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the brazen-mouthed Tyrrhenian bell or trumpet, has not escaped the observation of the old interpreters. Cf. the Schol. to Eur. Phan. 1392 with Porson's note. From Homer's never making mention of the σάλπιγξ in his poems, except only in comparisons (Π. 18. 219, 21. 388), it has been inferred, with great probability, that, although in existence in his time, it was not extensively known in Greece, and it is certain that it was not used until a late period in the armies of the leading states. Apitz has shown that Sophokles in our passage, and the author of Rhesus, v. 808, δέσποιν' ̓Αθάνα, φθέγματος γὰρ ᾐσθόμην τοῦ σοῦ συνήθη γῆρον, have imitated the language of Homer (Π. 2. 182), ὡς φάθ'· ὁ δὲ ξυνέηκε θεᾶς ἔπα φωνησάσης. In the same way the subsequent words ἐν πόνοισι γὰρ παροῦσ ̓ ἀμύνεις τοῖς ἐμοῖς ἀεί ποτε, together with v. 35 of our own play, πάντα γὰρ τά τ ̓ οὖν πάρος τά τ' εἰσέπειτα σῇ κυβερνῶμαι χερί, are borrowed from I. 10. 278, ἥτε μοι αἰεὶ ἐν πάντεσσι πόνοισι παρίστασαι, ουδέ σε λήθω κινύμενος.

18. ἐπέγνως, thou hast found out, detected. Cf. Asch. Αgam. 1598, κἄπειτ ̓ ἐπιγνοὺς ἔργον οὐ καταίσιον, ᾤμωξεν. Thuh. 1. 132, καὶ παρα. ποιησάμενος σφραγίδα, ἵνα

19. Βάσιν κυκλοῦντα.

· · μὴ ἐπιγνῷ, sc. αὐτήν.

....

SCHOL. PAL. : περιερχόμενον, gressus circumagentem. Eur. Orest. 631, Μενέλαε, ποῖ σὸν πόδ ̓ ἐπὶ συννοίᾳ κυκλεῖς, διπλῆς μερίμνης διπτύχους ἰὼν ὁδούς ; Hermann thinks that Musgrave refines too much in deriving this expression from the peculiar mode of hunting prevalent among the ancients, in which the dogs were not set on until the lurking-place of the wild animal had been partially surrounded with nets, and that our phrase may with stricter accuracy be compared with such passages as Eur. Elektr. 561, τί δὲ κυκλεῖ πέριξ πόδα; Soph. Αntig. 225, ὁδοῖς κυκλῶν ἐμαυτὸν εἰς ἀναστροφήν. Wunder, on the other hand, regards βάσιν κυκλοῦντα as a mere epexegesis of κυνηγετοῦντα in v. 5, and refers us in illustration of the significance of both expressions to Plat. Rep. p. 432 seq. : οὐκοῦν νῦν δὴ ἡμᾶς δεῖ ὥσπερ κυνηγέτας τινὰς θάμνον κύκλῳ περιίστασθαι προσέχοντας τὸν νοῦν μή πῃ διαφύγῃ ἡ δικαιοσύνη καὶ ἀφανισθεῖσα ἄδηλος γένηται. σακεσφόρῳ. SCHOL.: οὐχ ἁπλῶς ὁπλοφόρῳ, ἀλλὰ κατ' ἐξοχήν. Ὅμηρος· Αἴας δ ̓ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθε, φέρων σάκος, ἠΰτε πύργον. (II. 7. 219.) Add Π. 11. 485, 17. 128. Ovid. Μet. 13. 2, surgit ad hos clipei dominus septemplicis Aiax, after Homer, who, in the next verse to that cited by the Scholiast, applies the epithet έπταβόειον to the shield of Aias, whereas other shields, such as those of Teukros (Il. 15. 479) and of Achilles (18. 481), are described as having a less number of folds or thicknesses. In Il. 5. 126, Tydeus is called σακέσπαλος. 21. Νυκτὸς τῆσδε. See Matth. Gr. Gr. § 377. 2.

ἄσκοπον. Hesy

chius renders by aléarov, and in this sense it is certainly used at Ed. Kol. 1682, Tλánes Toro, the unseen plains, viz. the nether world. Yet in our own verse the interpretation of Suidas, ¿ægoodóxnrov, inconceivable, incredible, is more appropriate. See the Scholiast to v. 40 and cf. Philokt. 1111, Elektr. 864, 1315, Esch. Choeph. 816. "Dicitur roos et locus qui non conspicitur, et tempus quod infinitum est (Trach. 246) et res quæ improvisa, incredibilis est." WUNDER. On the double accusative, see Kühn. Gr. Gr. 545 and 583, ed. Jelf.

22. "Exε πεgávas. On this apparent periphrase for the simple verb, see Valckn. to Eur. Phan. 712; Matth. Gr. Gr. 559. b; and compare Antig. 22, 32, 77, Elektr. 590, Philokt. 600, Ed. Tyr. 699. The Tragedians frequently employ περαίνειν as a mere equivalent for ποιεῖν, πράττειν, in the sense of facere, efficere, exsequi. Cf. Esch. Choeph. 830; Prom. 57; Eur. Ion. 1567. εἴπερ εἴργασται τάδε. Musgrave directs us to read sigyaσrai y' öde, on account of the ambiguity of the common reading. It seems to have escaped him that Sophokles invariably uses this verb in an active signification. See Antig. 267, 326; Philokt. 780, 928, 1172; Ed. Tyr. 279, 347. That it is employed, however, not only by Ionian and Attic prose-writers, but also by the other Tragedians, as a true passive, may be learnt from the examples quoted by Liddell and Scott, Lex. Gr., 8. v. III.

23. Ἴσμεν γὰρ οὐδὲν τρανές. SUIDAS: Τρανές • σαφές. ἴσμεν γὰρ οὐδὲν τρανές, ἀλλ ̓ ἀλώμεθα. καὶ αὖθις. ἐς τὸ τρανὲς τὴν ἔρευναν ἐποιήσαντο. The Etym. M. p. 466. 12 reads μ, of which no traces are found in the writings of the Tragedians. Hesychius with the Scholiast interprets τρανές as an adjective. PHOTIUS : τρανὲς τὸ σαφὲς οἱ τραγικοὶ λέγουσιν, but it is not to be met with in any other passage of the tragic poets. The Schol. Ienens. defines it as a defective noun (adjective): rúžıv μìn ἔοικεν ἔχειν τριγενοῦς, οὐκ ἔχει δὲ τὰ λοιπὰ δυὸ γένη.

SCHOL. : τῷ νῷ πλανώμεθα.

ἀλώμεθα·

24. Κἀγὼ θελοντής. "Read λons without the mark of elision. Aldus reads 'xvos with the mark of elision at the beginning of a verse, v. 272. Although in the present instance λovrns is preceded by a vowel, the analogy of the parent word law shows that circumstance is not material. We believe that neither θελοντής nor ἐθελοντής is found in any other passage of the Tragedians." ELMSLEY. See Lobeck, and Ellendt's Lex. Soph., s. vv. θέλω and ἐθέλω. The form θέλω, of which ἐθέλω is only a strengthened form, is not found in Homer, but there is great diversity in the writing of the later epic poets (cf. Apollon. Rh. 3. 960) and writers

of bucolic poetry (Theocr. 8. 7). The Attic dramatists, on the contrary, use only bía in senarii, whilst in the lyrical passages, as in the lyric poets generally with the exception of Pindar, who follows the Homeric usage (see Böckh. v. 1. Pyth. I. 62. 10, 5), both forms are used interchangeably. Although the present forms of 2 are excluded from

tragic iambic trimeters on account of the anapast, the imperfect v is found in dialogue. See below, vv. 88, 1391; Philokt. 1278 and elsewhere. In Attic prose, pointed out by Lobeck.

dia is the prevailing form, except in the phrases

In anapæstic verse both forms are used, although

it is often difficult to determine which is to be preferred, on account of the great variations in the writing of the MSS. Lobeck has instanced Esch. Prom. 184, ἃς ἐθελήσῃ; 1067, πάσχειν ἐθέλω; Philokt. 145, ἰδεῖν ἐθέλεις. Add Ed. Tyr. 1314, o' ibéλwv móλλ' àvégeotan. So Brunck from MS. B. and Hermann, the latter affirming with Lobeck that iλ is more used in anapæstic numbers than the shorter form. All the remaining MSS. and old Edd. give θέλων. There are two instances in which it occurs in lyrical songs in the plays of Sophokles: Elektr. 132, oid' iliλw #godimeìv Tóde, where the MSS. Aug. a. b. Ien. Flor. I. and Laur. a. exhibit oid' að líλw, to the destruction of the metre: ovds díλw being suprascriptum in the latter manuscript. On the metre of the verse from Fragm. 596. Dind. kolí śliλwv (or iliaw, for in Athen. p. 657. A. the MSS. differ) ròv diapana, it is impossible to pronounce authoritatively. Hermann's emendation to Ed. Tyr. 1. c. is not approved by Ellendt. For θέλειν is found both in choral songs and in songs ἀπὸ σκηνῆς. See Ed. Tyr. 205, 649, 651, 1356; Ed. Kol. 1222; Elektr. 1072; Trach. 1011. It is moreover found in anapaestic verse, τύμβον θέλομεν προσιδεῖν . πατρὸς ἡμετέρου, Ed. Kol. 1753. In all these instances the metre is satisfactorily preserved with the shorter form; but where both forms are equally applicable, deference must be shown to the authority of the books. In our own verse Dindorf writes with Elmsley, and λovrns is found in the MSS. La. Lb. R. 26. κατηναρισμένας, slain. Cf. Æsch. Choeph. 347, εἰ γὰρ ὑπ ̓ Ἰλίῳ πρός τινος Λυκίων, πάτερ, δορίτμητος κατηναρίσθης. The simple verb is found also in the same signifcation, Agam. 1644, τί δὴ τὸν ἄνδρα τόνδ ̓ οὐκ αὐτὸς ἠνάριζες; Pind. Nem. 6. 54, φαεννᾶς ὑιὸν εὖτ ̓ ἐνάριξεν (sc. ̓Αχιλεὺς) ̓Αόος ἀκμῷ ἔγχεος ζακότοιο.

.....

.....

27. 'Ex xugós. Hermann, objecting to Musgrave's statement that the preposition and genitive are here put for the simple dative of means or instrument, renders cominus. And in this sense we find them used in Xen. An. 3. 3. 15. Neue more accurately considers them to mean, non

casu aliquo prostratæ, i. e. violenter, and hence we understand why they occupy so emphatic a position in the verse. See also infra, vv. 115, 130, 386, 1013, where xig is found in precisely the same sense. Kühn. Gr. Gr. 621. 3. f, ed. Jelf. αὐτοῖς ποιμνίων ἐπιστάταις. SUIDAS: ἐπιστάτις. Σοφοκλῆς, ποιμνίων ἐπιστάταις. τουτέστι τοῖς κυσί. This interpretation was probably given in order to prevent Aias from the imputation of a wanton and unnecessary murder, and seems to have obtained the approval of the author of the following scholion to v. 225: OUTO γὰρ ἐνόμιζον καὶ ποιμένας αυτὸν ἀνηρηκέναι. More correctly the Schol. Rom. : ἐπιστάταις· τοῖς ποιμέσι· καλῶς δὲ τοῦτο, ἵνα μὴ παραγένοιτό τις ἀπαγγέλλων τὸ σαφές. πόθεν οὖν αὕτη ἡ ὑπόνοια ; ὅτι εἶδέν τις αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ πηδῶντα μετὰ τοῦ ξίφους νεαροῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος. The poet evinces great judgment in speaking of the slaughter of the herdsmen; for if this had not happened, they would at once have given such information as would have convicted Aias of the outrage, and rendered all search after the author of the butchery quite unnecessary. In defence of the application of the word irrárns to the shepherds of the Grecian flocks, Lobeck aptly cites Plat. Legg. X. 906. A, osμvíwyÉTIOTÁTAIS. So, too, the shepherd in the dipus Tyrannus, v. 1028, ἐνταῦθ ̓ ὀρείοις ποιμνίοις iTECTάTOV, and frequently in Plato, where we also read, Apol. 20. B, μόσχων ἢ πώλων ἐπιστάτην λαβεῖν καὶ μισθώσασθαι. On the dative, see Matth. 405. Obs. 3.

28. airíav véμr. So Aldus with the MSS. generally. The MSS. La. Lb. Aug. C. exhibit gέ, the latter, however, with vμ suprascriptum. Valcknaer to Eur. Hippol. p. 306 believes this variation to be due to the introduction into the text of the gloss is avròv rgir, which appears upon the margin of several other ancient copies. Cf. infra, v. 488, xanòv nɛive τε κἀμοὶ τοῦτ ̓, ὅταν θάνῃς, νεμεῖς. Galen de Plenit. c. XI. 346. Τ. VII. οὐκ ἴσην ἅπασι νέμει τὴν αἰτίαν. On oy used as a conjunction in the sense of then, thus then, see Kühn. 737. 3, ed. Jelf.; Ellendt's Lex. Soph. s. v. III.

30. ПIndāvтa widía, bounding over the plains. On the accusative, consult the learned note of Lobeck, Elmsley to Eur Bacch. 307, and compare Eur. Bacch. 1. c. andâvтa....λána. Some of the diw, which is evidently derived from the inter

infra, vv. 274, 803.
more recent MSS. have
pretation of the Scholiast.

31. Φράζει σε κἀδήλωσεν. On the intermingling of the present and aorist, Porson to Eur. Hek. 21 observes, that the Greek Tragedians so frequently employ different tenses in the same sentence as to warrant the

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belief that such variations are the result of design. Cf. Eur. Hek. 266, κείνη γὰρ ὤλεσέν νιν, εἰς Τροίαν τ' ἄγει. The same observation applies also to the Latin poets. Thus Virg. Æn. II. 12, Quanquam animus meminisse horret luctuque refugit.

32. καὶ τὰ μὲν σημαίνομαι. SCHOL. : οἷον σημεῖα ἐμαυτῷ τινα συντίθημι ἀπὸ τοῦ ἴχνους, τὰ δὲ ἀπορῶ. Hence Ellendt observes, with regard to the first of the two explanations given by Suidas, σηματίζομαι, διὰ σημείων yyvox, that the employment of the middle verb gives rather this turn to the meaning, in meos usus signa colligo, i. e. in order to draw my own inferences, or to further my own plans. Comp. Oppian. Kyn. 1. 453, μυξωτῆρσι κύνες πανίχνια σημήναντο. Lobeck observes that the Attic orators employed τεκμαίρομαι, and later authors σηματίζομαι in precisely the same signification.

More usually the

33. Tà d'ixxixλnyμas. See Kühn. 550, ed. Jelf. preposition dia is placed before the accus., as at Thuk. 7. 21. The footmarks which occasioned this embarrassment were those of the cattle Aias had driven to his tent. κοὐκ ἔχω μαθεῖν ὅτου. Mr. Porson mentions (Advers. p. 101) that a MS. of Suidas reads xovn ixw μabeïv öπov. If this is the true reading, the sense is, I am not able to learn where he is. Comp. vv. 6, 7. This tragedy contains two other examples of the same expression : v. 103, ἦ τοὐπίτριπτον κίναδος ἐξήρου μ' ὅπου; v. 845, ἀλλ ̓ ἀμενηνὸν ἄνδρα μὴ λεύσσειν ὅπου. So also Ed. Tyr. 926, Μάλιστα δ ̓ αὐτὸν εἴπατ ̓ εἰ κάτισθ ̓ ὅπου. Antig. 318, Τί δέ; ῥυθμίζεις τὴν ἐμὴν λύπην ὅπου ; Read also Ed. Kol. 1217, Λυπᾶς ἐγγυτέρω· τὰ τέρποντα δ ̓ οὐκ ἂν ἴδοις ὅπου, ὅταν τις, cett. ELMSLEY. "Orov is also read in the MS. Laur. B. m. pr., and is supported by the interpretation of the Scholiast, oux x ὅπως μάθω ποῦ ἐστιν, as also by its adaptation to the verses immediately preceding. Hermann, however, denies this, observing, "non enim ubi Aias sit quaerit (Ulysses), sed cujus hominis esse facinus illud dicat. Id patet ex iis, quæ sequuntur." Whence the words "illud facinus " are derived it is useless to inquire, since they are not to be found in the language of the poet; but, admitting for the moment that this is his meaning, it is hard to say why such an explanation should be esteemed preferable to the sense given by the other. Nevertheless rou, the reading of the MSS. generally, and also of most Edd. of Suidas, must be retained. On the ellipse of slo, see infra, vv. 103, 118; Kühn. 376, ed. Jelf; on the genitive, Ibid. 483, unless we should rather explain κοὐκ ἔχω ὅτου (or παρ ̓ ὅτου) μαθεῖν, nec habeo a quo discam, by a construction similar to that found at Ed. Kol. 571, ὅταν μάθης μου.

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