without revealing the fact shall, in addition to any forfeiture to which in consequence the vessel may be subject, be liable to a fine of not more than $5,000 nor less than $500.

(d) Any vessel or vehicle which, at any authorized place, is required to come to a stop by any officer of the customs, or is required to come to a stop by signal made by any vessel employed in the service of the customs displaying the ensign and pennant prescribed for such vessel by the President, shall come to a stop, and upon failure to comply, a vessel so required to come to a stop shall become subject to pursuit and the master thereof shall be liable to a fine of not more than $5,000 nor less than $1,000, It shall be the duty of the several officers of the customs to pursue any vessel which may become subject to pursuit, and to board and examine the same, and to examine any person or merchandise on board, without as well as within their respective districts and at any place upon the high seas or, if permitted by the appropriate foreign authority, elsewhere where the vessel may be pursued as well as at any other authorized place.

(e) If upon the examination of any vessel or vehicle it shall appear that a breach of the laws of the United States is being or has been committed so as to render such vessel or vehicle, or the merchandise, or any part thereof, on board of, or brought into the United States by, such vessel or vehicle, liable to forfeiture or to secure any fine or penalty, the same shall be seized and any person who has engaged in such breach shall be arrested.

(f) It shall be the duty of the several officers of the customs to seize and secure any vessel, vehicle, or merchandise which shall become liable to seizure, and to arrest any person who shall become liable to arrest, by virtue of any law respecting the revenue, as well without as within their respective districts, and to use all necessary force to seize or arrest the same.

(g) Any vessel, within or without the customs waters, from which any merchandise is being, or has been unlawfully introduced into the United States by means of any boat belonging to, or owned, controlled, or managed in common with, said vessel, shall be deemed to be employed within the United States and, as such, subject to the provisions of this section.

(h) The provisions of this section shall not be construed to authorize or require any officer of the United States to enforce any law of the United States upon the high seas upon a foreign vessel in contravention of any treaty with a foreign government enabling or permitting the authorities of the United States to board, examine, search, seize, or otherwise to enforce upon said vessel upon the high seas the laws of the United States except as such authorities are or may otherwise be enabled or permitted under special arrangement with such foreign government. (As amended Aug. 5, 1935, c. 438, Title II, Sec. 203,

49 Stat. 521.)

TITLE 19, Sec. 1455. BOARDING AND DISCHARGING INSPECTORS. The collector for the district in which any vessel or vehicle arrives from a foreign port or place may put on board of such vessel or vehicle while within such district, and if necessary while going from one district to another, one or more inspectors or other customs officers to examine the cargo and contents of such vessel or vehicle and superintend the unlading thereof, and to perform such other duties as may be required by law or the customs regulations for the protection of the revenue. Such inspector or other customs officer may, if he shall deem the same necessary for the protection of the revenue, secure the hatches or other communications or outlets of such vessel or vehicle with customs seals or other proper fastenings while such vessel is not in the act of unlading, and such fastenings shall not be removed without permission of the inspector or other customs officer. Such inspector or other customs officer may require any vessel or vehicle to discontinue or suspend unlading during the continuance of unfavorable weather or any conditions rendering the discharge of cargo dangerous or detrimental to the revenue. Any officer, owner, agent of the owner, or member of the crew of any such vessel who obstructs or hinders any such inspector or other customs officer in the performance of his duties, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than $500. (June 17, 1930, c. 497, Title IV, Sec. 455, 46 Stat. 716.)

Whenever it appears

TITLE 18, Sec. 35. ENFORCEMENT OF NEUTRALITY; FORBIDDING DEPARTURE OF VESSELS. that the vessel is not entitled to clearance or whenever there is reasonable cause to believe that the additional statements under oath required in section 34 of this title are false, the collector of customs for the district in which the vessel is located may, subject to review by the Secretary of Commerce, refuse clearance to any vessel, domestic or foreign, and by formal notice served upon the owners, master, or person or persons in command or charge of any domestic vessel for which clearance is not required by law, forbid the departure of the vessel from the port or from the jurisdiction of the United States, and it shall thereupon be unlawful for the vessel to depart. (June 15, 1917, c. 30, Title V, Sec. 5, 40 Stat. 222.)

TITLE 18, Sec. 32. ENFORCEMENT OF NEUTRALITY; DETENTION OF ARMED VESSELS. During a war in which the United States is a neutral nation, the President, or any person thereunto authorized by him, may detain any armed vessel owned wholly or in part by American citizens, or any vessel, domestic or foreign (other than one which has entered the ports of the United States as a public vessel), which is manifestly built for warlike purpose or has been converted or adapted from a private vessel to one suitable for warlike use, until the owner or master, or person having charge of such vessel, shall furnish proof satisfactory to the President, or to the person duly authorized by him that the vessel will not be employed by the said owners, or master, or person having charge thereof, to cruise against or commit or attempt to commit hostilities upon the subjects, citizens, or property of any foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people with which the United States is at peace, and that the said vessel will not be sold or delivered to any belligerent nation, or to an agent, officer, or citizen of such nation, by them or any of them, within the jurisdiction of the United States, or having left that jurisdiction, upon the high seas. (June 15, 1917, c. 30, Title V, Sec. 2, 40 Stat. 221.)

TITLE 18, Sec. 31. ENFORCEMENT OF NEUTRALITY; WITHHOLDING CLEARANCE PAPERS FROM VESSELS. During a war in which the United States is a neutral nation, the President, or any person thereunto authorized by him, may withhold clearance from or to any vessel, domestic or foreign, which is required by law to secure clearance before departing from port or from the jurisdiction of the United States, or, by service of formal notice upon the owner, master, or person in command or having charge of any domestic vessel not required by law to secure clearances before so departing, to forbid its departure from port or from the jurisdiction of the United States, whenever there is reasonable cause to believe that any such vessel, domestic or foreign, whether requiring clearance or not, is about to carry fuel, arms, ammunition, men, supplies, dispatches, or information to any warship, tender, or supply ship of a foreign belligerent nation in violation of the laws, treaties, or obligations of the United States under the law of nations; and it shall thereupon be unlawful for such vessel to depart. (June 15, 1917, c. 30, Title V, Sec. 1, 40 Stat. 221.)

TITLE 18, Sec. 29.

(CRIMINAL CODE, SECTION 17.) DETENTION BY COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS. The several collectors of the customs shall detain any vessel manifestly built for warlike purposes, and about to depart the United States, or any place subject to the jurisdiction thereof, the cargo of which principally consists of arms and munitions of war, when the number of men shipped on board, or other circumstances, render it probable that such vessel is intended to be employed by the owners to cruise or commit hostilities upon the subjects, citizens, or property of any foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people with whom the United States are at peace, until the decision of the President is had thereon, or until the owner gives such bond and security as is required of the owners of armed vessels by section 28 of this title. (R. S. Sec. 5290; Mar. 4, 1909, c. 321, Sec. 17, 35 Stat. 1091.)

TITLE 50, Sec. 192. SEIZURE AND FORFEITURE OF VESSELS FOR FAILURE TO OBSERVE REGULATIONS. If any owner, agent, master, officer, or person in charge, or any member of the crew of any such vessel fails to comply with any regulation or rule issued or order given by the Secretary of the Treasury or the Governor of the Panama Canal under the provisions of this title, or obstructs or interferes with the exercise of any power conferred by this title, the vessel, together with her tackle, apparel, furniture, and equipment, shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture to the United States in the same manner as merchandise is forfeited for violation of the customs revenue laws; and the person guilty of such failure, obstruction, or interference shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than ten years and shall in the discretion of the court be fined not more than $10,000. (June 15, 1917, c. 30, Title II, Sec. 2, 40 Stat. 220, Act of March 28, 1940, Public #443, 76th Cong. 3rd Sess.)

TITLE 15, Sec. 77. DISCRIMINATION AGAINST NEUTRAL AMERICANS IN TIME OF WAR. Whenever, during the existence of a war in which the United States is not engaged, the President shall be satisfied that there is reasonable ground to believe that any vessel, American or foreign, is, on account of the laws, regulations, or practices of a belligerent Government, making or giving any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage in any respect whatsoever to any particular person, company, firm, or corporation, or any particular description of traffic in the United States or its possessions or to any citizens of the United States residing in neutral countries abroad, or is subjecting any particular person, company, firm, or corporation or any particular description of traffic in the United States or its possessions, or any citizens of the United States residing in neutral countries abroad to any undue or unreasonable prejudice, disadvantage, injury, or discrimination in regard to accepting, receiving, transporting, or delivering, or refusing to accept, receive, transfer, or deliver any cargo, freight, or passengers, or in any other respect whatsoever, he is authorized and empowered to direct the detention of such vessels by withholding clearance or by formal notice forbidding departure, and to revoke, modify, or renew any such direction. Whenever, during the existence of a war in which the United States is not engaged, the President shall be satisfied that there is reasonable ground to believe that under the laws, regulations, or practices of any belligerent country or Government, American ships or American citizens are not accorded any of the facilities of commerce which the vessels or citizens of that belligerent country enjoy in the United States or its possessions, or are not accorded by such belligerent equal privileges or facilities of trade with vessels or citizens of any nationality other than that of such belligerent, the President is authorized and empowered to withhold clearance from one or more vessels of such belligerent country until such belligerent shall restore to such American vessels and American citizens reciprocal liberty of commerce and equal facilities of trade; or the President may direct that similar privileges and facilities, if any, enjoyed by vessels or citizens of such belligerent in the United States or its possessions be refused to vessels or citizens of such belligerent; and in such case he shall make proclamation of his direction, stating the facilities and privileges which shall be refused, and the belligerent to whose vessels or citizens they are to be refused, and thereafter the furnishing of such prohibited privileges and facilities to any vessel or citizen of the belligerent named in such proclamation shall be unlawful; and he may change, modify, revoke, or renew such proclamation; and any person or persons who shall furnish or attempt or conspire to furnish or be concerned in furnishing or in the concealment of furnishing facilities or privileges to ships or persons contrary to the prohibition in such proclamation shall be liable to a fine of not less than $2,000 nor more than $50,000 or to imprisonment not to exceed two years, or both, in the discretion of the court.

In case any vessel which is detained by virtue of this subdivision of this chapter shall depart or attempt to depart from the jurisdiction of the United States without clearance or other lawful authority, the owner or master or person or persons having charge or command of such vessel shall be severally liable to a fine of not less than 2,000 nor more than $10,000, or to imprisonment not to exceed two years or both, and in addition such vessel shall be forfeited to the United States.

The President of the United States is authorized and empowered to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States as shall be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subdivision of this chapter. (Sept. 8, 1916, c. 463, Sec. 806, 39 Stat. 799.)

TITLE 8, Sec. 110. ARREST WITHOUT WARRANT OF ALIENS BY EMPLOYEES OF BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION. Any employee of the Immigration and Naturalization Service authorized so to do under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization with the approval of the Secretary of Labor, shall have power without warrant (1) to arrest any alien who in his presence or view is entering or attempting to enter the United States in violation of any law or regulation made in pursuance of law regulating the 'admission of aliens, and to take such alien immediately for examination before an immigrant inspector or other official having authority to examine aliens as to their right to admission to the United States, and (2) to board and search for aliens any vessel within the territorial waters of the United States, railway car, conveyance, or vehicle, in which he believes aliens are being brought into the United States; and such employee shall have power to execute any warrant or other process issued by any officer under any law regulating the admission, exclusion, or expulsion of aliens. (Feb. 27, 1925, c. 364, Title IV, 43 Stat. 1049; June 10, 1933, Ex. Or. 6166, Sec. 14.)

MAIL ADDRESSED TO FICTITIOUS ADDRESSES

TITLE 39, Sec. 257. DELIVERY OF MAIL TO PERSONS NOT RESIDENTS OF PLACE OF ADDRESS. Whenever the Postmaster General is satisfied that letters or packets sent in the mails are addressed to places not the residence or business address of the persons for whom they are intended, to enable such persons to escape identification, he may direct postmasters to deliver such letters only from the post-office upon identification of persons addressed. (25 stat. 874, c. 393, Sec. 5; Mar. 2, 1889.)

USE OF MILITARY AND NAVAL FORCES

TITLE 50, Sec. 202. USE OF MILITARY AND NAVAL FORCES TO ENFORCE AUTHORITY OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. Whenever, by reason of unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages of persons, or rebellion against the authority of the Government of the United States, it shall become impracticable, in the judgment of the President, to enforce, by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, the laws of the United States within any State or Territory, it shall be lawful for the President to call forth the militia of any or all the States, and to employ such parts of the land and naval forces of the United States as he may deem necessary to enforce the faithful execution of the laws of the United States, or to suppress such rebellion, in whatever State or Territory thereof the laws of the United States may be forcibly opposed, or the execution thereof forcibly obstructed. (R. S. Sec. 5298.)

TITLE 8, Sec. 55. AID OF MILITARY AND NAVAL FORCES. It shall be lawful for the President of the United States, or such person as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as may be necessary to aid in the execution of judicial process issued under any of the preceeding sections of this chapter, or as shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due execution of the provisions of this chapter. (R. S. Sec. 1989.)

TITLE 18, Sec. 38. ENFORCEMENT OF NEUTRALITY; ENFORCEMENT OF SECTIONS 25, 27 and 31 TO 37 OF THIS TITLE. The President may employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States as he may deem necessary to carry out the purposes of sections 25, 27, and 31 to 37 of this title. (June 15, 1917, c. 30, Title V., Sec. 9, 40 Stat. 223.)

TITLE 22, Sec. 245. USE OF LAND AND NAVAL FORCES TO PREVENT EXPORTATION. The President may employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States as he may deem necessary to carry out the purposes of the preceding seven sections. (June 15, 1917, c. 30, Title VI, Sec. 8, 40 stat. 225.)

It

TITLE 18, Sec. 27. (CRIMINAL CODE, SECTION 15, AMENDED.) COMPELLING FOREIGN VESSELS TO DEPART. shall be lawful for the President to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia thereof, as he may deem necessary to compel any foreign vessel to depart from the United States or any of its possessions in all cases in which, by the law of nations or the treaties of the United States, it ought not to remain, and to detain or prevent any foreign vessel from so departing in all cases in which, by the law of nations or the treaties of the United States, it is not entitled to depart. (R. S. Sec. 5288; Mar. 4, 1909, c. 321, Sec. 15, 35 Stat. 1091; June 15, 1917, c. 30, Title V. Sec. 10, 40 Stat. 223.)

TITLE 18, Sec. 26. (CRIMINAL CODE, SECTION 14.) ENFORCEMENT BY COURTS; EMPLOYMENT OF LAND OR NAVAL FORCES. The district courts shall take cognizance of all complaints, by whomsoever instituted, in cases of captures made within the waters of the United States, or within a marine league of the coasts or shores thereof. In every case in which a vessel is fitted out and armed, or attempted to be fitted out and armed, or in which the force of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel is increased or augmented, or in which any military expedition or enterprise is begun or set on foot, contrary to the provisions and prohibitions of this chapter; and in every case of the capture of a vessel within the jurisdiction or protection of the United States as before defined; and in every case in which any process issuing out of any court of the United States is disobeyed or resisted by any person having the custody of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel of any foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people, or of any subjects or citizens of any foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people, it shall be lawful for the President or such other person as he shall have empowered for that purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia thereof, for the purpose of taking possession of and detaining any such vessel, with her prizes, if any, in order to enforce the execution of the prohibitions and penalties of this chapter, and the restoring of

such prizes in the cases in which restoration shall be adjudged; and also for the purpose of preventing the carrying on of any such expedition or enterprise from the territory or jurisdiction of the United States against the territory or dominion of any foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people with whom the United States are at peace. (R. S. Sec. 5287; Mar. 4, 1909, c. 321, Sec. 14, 35 Stat. 1090.)

PERSONS SUBJECT TO MILITARY LAW

TITLE 10, Sec. 1473. PERSONS SUBJECT TO MILITARY LAW (ARTICLE 2 OF ARTICLES OF WAR). The following persons are subject to these articles and shall be understood as included in the term "any person subject to military law," or "persons subject to military law," whenever used in these articles: Provided, That nothing contained in this chapter of this title except as specifically provided in article 2, subparagraph (c), shall be construed to apply to any person under the United States naval jurisdiction unless otherwise specifically provided by law.

(a) All officers, members of the Army Nurse Corps, warrant officers, Army field clerks, field clerks Quartermaster Corps, and soldiers belonging to the Regular Army of the United States; all volunteers, from the dates of their muster or acceptance into the military service of the United States; and all other persons lawfully called, drafted, or ordered into, or to duty or for training in, the said service, from the dates they are required by the terms of the call, draft or order to obey the same; (b) Cadets;

(c) Officers and soldiers of the Marine Corps when detached for service with the Armies of the United States by order of the President: Provided, That an officer or soldier of the Marine Corps when so detached may be tried by military court martial for an offense committed against the laws for the government of the naval service prior to his detachment, and for an offense committed against these articles he may be tried by a naval court martial after such detachment ceases;

(d) All retainers to the camp and all persons accompanying or serving with the Armies of the United States without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and in time of war all such retainers and persons accompanying or serving with the Armies of the United States in the field, both within and without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, though not otherwise subject to these articles; (e) All persons under sentence adjudged by courts martial;

(f) All persons admitted into the Regular Army Soldiers' Home at Washington, District of Columbia. (June 4, 1920, c. 227, subchapter II, Sec. 1, 41 Stat. 787.)

INSPECTION OF INCOME TAX RETURNS

TITLE 26, Sec. 55a. PUBLICITY OF RETURNS--(a) PUBLIC RECORD AND INSPECTION-- (1) Returns made under this chapter upon which the tax has been determined by the Commissioner shall constitute public records; but, except as hereinafter provided in this section, they shall be open to inspection only upon order of the President and under rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary and approved by the President. (2) And all returns made under this chapter, (income, estate and gift taxes) subchapters A, (personal holding companies) B, (excess profits tax) and D of chapter 2, (unjust enrichment) subchapter B of chapter 3, chapters 4, 7, 12, and 21, subchapter A of chapter 29, and subchapters A and B of chapter 30, shall constitute public records and shall be open to public examination and inspection to such extent as shall be authorized in rules and regulations promulgated by the President.

(3) Whenever a return is open to the inspection of any person a certified copy thereof shall, upon request, be furnished to such person under rules and regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary. The Commissioner may prescribe a reasonable fee for furnishing such copy.

NATIONAL EMERGENCY

PROCLAIMING A NATIONAL, EMERGENCY IN CONNECTION WITH THE OBSERVANCE, SAFEGUARDING, AND ENFORCEMENT OF NEUTRALITY AND THE STRENGTHENING OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE WITHIN THE LIMITS OF PEACE-TIME AUTHORIZATIONS

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A PROCLAMATION

WHEREAS a proclamation issued by me on September 5, 1939, proclaimed the neutrality of the United States in the war now unhappily existing between certain nations; and

WHEREAS this state of war imposes on the United States certain duties with respect to the proper observance, safeguarding, and enforcement of such neutrality, and the strengthening of the national defense within the limits of peace-time authorizations; and

WHEREAS measures required at this time call for the exercise of only a limited number of the powers granted in a national emergency:

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, President of the United States of America, do proclaim that a national emergency exists in connection with and to the extent necessary for the proper observance, safeguarding, and enforcing of the neutrality of the United States and the strengthening of our national

defense within the limits of peace-time authorizations. Specific directions and authorizations will be given from time to time for carrying out these two purposes.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed.

DONE at the City of Washington this eighth day of September, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and thirty-nine, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and sixty-fourth.

By the President:

CORDELL KULL

Secretary of State.

(No. 2352)

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

NEUTRALITY

PROCLAIMING THE NEUTRALITY OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE WAR BETWEEN GERMANY AND FRANCE; POLAND; AND THE UNITED KINGDOM, INDIA, AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION

WHEREAS a state of war unhappily exists between Germany and France; Poland; and the United Kingdom, India, Australia and New Zealand.

AND WHEREAS the United States is on terms of friendship and amity with the contending powers, and with the persons inhabiting their several dominions;

AND WHEREAS there are nationals of the United States residing within the territories or dominions of each of the said belligerents, and carrying on commerce, trade, or other business or pursuits therein; AND WHEREAS there are nationals of each of the said belligerents residing within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States, and carrying on commerce, trade, or other business or pursuits therein; AND WHEREAS the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest;

AND WHEREAS it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its territory or territorial waters subservient to the purposes of war;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States and of its citizens and of persons within its territory and jurisdiction, and to enforce its laws and treaties, and in order that all persons, being warned of the general tenor of the laws and treaties of the United States in this behalf, and of the law of nations, may thus be prevented from any violation of the same, do hereby declare and proclaim that by certain provisions of the act approved on the 4th day of March, A. D. 1909, commonly known as the "Penal Code of the United States" and of the act approved on the 15th day of June, A. D. 1917, the following acts are forbidden to be done, under severe penalties, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, to wit:

1. Accepting and exercising a commission to serve one of the said belligerents by land or by sea against an opposing belligerent.

2. Enlisting or entering into the service of a belligerent as a soldier, or as a marine, or seaman on board of any ship of war, letter of marque, or privateer.

3. Hiring or retaining another person to enlist or enter himself in the service of a belligerent as a soldier, or as a marine, or seaman on board of any ship of war, letter of marque, or privateer.

4. Hiring another person to go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United States with intent to be enlisted as aforesaid.

5.

Hiring another person to go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United States with intent to be entered into service as aforesaid.

6. Retaining another person to go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United States to be enlisted as aforesaid.

7. Retaining another person to go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United States with intent to be entered into service as aforesaid. (But the said act of the 4th day of March, A. D. 1909, as amended by the act of the 15th day of June, A. D. 1917, is not to be construed to extend to a citizen or subject of a belligerent who, being transiently within the jurisdiction of the United States, shall, on board of any ship of war, which, at the time of its arrival within the jurisdiction of the United States, was fitted and equipped as such ship of war, enlist or enter himself or hire or retain another subject or citizen of the same belligerent, who is transiently within the jurisdiction of the United States, to enlist or enter himself to serve such belligerent on board such ship of war, if the United States shall then be at peace with such belligerent.)

8. Fitting out and arming, or attempting to fit out and arm, or procuring to be fitted out and armed, or knowingly being concerned in the furnishing, fitting out, or arming of any ship or vessel with intent that such ship or vessel shall be employed in the service of one of the said belligerents to cruise, or commit hostilities against the subjects, citizens, or property of an opposing belligerent.

9. Issuing or delivering a commission within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States for any ship or vessel to the intent that she may be employed as aforesaid.

10. Increasing or augmenting, or procuring to be increased or augmented, or knowingly being concerned