Balaam presents the last trace of the knowledge of the true God, which is found out of Canaan. If the rites celebrated by him were not devoid of superstition; if it be difficult to put a favourable construction upon the enchantments which Moses seems to attribute to him, it only follows that Balaam, like Laban, blended error and truth. The mixed religion, thus professed by him, furnishes a key to his mysterious history. Sacerdotal maledictions were at that time regarded as inevitable scourges, and the people of Moab and Midian thought that they should find in Moab an adversary, who was capable of opposing Moses; and it was only opposing a prophet to a prophet, a priest to a priest. In the judgment of these nations, Moses was a formidable magician; and, as Pharaoh had done forty years before, they sought out, on their part, a magician, to defend them: they wished to curse the Israelites in the very name of Jehovah, whom they supposed to be a more powerful deity than their own god. These circumstances wili enable us without difficulty to conceive how Balaam received the gift of prophecy. The terms employed by the sacred historian are so express, as to leave no doubt that he, occasionally, at least, was inspired. Besides, his predictions are extant; nor does it avail to say, that Balaam was a wicked man. The gift of prophecy did not always sanctify the heart. (See Matt. vii. 22.) If, then, we refer to the circumstances of that memorable day, we shall find in that dispensation reasons worthy of the divine wisdom. The Hebrews had arrived on the borders of Canaan, which country they were on the point of entering; they knew that Moses would not enter it; and in order to encourage the people to effect the conquest of the promised land, even without Moses, God caused one who was hostile to them to utter predictions of their victory. How encouraging must this circumstance have been to the Hebrews, at the same time that it would prove to them (who were about to come into continual contact with the Canaanites) how vain and useless against them would be the superstitions of those idolatrous nations. The three hills on which Balaam offered sacrifices in the presence of the Israelitish camp, remind us of one of the prejudices of ancient times. The ancients believed that a change of aspect induced a change of condition. On this subject compare p. 90. BALADAN, OF MERODACH-BALADAN, the Belesis and Nabonassar of profane historians, and the founder of the Babylonian empire. Originally only governor of Babylon, he entered into a conspiracy with Arbaces, governor of Media, against Sardanapalus, king of Assyria; on whose death he had Babylon for his share of the dominions of Sardanapalus, as already related in p. 192. of this Index. BALAK, king of Moab, is known only by the circumstance of his having invited Balaam to his assistance against the Israelites. See BALAAM. BALM of GILEAD, 36. BANISHMENT, a Jewish punishment, notice of, 66. BAPTISM of Proselytes, 109. Analogy between Circumcision and Baptism. See p. 110. and note. BARABBAS, the name of a seditious robber, whose release the Jews demanded of Pilate. (John xviii. 40.) BARACHIAS, the father of Zacharias, mentioned in Matt. xxiii. 35., is supposed to have been Jehoiada the high-priest; it being not uncommon among the Jews to have two names. BARAK, the son of Abinoam, who, in conjunction with Deboah, delivered the Israelites from the oppression of the Canaanites. (Judg. iv. v. Heb. xi. 32.) BARBARIAN, one who belongs to a different nation, and uses BE a different language. In this sense the word was used by the Greeks, Romans, and Jews. Under the terms " Greeks" and "Barbarians" Saint Paul comprehends all mankind. BARGAINS and SALES, how made and ratified, 81. BAR-JESUS, a Jewish magician in the island of Crete; who, opposing Paul and Barnabas, and endeavouring to prevent Sergius Paulus from embracing Christianity, was by St. Paul struck blind. (Acts xiii. 6.) On the nature of this blindness, see p. 197. The same miracle, which punished the impostor, converted the proconsul. St. Luke calls him Elymas, an Arabic name signi fying sorcerer. He is supposed to have been one of the proconsul's council, who was apprehensive of losing his credit, if the Roman became a Christian. BAR-JONAH, a patronymic appellation of the apostle Peter, (Matt. xvi. 17.) BARNABAS, a surname of Joses, a Levite by descent, and born of parents who lived in the Isle of Cyprus. Having embraced Christianity, he became St. Paul's principal associate in his labours for propagating the Gospel. He is supposed to have received the name of Barnabas, which signifies a son of consolation, after his conversion to the faith of Jesus Christ. (Acts iv. 36. ix. 27. xi. 22. 25. 30. xii. 25. xiii. 1, 2.) BARTHOLOMEW, one of the twelve apostles, is supposed to have been Nathaniel, who was one of Christ's first disciples. According to ecclesiastical tradition, fer preaching the Gospel in Persia and Arabia, he suffered marty.dom at Albanopolis. BARTIMEUS, or the son of Timæus, a blind beggar of Jericho, to whom Jesus Christ miraculously imparted the gift of sight (Mark x. 46.) BARUCH, the son of Neriah, descended from an illustrious family of the tribe of Judah, was the scribe or secretary anc faithful friend of the prophet Jeremiah, whom he accompanied into Egypt. (Jer. xxxvi.) For an analysis of the apocryphal book of Baruch, see p. 291, 292. BASHAN, or BATANEA, district of, 18. Forest of Bashan See p. 36. BASKETS of the Jews, 155. BATH, much used in the East, 170. BATH-KOL, or voice from heaven. See p. 256. BATHSHEBA, or BATHSHUA, the daughter of Eliam or Ammiel, and the wife of Uriah the Hittite. After his murder she became the wife of David, who had previously committed adultery wit her. She subsequently was the mother of Solomon. BATTLE, order of, 89. BEARD, reverence of, in the East, 157. The corners of, why forbidden to be marred, 142. BEATING to DEATH, punishment of, 68 BEEROTH, a city belonging to the Gibeonites, which was afterwards given up to the tribe of Benjamin. (Josh. ix. 7. 2 Sam. iv. 2.) According to Eusebius, it was seven Roman miles distant from Jerusalem, on the road to Nicopolis. BEERSHEBA (the well of an oath, or the well of seven), because here Abraham made an alliance with Abimelech, king of Gerar, and gave him seven ewe-lambs, in token of that covenant to which they had sworn. (Gen. xx. 31.) Beersheba was given by Joshua to the tribe of Judah; afterwards it was transferred to Simeon. (Josh. xv. 28.) It was twenty miles from Hebron, south; here was a Roman garrison, in Eusebius's and Jerome's time. The limits of the Holy Land (as we have already remarked) are often expressed in Scripture, by the terms-" From Dar! to Beersheba" (2 Sam xvii. 11, &c.), Dan being the northern, Beersheba the southern extremity of the land. BEGGARS, treatment of, 83. BELSHAZZAR, the last monarch of Babylon, grandson of Ne buchadnezzar, who was slain while carousing with his officers; the city being taken, and the empire translated to Cyaxares, whom the Scriptures call Darius the Mede. BELT, or Girdle (Military), Notice of, 88. BENHADAD I. king of Syria, who, gained by the presents of Asa king of Judah, broke off his alliance with Baasha king of Israel, and assisted him against the latter. (1 Kings xv. 18.) He was succeeded by his son, BENHADAD II., who made war against Ahab king of Israel, and was defeated. He also made war against Jehoram the son of Ahab but by means of the prophet Elisha was obliged to return BE into his country again, as related in 2 Kings vi. Shortly after he besieged Samaria, which city he reduced to the utmost distress (2 Kings vii.); but, his army being seized with a panic, they deserted the besieged city, and returned home. In the following year, Benhadad was murdered by Hazael, who succeeded to the throne of Syria. (2 Kings viii.) BENJAMIN, the youngest son of Jacob and Rachel, one of the twelve patriarchs. From him was descended the tribe of Benjamin; for the situation, &c. of the canton allotted to which, see p. 17. BERACHAH, Valley of, 31. BEREA, a city of Macedonia, where Paul preached the Gospel with great success. The historian Luke gives an honourable character to the Bereans, in Acts xviii. 10. BERNICE, notice of, 52. BETHABARA, the place of the ford or passage, viz. of the Jordan. It is mentioned in John i. 28., where the best manuscripts, the Vulgate, Saxon, and both the Syriac versions, as well as the Greek paraphrase of Nonnus, read Bhava. The reading BaaBapa seems to have arisen from the mere conjecture of Origen; who, in travelling through that region, found no such place as Bravia, but saw a town called Ba9px, and therefore changed the common reading. (Campbell and Blomfield on John i. 20.) BETHANY. BE large as NAZARETE, and to contain from a thousand to fifteen hundred inhabitants, who are almost wholly Christians, and are a bold, fierce race of men, of whom both Turks and Arabs stand in awe. On the north-eastern side of it is a deep valley, where tradition says that the angels appeared to the shepherds of Judæa, with the glad tidings of our Saviour's nativity (Luke ii. 8-14.): and in this valley Dr. Clarke halted at the identical fountain for whose delicious water David longed. (2 Sam. xxiii. 15-18.) Of the various pretended holy places which are here shown to Christians, the cave of the nativity is the only spot verified by tradition from the earliest ages of Christianity. Between one and two miles from this place, on the road to Jerusalem, stood the site of Rachel's tomb (Gen. xxxv. 19, 20. 1 Sam. x. 2.), which is now covered by a small square Mohammedan building, surmounted by a dome, and resembling in its exterior the tombs of saints and sheiks in Arabia and Egypt. In the vicinity of Bethlehem are the pools of Solomon, which are described in p. 29. supra. (Dr. Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. pp. 408-420. See also Hasselquist's Travels, p. 144.; Buckingham's Travels in Palestine, pp. 218-222.; Carne's Letters from the East, p. 277.; Three Weeks in Palestine, p. 49.) On the age of the children massacred at Bethlehem, see Vol. II. p. 77. Historical evidence of that fact, I. p. 419. BETHPHAGE, a tract of land and also a small village at the foot of the Mount of Olives, between Bethany and Jerusalem. It derived its name from the abundance of figs which grew there. This tract seems to have run along so near to Jerusalem that the utmost street within the walls was called by that name. It is mentioned in Matt. xxi. 1. and the parallel passages in the other evangelists. BETHSAIDA, a city beyond Jordan, on the coast of the sea of Tiberias, near the place where the river enters that sea. It wa originally a village, and was enlarged into a city and beautifie by Philip the Tetrarch, who called it Julia in honour of the em peror's daughter. It was one of the cities against which Chris denounced a woe (Matt. xi. 21.) for her impenitence and infi delity, after the mighty works he had done in her. It also wa the residence of the apostles Philip, Andrew, and Peter. (Johi i. 44.) At present Bethsaida exists in little more than the name (Jowett's Christ. Researches in Syria, p. 178.) 1. A town in Judæa, where Lazarus dwelt, and where he was raised from the dead, was fifteen furlongs east from Jerusalem, on the way to Jericho (John xi. 8.), and was situated on the retired and shady side of Mount Olivet. It is now a miserable little village, consisting of a cluster of mud hovels. Somewhere on this side of that mountainous tract, which reached within eight furlongs of Jerusalem, from which it was only a Sabbathday's journey, Mr. Jowett, with great probability, places the scene of the Ascension: "for it is said (Luke xxiv. 50, 51.), that Jesus Christ led his disciples out as far as to Bethany, and then was parted from them and carried up into heaven. The previous conversation, as related in the beginning of the Acts of the Apostles (i. 6—9.), would probably occupy some time while walking toward Bethany; for we must not judge of the length of our Lord's discourses by the brevity with which the evangefists record them. Here the last sparks of earthly ambition were extinguished in the bosoms of the apostles; and they were prepared to expect that purer fire which was ere long to burst forth upon the day of Pentecost. Here their Head was taken from them; and two or three ministering spirits of his train, becoming visible to their eyes, interrupted their mute astonishment, and dismissed them to their proper stations." At present the culti-a vation around Bethany is much neglected; though it is a pleasant, romantic spot, abounding in trees and long grass. Various supposed sites of the houses of Lazarus, of Martha, of Simon the leper, and of Mary Magdalene, are pointed out to credulous and ignorant Christians. (Jowett's Christian Researches in Syria, pp. 256-258. Richardson's Travels, vol. ii. p. 371.) 2. A village on the eastern side of Jordan, where John baptized. (John i. 28) Its exact position is not known. See BETHABARA. BETH-AVEN, a city not far from Ai, the same as BETHEL, where Jeroboam I. set up his golden calves: whence the prophet Hosea (iv. 15.) in derision calls it Beth-Aven, that is, the House of Vanity, or of Idols; instead of Bethel, or the House of God, which name had been given to it by the patriarch Jacob after his memorable vision, related in Gen. xxvii. BETHESDA, pool of, 20. BETHLEHEM, now called BEIT-LAHHм, was a celebrated city, about six miles south-west from Jerusalem: it was formerly called Ephrath or Ephrata. (Gen. xxxv. 19. xlviii. 7. Mic. v. 2.) It was a city in the time of Boaz (Ruth iii. 11. iv. 1.), and was fortified by Rehoboam. (2 Chron. xi. 6.) In Matt. ii. 1. 5. it is called Bethlehem of Judæa, to distinguish it from another town of the same name situated in Lower Galilee, and mentioned in Josh. xix. 15. In Luke ii. 4. it is called the city of David, because David was born and educated ther. (Compare John vii. 42. and 1 Sam. xvi. 1. 18.) This city, though not considerable for its extent or riches, is of great dignity as the appointed birthplace of the Messiah (Matt. ii. 6. Luke ii. 6—15.): it is pleasantly situated on the brow of an eminence, in a very fertile soil, which only wants cultivation to render it what the name Bethlehem imports-a house of bread. Between the clefts of the rock, when the soil is cultivated, vines, figs, and olives, appear o grow in great luxuriance. Bethlehem is said to be nearly as BETH-SHAN OF BETH-SHEAN, a city belonging to the half-trib of Manasseh, not far from the western banks of the Jordan (1 Sam. xxxi. 10.) After the defeat of the Israelites, and the death of Saul and his sons, the Philistines fastened the body of Saul to the walls of this place, whence the men of Jabesh-Gilead took it down and carried it away. In the fourth century it was considerable town, and bore, as it had done for several ages. the name of Scythopolis. BETHSHEMESH. 1. A Levitical city in the tribe of Judah, whither the ark was brought after it had been sent back by the Philistines. Some of the inhabitants, having looked into it with vain curiosity, fell down dead, to the number of seventy. (1 Sam. vi. 19.) 2. A city in the tribe of Issachar. (Josh. xix.) 3. A city in the tribe of Naphtali. (Josh. xix. 38. Judg. i. 33.) BETHUEL, the son of Nahor and Milcha, and nephew of Abra ham, was the father of Rebekah. (Gen. xxii.) BETHULIA, a small city, not far from the mountain known by the name of the Mountain of the Beatitudes. It is generally supposed to be the city set on a hill, mentioned in Matt. v. 14. It stands on a very eminent and conspicuous mountain, and is seen far and near: it is at present called SAFET, and is a very strong position, and might well defy the power of Holofernes and his army. It answers exactly to the description given in the apocryphal book of Judith. (Carne's Letters, p. 367.) Safet is said to be peopled by about four hundred Jewish families. The prospect from this place is very extensive. "The view," says the Rev. Mr. Jowett, "to the south and on either side, comprehending about one-third of the circle, presents the most sur prising assemblage of mountains which can be conceived. It is, if such an expression may be allowed, one vast plain of hills. To a distance of twenty or thirty miles toward Nazareth, and nearly the same toward Mount Tabor and Mount Hermon, the far spreading country beneath is covered with ranges of mountains, which, having passed over them, we know to be ascents and descents far from inconsiderable; but which, from the eminence of Safet, appear only as bold undulations of the surface of the earth. To the left are the inhospitable and unvisited mountains eastward of the river Jordan. In the centre of the distant scene appears the beautiful lake of Tiberias, fully seen from one ex CÆ tremity to the other; and in the background, stretching beyond he utmost power of vision, are the mountains of Gilead. On a clear day the view in that direction must be more than forty miles." (Jowett's Researches in Syria, p. 184.) BETROTHING in marriage, ceremony of, 160, 161. BIRTH of children, and privileges of the first-born, 163. BITHYNIA, a region of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by the Euxine sea, on the south by Phrygia, on the west by the Propontis, and on the east by Galatia. Saint Peter addressed his first Epistle (among others) to the Hebrew Christians who were scattered throughout Bithynia. (1 Pet. i. 1.) BLASPHEMY, punishment of, 62. BLINDNESS of Elymas, observations on, 197. Jewish Law concerning blind persons, 82, 83. СА Philip the Tetrarch built it, or, at least, embellished and enlarged it, and named it Cæsarea, in honour of Tiberius; afterwards, in compliment to Nero, it was called Neronius. The woman who was troubled with an issue of blood, and healed by our Saviour (Matt. ix. 20. Luke viii. 43.), is said to have been of Cæsarea Philippi. The present town of Paneas is small; and the ground it stands on is of a triangular form. From this compressed situation the ancient city could not have been of great extent. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, p. 289.) CAIAPHAS, also called Joseph, was high-priest of the Jews at the time Jesus was crucified, and was a principal agent in that transaction. (Matt. xxvi. 3. 57. Luke iii. 2. John xi. 49. xviii. 13, 14. 24. 28. Acts iv. 6.) He was of the sect of the Sadducees. CAIN, the eldest son of Adam and Eve. He was the first husbandman, and also the first homicide. (Gen. iv.) He slew Abel, because his own works were evil, and his brother's righteous. (1 John iii. 12.) CAINAN is mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus Christ by St. Luke (iii. 35, 36.) as the son of Arphaxad, and father of Salah; while in the genealogies preserved in Gen. x. 24. xi. 12. and 1 Chron. i. 24. the son of Arphaxad is denominated Salah, and no mention is made of this Cainan. Various suppositions have been offered to reconcile the seeming contradiction. The simplest solution is always the most certain. St. Luke wrote for those Christians who read the Septuagint Greek version more BREAST-PLATE of the high-priest, 114.; and of the Jewish than the original Hebrew; and, consequently, he preferred their oldiers, 87. CESAR, originally the surname of the Julian family. After being dignified in the person of Julius Caesar, it became the usual appellation of those of his family who ascended the imperial throne. The last of these was Nero; but the name was still retained by his successors, as a sort of title belonging to the imperial dignity. In the New Testament the reigning emperor is called Cæsar, without any other distinguishing appellation. The persons mentioned or alluded to by this title are Augustus (Luke ii. 1.), Tiberius (Luke iii. 1. xx. 22. 24, 25.), Claudius (Acts xi. 8.), and Nero (Acts xxv. 8. Phil. iv. 22.) CESAREA OF PALESTINE, so called as being the metropolis of Palestine and the residence of the Roman proconsul, was formerly named the Tower of Strato; but, its harbour being extremely incommodious, Herod the Great erected a spacious mole, and greatly enlarged and beautified the city, which he denominated Cæsarea, in honour of the emperor Augustus, his great patron, to whom he dedicated it in the twenty-eighth year of his reign, with games and other ceremonies, in a most solemn manner, and with a profusion of expense. It is very frequently mentioned in the New Testament; and is sometimes called, by way of eminence, Cæsarea. Here Peter converted Cornelius and his kinsmen, the first-fruits of the Gentiles (Acts x.); here lived Philip the Evangelist (Acts xxi. 8.); and here St. Paul so admirably defended himself against the Jews and their orator Tertullus. (Acts xxiv.) Cæsarea now retains nothing of its former splendour: at present the whole of the surrounding country, on the land side, is a sandy desert: the waves wash the ruins of the moles, the towers, and the port, which anciently were both its ornament and its defence, towards the sea. Not a creature (except jackals and beasts of prey) resides within many miles of this silent desolation: and its ruins, which are very considerable, have long been resorted to as a quarry whenever building materials were required at Acre. (Dr. Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. pp. 446-448. Mr. Buckingham has a long and interesting description of the ancient history and present state of Cæsarea. See his Travels, pp. 126-138.) CESAREA PHILIPPI (formerly called Paneas) was situated near the springs of the river Jordan. It was first called Laish or Lechem (Judg. xviii. 7.), and after it was subdued by the Danites (v. 29.) it received the appellation of Dan. Cæsarea was day's journey from Sidon; a day and a half from Damascus. version, which adds the name of Cainan to the genealogy of Shem. CALAMITIES, with which Palestine was visited, 38-40. CALEB, a celebrated Jewish warrior, of the tribe of Judah; who, as a reward for his fidelity, when sent, together with Joshua, to explore the country of Canaan, was permitted to enter the promised land, where he obtained possessions. (Josh. xiv. 6-13.) A district belonging to the tribe of Judah was called after his name. (1 Sam. xxx. 14.) CALENDAR, Jewish, 75, 76. CALF, golden, worshipped by the Israelites, 136. the golden calves of Jeroboam I., 136. CALVARY, notice of, 19. CAMELS, notice of, 175. CAMPS of the Hebrews, form of, 86, 87. Account o CANA, a small town of Galilee, situated on a gentle eminence to the west of Capernaum. This circumstance distinctly proves how accurately the writings of the evangelists correspond with the geography and present appearance of the country. The ruler of Capernaum, whose child was dangerously ill, besough Jesus to come down and heal his son. (John iv. 47-51. About a quarter of a mile from the small and poor village (fo such it now is) on the road from Nazareth, there is a well of delicious water close to the road, whence all the water is taken for the supply of the inhabitants. At this well, which is supplied by springs from the mountains about two miles distant, it is usual for pilgrims to halt, as being the source of the water, which our Saviour, by his first public miracle, converted into wine. (John ii. 11.) In consequence of this miracle, both the Christian and Turkish inhabitants of Cana cherish the singular notion that, by drinking copiously of the water of this spring, intoxication is produced. This place is called Cana of Galilee, to distinguish it from Cana of Kanah (Josh. xix. 28.), which belonged to the tribe of Asher, and was situated in the vicinity of Sidon. Here are shown the ruins of a church, which is said to have been erected by the empress Helena, over the spot where the marriage-feast was held. (Dr. Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. pp. 185-188.) CANAAN, the son of Ham and the progenitor of the Canaanites. For an account of the land called after him, see pp. 13. 15. How divided by Joshua among the twelve tribes, 16, 17. Populousness of Canaan, 38. Idols worshipped by the CaLaanites, 137, 138. Their extirpation considered, Vol. I. pp. 409, 410. CANDACE, a queen of Ethiopia mentioned in Acts viiì. 27. This name was common to the Ethiopian queens in the time of Christ; and, according to Eusebius, Ethiopia continued to be governed by women, even to his time, the fourth century. (Eccl. Hist. lib. ii. c. 1.) CANDLESTICK, golden, in the Temple, at Jerusalem, 100. CAPERNAUM, a town of Galilee, situated on the coast of the lake of Gennesareth, on the borders of the tract occupied by the tribes of Zebulon and Nephthalim. This place is celebrated for the many mighty works and discourses performed by our Saviour, CH which brought a heavy wo upon the inhabitants for their infidelity. (Matt. xi. 23.) In the vicinity of this town or city our Lord delivered his admirable sermon; and near it also was the custom-house, at which Matthew the publican was sitting when Jesus called him to the apostleship. (Matt. ix. 1. 9.) Here the Jews had a synagogue (Mark i. 23. Luke iv. 33.), as the Christians afterwards had a church. Mr. Buckingham in 1817 found various remains of some ancient settlement in its vicinity; but in 1823 scarcely a relique remained to attest its former existence. Recent travellers describe the appearance of the Lake of Gennesareth from Capernaum as singularly grand and impressive. This place is now called Tal-hhewn or Tal-hhewm, as it is differently pronounced. (Buckingham's Travels in Palestine, pp. 469, 470. Jowett's Researches in Syria, p. 168.) CAPHTOR (Jer. xlvii. 4. Amos ix. 7.) and CAPHTORIM (Gen. x. 14. Deut. ii. 23.), the name of a country and people whence the Philistines are said to have originated. According to the passages above referred to, the Caphtorim came originally from Egypt and settled in Caphtor, which word most of the ancient versions have rendered Cappadocia; but some have supposed it to be Cyprus, or Crete; which last both Calmet and Gesenius consider to be the place most probably intended. From Caphtor, a colony migrated and settled in the southern part of Canaan. CAPITAL Punishments of the Jews, account of, 66-69. CAPPADOCIA, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the east by Armenia, on the west by Paphlagonia and Galatia, on the north by the Euxine Sea, and on the south by that part of Mount Taurus which looks towards Cilicia. It was famed for mules and horses, of which it gave yearly to the Persians, horses 1500, mules 2000. The Cappadocians are said to have been a nation so servile, that when the Romans offered them their freedom to live by their own laws, they said they could not endure liberty. This country is mentioned in Acts ii. 9. and also by the apostle Peter, who addresses his first Epistle to the Hebrew Christians who were dispersed through Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Bithynia, and Asia Minor. CAPTAIN of the LORD'S HOST, authority of, and influence, 85. CAPTIVES, cruel treatment of. See pp. 90, 91. CAPTIVITY (Babylonish), state of the Hebrews during, 49, 50. CARAVANS, mode of travelling by, 122, note 7. 173. CARCHEMISH, a fortified city on the Euphrates belonging to the Assyrians, commanding the pass into the northern part of Mesopotamia, from Syria. Necho king of Egypt took it, and left a strong garrison in it; which was taken and cut in pieces, in the fourth year of Jehoiachin king of Judah, by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. (2 Chron. xxxv. 20. 2 Kings xxiii. 29.) Isaiah speaks of Carchemish, and seems to say, that Tiglath-pileser conquered it; perhaps from the Egyptians. Profane authors say nothing of this town, or of these wars: it is probable that Carchemish is the same as Cercusium, or Circesium, or Circeium, situated in the angle formed by the conjunction of the Chaboras (the modern Chebour) and the Euphrates. CARMEL, Mount, account of, 30. CARVING, art of, among the Jews, 183. CASIPHIA (Ezra viii. 17.), the name of a country; perhaps Caspia, the country on the Caspian Sea. CASLUHIM (Gen. x. 14. 1 Chron. i. 12.), a people, spoken of as a colony of the Egyptians; according to Bochart (Phaleg. iv. 31.), the Colchians, whom the Greek writers constantly represent as of Egyptian origin. CATTLE reared in Palestine, notice of, 37. 174—176. CENCHREA, a haven on the east of the isthmus of Corinth, to which city it was considered as a kind of subsidiary port. It is mentioned in Acts xviii. 18. CEPHAS, a name given by Christ to Simon: it means the same as Terps, that is, a stone. (John i. 43.) CHAINS of the Jewish women, 158. CHALDEA, a country of Asia, lying near the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, the capital of which was BABYLON, whence it was also denominated BABYLONIA. In ancient times it was known by the names Shinar, Shinaar, &c.-For a sketch of the profane history of the Chaldæan or Babylonian empire, illustrative of the prophetic writings, see p. 412. of this Index. CHARIOTS, military, notice of, 85, 86. CL sius, and empties itself into the Euphrates near Circesiun (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11. 1 Chron. v. 26., CHEмOSH, a Moabitish idol, notice of, 138. CHILDREN, birth and education of, 163, 164. Adoption of, 164, 165. CHINNERETH, sea of, 26. CHIOS (Acts xx. 15.) is an island of the Ægean Sea, between Lesbos and Samos, celebrated in ancient and in modern times, for its wine, figs, marble, and white earth. CHISLEU, OF CASLEU, the third month of the Jewish civil year; and the ninth month of the ecclesiastical year. For the feasts and fasts in this month, see p. 75. CHITTIM. The land of Chittim, and the isles of Chittim, denote, in general, the maritime countries and islands of the Mediterranean, Greece, Italy, Crete, Cyprus, Corsica, &c. Thus, Balaam foretold "that ships should come from the coast of Chittim, and should afflict Asshur (the Assyrians), and afflict Eber" (the Hebrews, or Jews); representing the Grecian and Roman invasions, And Daniel foretold that "the ships of Chittim should come against the king of the north (Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria); and that he should therefore be grieved, and return" from the south, or Egypt, which he had invaded, when commanded to desist by the Roman ambassadors. (Dan. xi. 30. Livy, xlv. 10-12.) Perseus, king of Macedon, is called "king of Chittim." (1 Macc. viii. 5.) CHIUN (Amos v. 26.), the idol Saturn. CHORAZIN, a small town situated on the western coast of the Sea of Galilee, at no great distance from Capernaum. It was one of those places where very many of our Saviour's miracles were performed, whose inhabitants he upbraided for their infi delity. (Matt. xi. 21. Luke x. 13.) CHRIST (XPLOTUS), a Greek word signifying anointed, and corresponding to the Hebrew word MESSIAH, which see. In the New Testament, this appellation is given to Jesus, the anointed one, that king of the race of David, promised by God, and long expected, the Messiah. CHRISTIANS,, those who profess to believe and practise the religion of Jesus Christ. This appellation was first given by divine appointment to the believers at Antioch. (Acts xi. 26.) See Vol. I. p. 350. CHURCH (Jewish), account of, and of its various members, 108-111.; and of its ministers, 111–116. CHUSHAN-RISKATHAIM, a king of Mesopotamia, who op pressed the Israelites for eight years. This monarch must have subdued several of the surrounding nations within thirty or forty years after the death of Joshua, since his conquests extended westward as far as Canaan. The Israelites were delivered from his yoke by OTHNIEL. (Judg. iii. 8-10.) CHUZA, or CHUSA, the steward or agent of Herod-Antipas, whose wife was one of the pious women who ministered to Jesus Christ. (Luke viii. 3.) Some critics, however, suppose that he was the treasurer or overseer of Herod's revenue. CILICIA, a country of Asia Minor, between Pamphylia on the west, and Pieria on the east, Mount Taurus on the north, and the Cilician Sea on the south, celebrated on the account of Cicero, proconsul there, but more on the account of St. Paul's birth at Tarsus, a city of Cilicia. (Acts xxii. 3.) CINNERETH, OF CINNEROTH, a city in the canton of the tribe of Nephtali: it is supposed to be the same which was afterwards called TIBERIAS; as the Lake of Gennesareth, which in Hebrew is called the Sea of Cinnereth, is unquestionably the Lake or Sea of Tiberius: for an account of which see pp. 26, 27. CIRCUMCISION, how and when performed. See p. 110. CISLEU. See CHISLEU. CISTERNS in Palestine, notice of, 29. CITIES, Jewish, 155. How besieged, 90. Treatment of, when captured, ibid. Gates of, seats of justice, 54. CITIES OF REFUGE, 16. ers. CITIZENS of Rome, privileges and treatment cf, when prison See pp. 57-59. CLASSES of the Jewish priests, 112. CLAUDA, an island near Crete, situated near the southern and western sea. It is mentioned in Acts xxvii. 16. CLAUDIUS. 1. Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, the fifth emperor of CHEBAR a river o Mesopotamia. which rises in Mount Ca- Cæsar of Rome. He was the son of Nero Drusus, and obtained СО the imperial dignity principally through the exertion of Herod Agrippa. (Josephus, Ant. Jud. 1. xix. c. 4. § 1. Bell. Jud. I. ii. e. 11. §2.) In the fourth year of his reign occurred the famine predicted by Agabus. (Acts xi. 28. and Kuin el in loc). In the first part of his reign he was favourable to the Jews (Jos. Ant. Jud. 1. xx. c. 1. § 2.); but in his ninth year he banished, by edict, all those who had taken up their residence at Rome. (Acts xviii. 2. Suetonius in Claud. c. 25.) He died, A. D. 54, after a weak and inglorious reign of 14 years, of poison administered by his wife Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. (Robinson, voce Kaaudios.) 2. Claudius Lysias, a Roman tribune, who preserved Paul from a conspiracy of the Jews. (Acts xxiii. 23-35. xxiv. 1-9.) CLEOPAS, one of the two disciples who went to Emmaus. (Luke xxiv. 18, &c.) The name is of Greek extraction, being contracted from Cleopatros, like Antipas from Antipatros. He is sometimes confounded with CLOPAS, the husband of Mary, also called Alpheus. (John xix. 25.) By comparing this passage with Luke xxiv. 10., it appears that the wife of Clopas is the same as the mother of James the Less (compare Matt. xxvii. 56. with Mark xv. 40.); but in Matt. x. 3. and Mark iii. 18. James is said to be the son of Alpheus. CLIMATE of the Holy Land, 23. CY of sophists in particular was very great. The knowledge of these circumstances affords a key to St. Pa exhortations against fornication, lasciviousness, and covetons (1 Cor. vi. 9, 10.), and also his defence of the Christian. doctrine agai.ist the sophists, to whom the fathers attribute all the strifes and contentions that sprang up in this church. In consequence of the war between the Greeks and Turks, Corinth has been reduced to a miserable heap of ruined hovels, affording very insufficient shelter to some wretched outcasts of the province of Roumelia. (Missionary Register, 1828, p. 388.) CORN, culture and harvesting of, 177. How threshed out, 178; and ground, ibid. CORNELIUS, a devout Roman centurion, who was converted to Christianity by the apostle Peter. CORPORAL injuries, how punished among the Jews, 63, 64. CORRUPTION (Mount of), 19. Of the Jews at the time of Christ's birth, 148-150. COUNCIL (Great) of the Jews. See p. 55. COUP-DE-SOLEIL in Palestine, effects of, 24, 25. COURTS OF JUDICATURE (Jewish), and proceedings before them, 54-57. (Roman), proceedings in, 57-59. COURTS of Kings, allusions to, 45, 46. Principal officers of, 46, 47. COURTS OF THE TEMPLE, 99, 100. COVENANTS, how made, 80, 81. Covenant of salt, 81. CRETE, an island in the Mediterranean Sea. A Christian CNIDUS (Acts xxvii. 7.) was a city and promontory of Caria, church was planted here, probably by St. Paul, who committed it memorable for the worship of Venus. COCK-CROWING, a division of time, 73. COLOSSE (or Colasse) was a city of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, situated near the conflux of the Lycus and the Meander. It was formerly a large and populous place, but in the time of Saint Paul had lost much of its ancient greatness, and stood nearly equidistant from Laodicea and Hierapolis. According to Eusebius, all these cities were destroyed by an earthquake in the tenth year of the emperor Nero, about a year after the writing of Saint Paul's Epistle to the Colossians. A few ruins identify its site, which is at present called Khóna or Khonas by the Turks of Asia Minor. (See a description of Colossæ and its vicinity, in Mr. Arundell's Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia, pp. 92-101.) COMMERCE of the Midianites, Phoenicians, and Egyptians, 187. Of the Hebrews, particularly under Solomon and his successors, 187, 188. Of Babylon, 411. COMPENSATION, in what cases allowed, 65. CONTRACTS for disposing of property, how made, 81. Contracts of marriage, 160. CONVERSATION of the Orientals, 169, 170. to the charge of Titus. (Acts xxvii. 7. 12, 13. 21. Tit. i. 5.) Its inhabitants were celebrated archers, but infamous for their falsehood, debaucheries, and piracies. The Cretans of the present day are precisely what they were in the days of St. Paul,— always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies. They are notoriously. whether Turks or Greeks, the worst characters in the Levant. (Hartley's Researches in Greece and the Levant, p. 108.) See the testimonies of profane writers to the immoral character of the Cretans, in Vol. I. p. 81. CRIMINAL LAW of the Jews, principles of the, 61-64. CRIMINALS, Jewish mode of treating, and punishing. See pp. 55-57. 59. The Roman mode of punishing them, 59, 60. CRISPUS, the chief of a synagogue at Corinth, who embraced the Christian faith, and was baptized by St. Paul. (Acts xviii. 8. 1 Cor. i. 14.) CROSS, form of, 69. Reproach of, explained, ibid. CRUCIFIXION, mode of, 69. Prevalence of, among ancient nations, ibid. Lingering nature of this punishment, ibid. The circumstances of our Saviour's crucifixion considered and illus. trated, 70-72. Solution of supposed difficulties as to the hour when he was crucified. Vol. I. pp. 403, 404. CUP, Divination by, 142. CUTTING asunder, punishment of, 68. CUSH, or Ethiopia, usually rendered Ethiopia in our English Bible, has a very extensive signification. It comprehends all the Coos, an island in the gean or Icarian Sea, near Myndos southern and eastern borders of Egypt, In some parts of the and Cnidus, which had a city of the same name, from which prophecies of Ezekiel, it plainly denotes African Ethiopia, or Hippocrates the celebrated physician, and Apelles the famous Nubia and Abyssinia, and in many other passages. (Isa. xviii. 1. painter, were called Coi. Here was a large temple of Escula- xx. 3. Ezek. xxx. 5, &c.) But in others it must signify Asiatic pius, and another of Juno. It abounded in rich wines, and here Ethiopia, or Arabia, as in the description of the garden of Eden. were made those Com vestes, which were transparent, and are (Gen. ii. 13.) The wife of Moses was contemptuously styled a so often noticed by the classic poets. It is mentioned in Acts" Cushite," or Ethiopian of Arabia. (Num. xii. 1.) And where xxi. 1. CORBAN, nature of, explained, 119. CORINTH, the metropolis of Achaia Proper, and the ornament of Greece, was situated on an isthmus between the Egean and Ionian Seas. From the convenience of its situation for commerce, it abounded in riches, and was furnished with all the accommodations, elegances, and superfluities of life. In the Achæan war, it was destroyed by the Romans under the consul Memmius, about 146 years before the Christian æra, and was rebuilt about one hundred years afterwards by Julius Caesar, who planted a Roman colony here, and made this city the residence of the proconsul of Achaia. Favoured by its situation between two seas, the new city soon regained its ancient splendour: commerce produced an influx of riches, and the luxury and voluptuousness which followed in consequence corrupted the manners of its inhabitants, who became infamous to a proverb. In the vicinity of this city were celebrated the Isthmian games, to which Saint Paul alludes in different parts of his Epistles. Corinth also possessed numerous schools, in which philosophy and rhetoric were taught by able masters, and strangers resorted thither Tom all quarters to be instructed in the sciences. The number VOL. II. 3 G "Persia, Ethiopia, and Libya," are recited in order, the second must denote Arabia. (Ezek. xxxviii. 5.) Herodotus, in his curious catalogue of the various nations composing the army of Xerxes, distinguishes the long-haired Eastern or Asiatic Ethiopians from the woolly-headed Western or African; both being descendants of Cush, a roving and enterprising race, who gradu ally extended their settlements from Chusistan, "the land of Cush," or Susiana, on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, through Arabia, to the Red Sea; and thence crossed over to Africa, and occupied its eastern coast, and gradually penetrated into the inte rior of Abyssinia. (Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 379.) CYPRUS, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, situated between Cilicia and Syria, and anciently celebrated for the profligacy of its inhabitants, whose principal deity was the impure goddess Venus. Here Paul and Barnabas landed, A. D. 44. and success fully preached the Gospel. (Acts xiii. 4. et seq. xxi. 3.) Cyprus proved to have been a proconsulate, Vol. I. p. 90. CYMBAL, a musical instrument, notice of, 184. CYRENE, the principal city of the province of Libya in Africa which was thence sometimes denominated Cyrenaica, and which |