of the world could reach agreement in this field.

As yet we have not been able to bring that about. And even when we

bring it about, we do not know that all nations will agree. We are working to that end. We think it is a desirable objective. We will hope for the best.

[NOTE: During 1966 there entered into force, on the dates listed below, agreements on application of safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to bilateral treaties between the United States and the following five countries regarding cooperation on civil uses of atomic energy: Argentina, Mar. 1, 1966 (TIAS 6004; 17 UST 583); Australia, Sept. 26, 1966 (TIAS 6117; 17 UST 1612); Greece, Jan. 13, 1966 (TIAS 5952; 17 UST 25); Israel, June 15, 1966 (TIAS 6027; 17 UST 750); Spain, Dec. 9, 1966 (TIAS 6182; 17 UST 2351).

[Material concerning proposals to employ IAEA safeguards to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons is printed in Section B of Part X, ante.]

Document X-24

Statement by the President (Johnson), Issued February 2, 19661

Increase in the Amount of Enriched Uranium To Be Made Available by the United States for Peaceful Purposes

In accordance with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, the President determines the quantities of special nuclear material to be made available for distribution at home and abroad. Such a Presidential determination of quan

1 Presidential Documents, Feb. 7, 1966, p. 164.

tities of enriched uranium for peaceful uses was announced on July 3, 1963.* Since that time, there has been considerable progress in plans for the increased utilization of enriched uranium in nuclear power plants. In order to give assurances that enriched uranium can be supplied to meet these needs, I am announcing today a further increase in the quantities of material to be made available.

I have determined, pursuant to section 41b of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended,' that the quantities of uranium-235 in enriched uranium to be made available are raised from 200,000 to 300,000 kilograms for domestic distribution under section 53, and from 150,000 to 250,000 kilograms for foreign distribution under section 54. These amounts have been recommended by the Atomic Energy Commission with the concurrence of the Secretaries of State and Defense. The new total of 550,000 kilograms is more than 50 percent higher than the previous total.

A discussion of the new determination is contained in the attached statement by the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission."

Document X-25

Message From the President (Johnson) to the Tenth General Conference of the IAEA, September 22, 1966°

Renewal of the United States Pledge To Assist the IAEA

I welcome this opportunity to speak, through Chairman Seaborg, to the delegates to the 10th General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency.' I believe it is highly significant that you are participating in the 10th annual meeting of this organization, which has grown in such a short time to an organization of 96 Member States and which has contributed so much to the development of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

The IAEA has provided the means whereby all of its members can work together and share the scientific developments of many nations. Exciting advances in nuclear applications have been made in the service of mankind. The atom has been unlocked and its energy harnessed; the technologies of nuclear power and desalting can be joined to convert saline water to fresh water, and the isotopes that come from nuclear research offer unusual applications and promise in medicine, and agriculture and industry. This work is of the utmost importance to the future of mankind and must be continued with increasing effort and support. At this time let me renew my country's pledge to assist the IAEA in the future as we have in the past in the full pursuit of its goals and enormous potential.

I should like to emphasize to you my country's dedication to three prin

5 Text in Presidential Documents, Feb. 7, 1966, pp. 164-165.

6 Documents on Disarmament, 1966 (U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency publication 43, 1967), pp. 641-642.

* President Johnson's message was read to the Conference on Sept. 22 by the head of the U.S. delegation, Chairman Glenn T. Seaborg of the Atomic Energy Commission. The Conference met in Vienna, Sept. 21-28, 1966.

ciples which are of particular relevance to this organization. We are deeply committed to the principle of international cooperation for peace in every field of human endeavor. We believe strongly in sharing the benefits of scientific progress and we have consistently acted on this belief. And we have worked, and will continue to work, toward the economic development of the world's less developed countries.

If nuclear energy is to play its rightful role in contributing to these goals, the Agency has a crucial responsibility to see that the vast beneficial uses of nuclear energy are not diverted for military purposes. I cannot say often enough that the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons is one of the most important tasks of our times. We look on the Agency's safeguards system as one of the principal instruments for accomplishing this task. The U.S. Government fully supports the Agency system and we will do all in our power to support the continued growth and technical effectiveness of the system. But its success depends on the support of all members and I urge all members to foster the continued healthy development and widespread application of this vital system.

On behalf of the people of the United States, I send you congratulations for your achievements and very best wishes for your future undertakings.

Document X-26

Annual Report of the President (Johnson) to the Congress on U.S. Participation in the U.N., Transmitted November 15, 1967 (Excerpt)'

Activities of the IAEA During 1966

ELECTRICITY NEEDS

In 1966 the IAEA, as executing agent for the UNDP, completed a 2

8 Text in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1965, pp. 382-391.

U.S. Participation in the UN: Report by the President to the Congress for the Year 1966 (Department of State publication 8276), pp. 182-185.

The technical aspects of reactor development were given continued attention by the IAEA during 1966. A review of fast power reactors was published, and plans were made for a symposium on fast reactor problems during 1967. A panel meeting was held on the use of organics in power reactors and a symposium on alkaline metal coolants. The first edition of a Reactor Card Index, covering 800 reactors, and the sixth volume of the IAEA Directory of Nuclear Reactors were completed. Important work was done in relation to research reactors, reactor safety, and nuclear fuels and equipment.

DESALINATION

The use of nuclear technology to produce fresh water from brackish and sea water was a matter of growing interest during 1966. In his address to the IAEA General Conference in September 1966, Dr. Seaborg complimented the IAEA on its recognition of the enormous potential in combining the technologies of nuclear power and desalting, and the steps it had taken to help its members assess the possible application of these two technologies in meeting their needs for power and water. He cited in particular IAEA cooperation in studies of desalting projects to be undertaken by the United States and Mexico,10 the United States and Greece, and the United States and Israel."

OTHER PEACEFUL USES

In addition to its work in the major fields of desalting and nuclear power, the IAEA engaged in numerous other activities during 1966. Symposia and panels were sponsored on the uses of isotopes in dairy science and tech

10 See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1965, pp. 1165-1166.

11 See ante, doc. VII-17.

nology, in plant nutrition and physiology, in weed control research, in food preservation, and in hydrology, as well as on radioisotope instruments for use in industry and geophysics. Research contracts were awarded for studies of the application of radioisotopes in agriculture, food irradiation, hydrology, and medicine. Under the auspices of the UNDP, a project was undertaken in Central America for the eradication of the Mediterranean fruit fly, and another project was undertaken in Turkey for the radiation disinfestation of grain.

The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy in Agriculture, established in 1964, completed a successful year of operational responsibility for all scientific and technical meetings, special missions, publications, and research contracts relating to the use of atomic energy in agriculture. In September 1966 a group of distinguished scientists made a detailed review of the work of this division and commended it for its careful selection of projects.

The IAEA laboratories at Vienna and Seibersdorf (near Vienna) continued to provide services to member states. Emphasis was placed on the production of standardized radionuclides and on the coordination of methods of trace analysis. The Seibersdorf laboratory also provided training in the use of isotopes and radiation sources to some 24 fellows.

The IAEA continued its sponsorship of the International Marine Radioactivity Laboratory at Monaco, which investigated possible distribution patterns of radionuclides in the sea, the chemistry of sea water, the elemental composition of marine organisms, and the effect of ionizing radiations on marine life.

HEALTH AND SAFETY

During 1966 the IAEA devoted greater effort to finding cheap and safe means of disposing of nuclear waste, to providing services to facilitate the international transport of radioactive materials, and to helping individual countries solve local health and safety problems. Standards for the design and testing of packages for large radioactive sources were considered by an IAEA panel. In collaboration with WHO, a revised guide was prepared describing the assistance that might be made available to mem

ber states in the event of a radiation accident, and work was begun on a manual on planning for emergencies. Manuals were published on environmental monitoring in emergency situations, radiation safety in uranium and thorium mines, methods of radiochemical analysis for assessing contamination, techniques for controlling air pollution, the safe use of radioisotopes in hydrology, the safety evaluation of radiochemical laboratories, and waste disposal into the ground. Symposia and panels were held on the treatment of low- and intermediatelevel wastes; the economics of waste management; the disposal of waste into seas, rivers, and surface waters; and the use of neutron monitoring for radiological protection.

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

In May 1966 a group of leading scientists reviewed the work of the International Center for Theoretical Physics, which had been established at Trieste in 1954 under an agreement between the IAEA and the Government of Italy. The group concluded that the Center was making an outstanding contribution in the field of high energy physics and plasma physics and had established itself among the leading institutes of the world. It noted that the Center was a highly effective medium of assistance for developing countries because it provided opportunities for young scientists from such nations to work with colleagues from advanced nations. The result was that, of some 160 papers that had been issued by the Center, more than 100 had been written, singly or in collaboration, by scientists from developing countries.

SAFEGUARDS

13

IAEA Director General Eklund, in addressing the U.N. General Assembly on November 22, 1966,12 called attention to the fact that "The Agency's Safeguards System (1965) " was applicable to all types and sizes of nuclear reactors, and that in June 1966 the IAEA Board of Governors had improved the system by adopting procedures for safeguarding nuclear reprocessing plants used to recover fissile material from burnt-up nuclear fuel. The United States had promptly taken steps to have these procedures applied to the Nuclear Fuel Services reprocessing plant in West Valley, N.Y., which would process the irradiated fuel from the large Yankee Nuclear Power Station at Rowe, Mass., already subject to IAEA safeguards.

Dr. Eklund also noted that proposals had been made that countries able to export nuclear materials should notify the IAEA of all shipments of such materials, and that two major world exporters, the United States and Canada, had already arranged to do so.

After recalling that in 1965 IAEA safeguards were being applied to 46 reactors in 21 countries, Dr. Eklund reported that those figures had grown to 57 reactors in 25 countries. He further stated that the total number of megawatts safeguarded had almost doubled in the year, but pointed out that, even so, only about 6 percent of the world's current peaceful nuclear power output was under IAEA safeguards.

ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS

The work of the IAEA is supported by a regular or administrative budget, financed by assessments levied on member states, and by an operational budget, financed from voluntary contributions and other sources, which encompasses all technical assistance activities other than those carried out by the IAEA on behalf of the UNDP.

The IAEA continued during 1966 to assist developing countries in obtaining trained personnel, knowledge, and equipment essential to the application of atomic energy to their problems. By October 31 it had assigned 64 experts, including 8 visiting professors, to work on projects in various countries and was in the process of recruiting 16 additional experts. By that same date, it had selected for fellowship awards 321 of the 482 individuals nominated by 55 member states and had held 10 training courses on application of isotopes, radiation protection, and radioactive waste management in eight countries for the benefit of some 150 trainees.

At its 10th regular session, the IAEA General Conference appropriated $275,000 as a supplement to the total amount of $8,744,000 already provided for the administrative budget for 1966, subject to the under

12 See U.N. doc. A/PV.1474.

13 Text in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1965, pp. 382-391.

standing that this supplement should be used only to the extent required to meet increased staff costs, and that the amount actually used should be recovered in the assessment of members for the administrative budget for 1968.

The General Conference adopted an administrative budget for 1967 in the amount of $9,491,500, an increase of 8.55 percent over 1966, and a scale of assessments under which the United States would pay 31.87 percent, a slight reduction from its 1966 rate of 31.91 percent. The General Conference further adopted an operational budget for 1967 in the amount of $2,408,000, of which $2,000,000 was the target for voluntary contributions

and the remainder was to be funded from special contributions and other sources. In respect to the operational budget, the United States announced that it would contribute, subject to the availability of funds, an amount equivalent to that portion of the $2,000,000 target corresponding to its assessment under the administrative budget, and up to 37.5 percent of the total unrestricted cash contributions. The United States also planned to continue contributions-in-kind (fellowships for study in the United States, the services of experts, small equipment grants) and supplementary support through research contracts, gifts of fuel, and library materials.