with the uppermost pair of leaves that fell in the previous autumn. The young leaves in spring are serially continuous with both the two pairs of scales

FIG. 187.-PART OF LEAF OF V. LANTANA,
× 75, showing stellate hairs.

and the leaves of the previous season. Unless the
terminal bud ends in an inflorescence, the shoots of
successive years are interrupted only by two pairs of
scales. Strong shoots do, as a rule, terminate in an

!

inflorescence, and the apex dies, so that growth is resumed by the lateral buds.

In the flowering buds the second pair of scales are larger, vase-shaped, and also more deeply divided, especially on one side. Those which bear leaves only are flattened at right angles to the stem.

In Viburnum Lantana (Wayfaring Tree) (figs. 186 and 187), on the contrary, the leaves are all normal. The outer ones protect the inner; but they all develop, and suffer very little from the cold. They are protected by a thick coat of stellate hairs, which cross and intercross, thus forming a sort of grey felt. As the young leaves increase in size these hairs do not appear to increase in number, and they are, consequently, carried further from one another. Fig. 187 is taken from such a bud which had attained a length of rather more than an inch.

PROTECTION BY LEAF-STALK

In the Elder (Sambucus nigra) the scales protecting the bud are petioles. Externally are a pair of very small brown scales; then a larger pair at right angles; then a pair much more elongated, greenish, and with more or less developed leaves. In this respect they differ very much; sometimes there are three small points at the summit, sometimes a well-formed leaf; and every gradation between the two occurs. The two opposite leaves often differ considerably, and when one

of the two has its back to the main stem it is often much smaller than the outer one.

PROTECTION BY STIPULES

In by far the larger number of cases stipules protect

P

--I

FIG. 188.-SHOOT OF LEEA COCCINEA.

P, petiole of leaf, the lamina being cut off; S, stipule; L, young leaf emerging from stipules.

the younger leaves only, but in some species they develop early, and cover their own leaf-blades.

This is the case, for instance, in the Pea (fig. 26, p. 23) and the Hop (Humulus Lupulus) (figs. 47, 48, p. 34). In the Vine, again, the stipules are large, and appear

some time before the leaves, covering the whole bud (figs. 127, 128, p. 84). They fall early.

·st

st

FIG. 189.-VIRGINIAN CREEPER.

St, stipule; t, tendril.

In Leea (L. coccinea), another member of the Vine family, the same thing occurs; they are also (fig. 188) large, and enclose the whole bud, but they are persistent.

In the allied genera, Cissus, and Ampelopsis (Virginian Creeper) (fig. 189), the stipules also cover their own leaf-blades.

In Bucklandia populnea (fig. 190), a Himalayan plant

FIG. 190.-SHOOT OF BUCKLANDIA POPULNEA.

S, S, stipules; P, petiole.

which belongs to the Hamamelidea (the Witch Hazel family), the stipules are large, oval, unequal-sided, and cohere at the edges, thus forming an almond-shaped box, within which the leaf is developed. The petiole elon