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beatus Edwardus, eo quòd hærede caruit, Regnum legavit Willielmo Bastardo, Duci Normannorum." Here it may be perceived, that he is also distinguished as " William, the Bastard." Sir Henry Spelman, in his Glossary, also says, Willielmus Primus Conquæstor dicitur, quia Angliam conquisivit, id est, acquisivit, non quod subegit, not that he subdued it." To his son, William, the Second, the adventitious circumstance of his red hair imparted to him the name of Rufus; and his successor, Henry, the First, from his learning, received the name of Beauclerc, the Scholar. Fulco, the third Earl of Anjou, bore the name of Plantagenet from his wearing a sprig of broom, or Plantagenista, and his name was thus imparted to his descendant, our Sovereign, Henry, the Second, and the House of Plantagenet extended through eight successive Kings of England; yet one of them, Edward, the Third, in the beginning of his reign, thus subscribed himself to several records: "Edwardus, filius Edwardi, filii Edwardi," that is, " Edward, the son of Edward the Second, the son of Edward the First:" a striking proof this of the propriety, indeed the necessity, of distinctive appellations or names.

The earliest decided departure from the usage of the single name was most probably adopted by the Norman Affix of the place of residence, as Giraldus de Wiltune, Edwardus de Sarisberie, Ernulfus de Hesding, Alured de Merleberg, Gislebert de Breteville, Durandus de Gloucestre, Wilielmus de Ow, &c. These names are selected

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from the Doomsday Book as those of, at that time, extensive landholders in Wilts, and the example, thus set by the Normans, was early followed by the native Britons and the Saxons, then identified with each other: Thus, (5) “ On the fifth of April, 1092, Osmund, assisted by Walkeline, Bishop of Winchester, and John of Bath, solemnly dedicated his new church "* (at Old Sarum.) It may perchaunce be objected, that John of Bath was the distinctive appellation of its then Bishop,-be it so-let us then look to the deeds and charters relating to the city and cathedral of Salisbury, and here we find Roger, the Chanter; Robert, the Chancellor; Edward, the Treasurer; Richard of Grimsteed; Richard of Argenton; Thomas of Ebbesborne; William of Potterne Combe; Richard of Cheseldon; Stephen of Brygmerston, and many others; and thus this objection is fully removed. Whilst some of them are contra-distinguished by their offices, others are so by their places of residence, which, by easy transition, became their appropriate and personal names. He, who at first was called Richard of Grimsteed, became Richard Grimsteed, of Grimsteed, and thus it was with others. We may, I think, justly assume, that the place imparted its name to the owner, but that the latter rarely, or never, gave name to the place. Thus we have Kingscote of Kingscote, Fulford of Fulford, Trelawney of Trelawney, Enys of Enys, Biddulph of Biddulph, Towneley, of Towneley, Tichborne of Tichborne, Stonor of Stonor, &c. &c.; but by far the greater part of those ancient * Dodsworth's Salisbury Cathedral, p. 101.

families, whose names and residences were thus connected, are gradually become extinct, but, when they do exist, those families may be generally regarded as amongst the most ancient of the land. Others were pointed out by less defined localities. The present names of Attwater, Uphill, and Bythesea are readily resolvable into the original appellatives of Att the Water, Up the Hill, and By the Sea, an ancestor of which respectable family most probably in time "lang syne" came into this county, (Wilts) as an emigrant from the sea-coast.

Simultaneously with this endeavour on the part of the Normans to contra-distinguish man from man they resorted to another practice to attain the same end. They added the word Fitz (as a substitute for the Latin Filius, or the French Fils) to the Christian Name of the father. Thus John Fitz-Robert was John, the Son of Robert. This word Fitz was of like import with Mac and Ap in the Scotch and Welsh Languages, but singularly enough Fitz is now well known to stand alone as a name! At the more early period of its origin, it was often used as interchangeably annexed to the Christian Name of the father. This remark may be forcibly illustrated by reference to the early pedigree of the baronial family of Fitz-Hugh, which name did not settle down as the fixed appellative, until the time of Edward, the Third.* Thus we read in succession, Bardolph-Akaris Fitz-Bardolph -Hervey Fitz-Akaris-Henry Fitz-Hervey— Randolph Fitz-Henry-Henry Fitz-Randolph* Dugdale's Baronage.

B

Randolph Fitz-Henry--Hugh Fitz-Henry-Henry Fitz-Hugh-which last was created a Baron, assuming that name as his title, and giving it permanence as a family appellative.

At the same period it began to be considered (as Camden says) "a disgrace for a Gentleman to haue but one single name, as the meaner sort and bastards had. For the daughter and heir of Fitz-Hamon a great Lord (as Robert of Glocester in the Librarie of the industrious Antiquary maister John Stow writeth) when King Henry the first would have maried her to his base sonne Robert, shee first refusing answered ; It were to me a great shame

To have a Lord withouten his twa name.

Whereupon the King his father gave him the name of Fitz-Roy, who after was Earle of Glocester, and the onely worthy of his age in England."

Thus also the son of Alan was known by the name of Fitz-Alan, which he imparted to his descendants, who were subsequently Earls of Arundel. Harding (according to Leland descended from the Kings of Denmark) was mayor and governor of Bristol, and his son, who bore the name of Fitz-Harding, was the progenitor of the present noble family of Berkeley, assuming that name, when he was by Henry, the Second, placed in the forfeited possessions of Robert de Berkeley.* To cite more of many instances would be superfluous. The use of this prefix Fitz has with propriety been revived in modern days. The eldest son of

* Rutter's Gloucestershire.

Harris, Earl of Malmesbury, is by title of courtesy Viscount Fitz-Harris.

The descendants of the Britons, and Saxons, averse from closely following the examples set them by the Norman Race, who endeavoured to impose on them their own language, their laws, their manners, and customs, yet felt indeed from the increase of population, and of the social intercourse of man, the pressing necessity also of an increase of distinctive appellations. Much confusion must have of course arisen from the circumstance, that the same name, for instance that of John, or William, was given to more than one in the same hamlet, or village; and thus we may readily believe an attempt would be made by a periphrasis to obviate the existing evil; therefore would John, William's son, instinctively establish himself as the head of a new family under the name of John Williamson, and, vice versá, thus would the children of William, John's son, be spoken of as the progeny of William Johnson. So also from Thomas arose the name of Thomasson, from Robert, and from Richard, those of Robertson and Richardson.

The nick-name (or, as the French term it, the soubriquet) is of course of somewhat posterior, yet of very early origin, and from hence are in like manner derived the names of Jackson, Tomson, Dickson, Robinson and Robson, Wilson and Bilson, &c.

Another mode of distinguishing men from each other (of probably co-eval early origin) was that of the personal designation of profession, or trade. Those, who were at first called,

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