fessed FIFTEENTH CENTURY. Richard lost his life by defection: his 1485. Printing introduced into the following Ratisbon, by J. Sensenschmidt and J. Beken- Vercelli, in Peidmont, by Jacob Suigus. serves, "if ever the Jack Ketch of any country should be rich enough to have a splendid tomb, this might serve as an excellent model." One of the most interesting anecdotes relating to the inquisition, exemplifying how the use of the diabolical engines of torture forces men to confess crimes they have not been guilty of, was related to Mr. D'Israeli by a Portuguese gentleman. A nobleman in Lisbon* having heard that his physician and friend was imprisoned by the inquisition, under the stale pretext of Judaism, addressed a letter to one of them to request his Freedom, assuring the inquisitor that his friend The was as orthodox a christian as himself. physician, notwithstanding this high recommendation, was put to the torture; and, as was usually the case, at the height of his sufferings conevery thing they wished. This enraged the nobleman, and feigning a dangerous illness he begged the inquisitor would come to give him his last spiritual aid. As soon as the Dominican arrived, the lord, who had prepared his confidential servants, commanded the inquisitor in their presence to acknowledge himself a Jew, to write his confession, and to sign it. On the refusal of the inquisitor, the nobleman ordered Different opinions have been entertained rehis people to put on the inquisitor's head a redbot helmet, which to his astonishment, in draw-specting the original author of this work: it is ing aside a screen, he beheld glowing in a small said to be a translation of a French romance, furnace. At the sight of this new instrument of tituled, Lancelot. Caxton's preface commences torture, "Luke's iron crown," the monk wrote with informing us, that, "having completed the and subscribed the abhorred confession. The translation of divers histories of great conquerors "certain books of good nobleman then observed, "See now the enor- and princes," as well as mity of your manner of proceeding with un- examples and doctrine," he was solicited by happy men! My poor physician, like you, has confessed Judaism; but with this difference, only torments have forced that from him which fear alone has drawn from you!" Udino, by Gerard de Flandria. 1485. The press of Caxton was entirely oc- in *In what odious colours has Shakspeare made Richard But I, that am not shap'd for sportive tricks, That dogs bark at me, as I halt by them.-Act 1, Sc. 1. Tetchy and wayward was his infancy; His school-days frightful, desperate, wild, and furious; In this description what a monster of blended deformity nouncing the depravity of soul! But Horace Walpole, in rians of the time, with many crimes of which he was en two immediate successors, Henry VII. and VIII. tirely innocent, merely to flatter his bitter enemies, his Richard III. was killed at the foot of a declivity in the ground at the east of the well, in Bosworth Field. The † A perfect copy of this work is in the library at Osterley many founden that lacke. The more pyte is. I would it pleased our soverayne lord, that twyse or thryce a year, or as the lest ones, he wold do cry justes of pies, to th' ende, that every knyghte sholde have hors and harneys, and also the use and craft of a knyghte; and also to tornay one against one, or two against two, and the best to have a prys-a diamond or jewels, such as should plese the prynce."* The Book of Chivalry has been considered by Oldys, whose words have been repeated by Ames and Herbert, as "one of the scarcest books now remaining of our first printer;" and Mr. Dibdin adds, that it is also one of the most amusing. Caxton informs us, that the translation was made out of French into English, in such manner as God had suffered him; which book was not necessary for every common man, but only for such as intend to enter into the noble order of chivalry, the decay of which, in his day, he much laments, because the noble acts of the knights of old had spread renown throughout the universal world. Caxton concludes with presenting his little work to king Richard the Third, praying that he may command it to be read to all young lords, knights, and gentlemen, to induce them to imitate the example of the worthy knights of old, for which he shall have his prayers for a prosperous reign on earth, and everlasting bliss in heaven. 1484, Sep. 13. The Ryal book; or a Book for a Kyng. Folio. Mr. Dibdin states, that Herbert has given a correct account of this book, which was unknown to Ames, but that he had seen five copies of it.t * Mr. Lewis, in his Life of Caxton, thus explains our typographer's view of this subject:-"The design of these diversions being, as has been intimated, in part to please the ladies, and recommend to their favour the combatants, for their dress and manhood. But Mr. Caxton seemed to have another view in advising their encouragement, namely, the employing the nobility and gentry, that they might not spend their time worse, in gaming and debauchery, and preserving their ancient courage and valour, that the honour and security of the English nation might not suffer through their sinking and degenerating into delicacy and effeminacy. +Mr. D. gives this curious extract from signature f. j. recto:-"They that live after their jollity will hold company with fools: such folk can not, may not, ne will not, hold ne keep measure ne reason. They that live after hypocrisy be they that be martyrs to the devil: such hypocrites have two measures: for the two devils that torment the hypocrite be much contrary that one to that other. That one saith, eat enough, so that thou be fair and fat: that other saith, thou shalt not, but thou shalt fast, so that thou be pale and lean, to the end that the world hold thee for a good man; and that it may appear that thou doest much penance. Now it behoveth that the hypocrite have ii measures; one little and one great: of which they use the little measure tofore the people, and the great measure they use so that no man can see them. They retain not the true measure that be avaricious. In such manner as the mouth will; which is the lady of the house and commander. Then between the belly and the mouth of the glutton be three disputacions. The belly saith, I will be full; the mouth saith, I will not be full; the belly saith to him, I will that thou eat, and take enough, and dispend | largely; the mouth saith, I shall not, I will thou restrain thee-and what shall the sorry caitif do which is servant to his two evil lords? Two measures make the peace. The measure of the belly in an other man's house good and large; and the measure of his mouth in his own house sorrowful and over scarce." The volume is a thin folio, with printed initials, and has rude wood cuts. The leaves are unnumbered. 1484. The Inquisition established in Spain, during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, by John de Torquemada, a Dominican monk and confessor to the queen. Torquemada, indefatigable in his zeal for the holy chair, used every means to extirpate heresy and heretics, in the space of fourteen years that he exercised the office of chief inquisitor, is said to have prosecuted near eighty thousand persons, of whom six thousand were condemned to the flames. Voltaire attributes the taciturnity of the Spaniards to the universal horror such proceedings spread. "A general jealousy and suspicion took possession of all ranks of people: friendship and sociability were at an end! Brothers were afraid of brothers, fathers of their children."* The Inquisition punished heretics by fire, to elude the maxim, Ecclesia non novit sanguinem; for burning a man, they say, does not shed his blood. Otho, the bishop at the Norman invasion, in the tapestry worked by Matilda queen of William the Conqueror, is represented with a mace in his hand, for the purpose that when he despatched his antagonist he might not spill his blood, but only break his bones! "Religion" says Mr. D'Israeli "has had her quibbles as well as law." In the cathedral at Saragossa is the tomb of a famous inquisitor; six pillars surround his tomb; to each is chained a Moor, as preparatory to his being burnt. On this St. Foix ingeniously ob * Innocent the third, a pope as enterprising as he was successful in his enterprises, having sent Dominic with some missionaries into Languedoc, these men so irritated the heretics they were sent to convert, that most of them were assassinated at Toulouse in the year 1200. He called in the aid of temporal arms, and published against them a crusade, granting, as was usual with the popes on similar occasions, all kinds of indulgences and pardons to those who should arm against these Mahometans, so he styled these unfortunate Languedocians. Once all were Turks when they were not Romanists. It was then he esta blished that scourge of Europe, The Inquisition.-Dominic did so much by his persecuting inquiries, that he firmly established the inquisition at Toulouse.-D'Israeli. The inquisition, since its foundation, has burnt at the stake above 100,000 persons of both sexes, besides destroy ing twice that number by imprisonment. Religious war among Christians, for differences in opinion, on point now unintelligible, have cost the lives of above two mi lions in direct slaughters; and the wars to establish Chris tianity, and those waged against the Turks about th Holy Land, &c. have cost fifty millions of lives. The was of Charlemagne, &c. to Christianise the Saxons, &c. an of the Spaniards to Christianise the Moors and American cost, at least, fifteen millions.In all cases of martyrder or punishment for opinions, the prosecutors and persec tors do not allege actual mischief committed, but proce prospectively, under an hypothesis that the opinion has tendency to produce some alleged or imaginary mischi -The inquisition and the Spanish vulgar make no d tinction between a Moorish Mahomedan, a Jew, and Protestant Christian. In 1450, the books and manuscri of each were burnt throughout Spain, and all science ® confounded with the sciences of the hated Arabians. Even in the reigns of the two last kings of Spain, fo were burnt and fifty-six condemned to worse than dea The French abolished the inquisition, but the English mies, under Wellington, restored Ferdinand, and, at same time, this infernal tribunal.-Sir Richard Phillip The establishment of this despotic order was resis in France; but it may perhaps surprise the reader t Sir John Howell, (recorder of London in 1670,) in speech, urged the necessity of setting up an inquisit in England! 1485. Printing introduced into the following Vercelli, in Peidmont, by Jacob Suigus. serves, "if ever the Jack Ketch of any country tance. Richard lost his life by defection: his should be rich enough to have a splendid tomb, courage and foresight were worthy of a better this might serve as an excellent model." cause. He was born at the castle of Fotheringay, One of the most interesting anecdotes relating October 2, 1452; and during the contention of the to the inquisition, exemplifying how the use of roses was present in nearly every engagement of the diabolical engines of torture forces men to those unnatural wars. Richard with his consort confess crimes they have not been guilty of, was (Ann Beauchamp, widow of Edward prince of related to Mr. D'Israeli by a Portuguese gentle-Wales) was crowned at Westminster July 6, 1483, man. A nobleman in Lisbon* having heard that on the 8th of September following they were his physician and friend was imprisoned by the again crowned at York. After the death of inquisition, under the stale pretext of Judaism, Richard, the duke of Richmond was saluted king, addressed a letter to one of them to request his by the title of Henry VII. freedom, assuring the inquisitor that his friend was as orthodox a christian as himself. The physician, notwithstanding this high recommendation, was put to the torture; and, as was usuaily the case, at the height of his sufferings confessed every thing they wished. This enraged the nobleman, and feigning a dangerous illness he begged the inquisitor would come to give him his last spiritual aid. As soon as the Dominican arrived, the lord, who had prepared his conidential servants, commanded the inquisitor in their presence to acknowledge himself a Jew, to write his confession, and to sign it. On the refusal of the inquisitor, the nobleman ordered his people to put on the inquisitor's head a red- Different opinions have been entertained rehot helmet, which to his astonishment, in draw-specting the original author of this work: it is ag aside a screen, he beheld glowing in a small said to be a translation of a French romance, infurnace. At the sight of this new instrument of tituled, Lancelot. Caxton's preface commences turtare, "Luke's iron crown," the monk wrote with informing us, that, "having completed the and subscribed the abhorred confession. The translation of divers histories of great conquerors nobleman then observed, "See now the enor- and princes," as well as certain books of good mity of your manner of proceeding with un- examples and doctrine," he was solicited by happy men! My poor physician, like you, has confessed Judaism; but with this difference, valy torments have forced that from him which fear alone has drawn from you!" A man of letters declared that, having fallen to their hands, nothing perplexed him so much the ignorance of the inquisitor and his counel: and it seemed very doubtful whether they had read even the scriptures. The Inquisition has not failed of receiving its dae praises. Macedo, a Portuguese Jesuit, has covered the origin of the inquisition in the errestrial paradise, and presumes to allege that Gud was the first who began the functions of an aquinitor over Cain and the workmen of Babel! The history of the Inquisition enters into that of the human mind; and that by Limborch, slated by Chandler, with a very curious induction, loses none of its value with the phiphical mind. This monstrous tribunal of ban opinions aimed at the sovereignty of the intellectual world, without intellect. Aug. 22. The battle of Bosworth Field, and the death of Richard III. The Tudor race were indebted to this day for their regal inheri Is 1539, one Saavedra appeared at Lisbon as legate a dere, from the pope, to establish the inquisition in Portu The king conceded the necessary powers, and Saaa caused two hundred to be burnt, and collected crowns. He then departed for Spain, but being discovered to be an impostor, he was seized, but let off ith a whipping and ten years in the gallies. The inquion was then established in Portugal.—Phillips. Udino, by Gerard de Flandria. 1485. The press of Caxton was entirely oc- 66 * In what odious colours has Shakspeare made Richard III. describe himself, in the first scene of the first act of the celebrated tragedy of that name. But I, that am not shap'd for sportive tricks, Tetchy and wayward was his infancy; His school-days frightful, desperate, wild, and furious; Act 4, sc. 4. In this description what a monster of blended deformity and villany do we behold! The deformity of person anhis ingenious treatise entitled Historical Doubts, has given nouncing the depravity of soul! But Horace Walpole, in a variety of reasons to support the opinion of Rapin, that Richard was neither hunched backed nor deformed; and that personal ugliness was imputed to him, by the historians of the time, with many crimes of which he was en tirely innocent, merely to flatter his bitter enemies, his two immediate successors, Henry VII. and VIII. Richard III. was killed at the foot of a declivity in the ground at the east of the well, in Bosworth Field. The bedstead and travelling treasury of Richard is still shewn at Rothley, near Leicester. It was hollow, and full of gold pieces, not discovered till 120 years afterwards. His stone coffin was for many years in the possession of Sir Richard Phillips, then a bookseller at Leicester, and afterwards actually served as a horse trough, at the White Horse Inn. Sic transit gloria mundi." † A perfect copy of this work is in the library at Osterley Park, belonging to the earl of Jersey. Another (unfortu nately defective) is in earl Spencer's library. many founden that lacke. The more pyte is. I would it pleased our soverayne lord, that twyse or thryce a year, or as the lest ones, he wold do cry justes of pies, to th' ende, that every knyghte sholde have hors and harneys, and also the use and craft of a knyghte; and also to tornay one against one, or two against two, and the best to have a prys-a diamond or jewels, such as should plese the prynce." "* The Book of Chivalry has been considered by Oldys, whose words have been repeated by Ames and Herbert, as 66 one of the scarcest books now remaining of our first printer;" and Mr. Dibdin adds, that it is also one of the most amusing. Caxton informs us, that the translation was made out of French into English, in such manner as God had suffered him; which book was not necessary for every common man, but only for such as intend to enter into the noble order of chivalry, the decay of which, in his day, he much laments, because the noble acts of the knights of old had spread renown throughout the universal world. Caxton concludes with presenting his little work to king Richard the Third, praying that he may command it to be read to all young lords, knights, and gentlemen, to induce them to imitate the example of the worthy knights of old, for which he shall have his prayers for a prosperous reign on earth, and everlasting bliss in heaven. 1484, Sep. 13. The Ryal book; or a Book for a Kyng. Folio. Mr. Dibdin states, that Herbert has given a correct account of this book, which was unknown to Ames, but that he had seen five copies of it.t * Mr. Lewis, in his Life of Carton, thus explains our typographer's view of this subject:-"The design of these diversions being, as has been intimated, in part to please the ladies, and recommend to their favour the combatants, for their dress and manhood. But Mr. Caxton seemed to have another view in advising their encouragement, namely, the employing the nobility and gentry, that they might not spend their time worse, in gaming and debauchery, and preserving their ancient courage and valour, that the honour and security of the English nation might not suffer through their sinking and degenerating into delicacy and effeminacy. + Mr. D. gives this curious extract from signature f. j. recto:-"They that live after their jollity will hold company with fools: such folk can not, may not, ne will not, hold ne keep measure ne reason. They that live after hypocrisy be they that be martyrs to the devil: such hypocrites have two measures: for the two devils that torment the hypocrite be much contrary that one to that other. That one saith, eat enough, so that thou be fair and fat: that other saith, thou shalt not, but thou shalt fast, so that thou be pale and lean, to the end that the world hold thee for a good man; and that it may appear that thou doest much penance. Now it behoveth that the hypocrite have ii measures; one little and one great: of which they use the little measure tofore the people, and the great measure they use so that no man can see them. They retain not the true measure that be avaricious. In such manner as the mouth will; which is the lady of the house and commander. Then between the belly and the mouth of the glutton be three disputacions. The belly saith, I will be full; the mouth saith, I will not be full; the belly saith to him, I will that thou eat, and take enough, and dispend largely; the mouth saith, I shall not, I will thou restrain thee-and what shall the sorry caitif do which is servant to his two evil lords? Two measures make the peace. The measure of the belly in an other man's house good and large; and the measure of his mouth in his own house sorrowful and over scarce.' The volume is a thin folio, with printed initials, and has rude wood cuts. The leaves are unnumbered. 1484. The Inquisition established in Spain, during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, by John de Torquemada, a Dominican monk and confessor to the queen. Torquemada, indefatigable in his zeal for the holy chair, used every means to extirpate heresy and heretics, in the space of fourteen years that he exercised the office of chief inquisitor, is said to have prosecuted near eighty thousand persons, of whom six thousand were condemned to the flames. Voltaire attributes the taciturnity of the Spaniards to the universal horror such proceedings spread. "A general jealousy and suspicion took possession of all ranks of people: friendship and sociability were at an end! Brothers were afraid of brothers, fathers of their children."* The Inquisition punished heretics by fire, to elude the maxim, Ecclesia non novit sanguinem ; for burning a man, they say, does not shed his blood. Otho, the bishop at the Norman invasion, in the tapestry worked by Matilda queen of William the Conqueror, is represented with a mace in his hand, for the purpose that when he despatched his antagonist he might not spill his blood, but only break his bones! "Religion" says Mr. D'Israeli "has had her quibbles as well as law." In the cathedral at Saragossa is the tomb of a famous inquisitor; six pillars surround his tomb; to each is chained a Moor, as preparatory to his being burnt. On this St. Foix ingeniously ob * Innocent the third, a pope as enterprising as he was successful in his enterprises, having sent Dominic with some missionaries into Languedoc, these men so irritated the heretics they were sent to convert, that most of them were assassinated at Toulouse in the year 1200. He called in the aid of temporal arms, and published against them a crusade, granting, as was usual with the popes on similar occasions, all kinds of indulgences and pardons to those who should arm against these Mahometans, so he styled these unfortunate Languedocians. Once all were Turks when they were not Romanists. It was then he esta blished that scourge of Europe, The Inquisition.-Dominic did so much by his persecuting inquiries, that he firmly established the inquisition at Toulouse.-D' Israeli. The inquisition, since its foundation, has burnt at the stake above 100,000 persons of both sexes, besides destroy ing twice that number by imprisonment. Religious war among Christians, for differences in opinion, on point now unintelligible, have cost the lives of above two mi lions in direct slaughters; and the wars to establish Chris tianity, and those waged against the Turks about th Holy Land, &c. have cost fifty millions of lives. The war of Charlemagne, &c. to Christianise the Saxons, &c. an of the Spaniards to Christianise the Moors and American cost, at least, fifteen millions.-In all cases of martyrdo or punishment for opinions, the prosecutors and persec tors do not allege actual mischief committed, but proce prospectively, under an hypothesis that the opinion bas tendency to produce some alleged or imaginary mischi -The inquisition and the Spanish vulgar make no di tinction between a Moorish Mahomedan, a Jew, and Protestant Christian. In 1450, the books and manuscrip of each were burnt throughout Spain, and all science w confounded with the sciences of the hated Arabians. Even in the reigns of the two last kings of Spain, fo were burnt and fifty-six condemned to worse than dea The French abolished the inquisition, but the English mies, under Wellington, restored Ferdinand, and, at t same time, this infernal tribunal.-Sir Richard Phillips The establishment of this despotic order was resis in France; but it may perhaps surprise the reader t Sir John Howell, (recorder of London in 1670,) in speech, urged the necessity of setting up an inquist in England! serves, "if ever the Jack Ketch of any country | tance. Richard lost his life by defection: his should be rich enough to have a splendid tomb, this might serve as an excellent model." One of the most interesting anecdotes relating to the inquisition, exemplifying how the use of the diabolical engines of torture forces men to confess crimes they have not been guilty of, was related to Mr. D'Israeli by a Portuguese gentlema. A nobleman in Lisbon* having heard that his physician and friend was imprisoned by the inquisition, under the stale pretext of Judaism, addressed a letter to one of them to request his freedom, assuring the inquisitor that his friend was as orthodox a christian as himself. The physician, notwithstanding this high recommendation, was put to the torture; and, as was usualy the case, at the height of his sufferings confessed every thing they wished. This enraged the nobleman, and feigning a dangerous illness he begged the inquisitor would come to give him his last spiritual aid. As soon as the Dominican arrived, the lord, who had prepared his consential servants, commanded the inquisitor in their presence to acknowledge himself a Jew, to write his confession, and to sign it. On the refusal of the inquisitor, the nobleman ordered is people to put on the inquisitor's head a redht helmet, which to his astonishment, in drawaz aside a screen, he beheld glowing in a small furnace. At the sight of this new instrument of tartare, "Luke's iron crown," the monk wrote and subscribed the abhorred confession. The leman then observed, "See now the enormity of your manner of proceeding with unhappy men! My poor physician, like you, has fessed Judaism; but with this difference, ly torments have forced that from him which far alone has drawn from you!" courage and foresight were worthy of a better cause. He was born at the castle of Fotheringay, October 2, 1452; and during the contention of the roses was present in nearly every engagement of those unnatural wars. Richard with his consort (Ann Beauchamp, widow of Edward prince of Wales) was crowned at Westminster July 6, 1483, on the 8th of September following they were again crowned at York. After the death of Richard, the duke of Richmond was saluted king, by the title of Henry VII. 1485. Printing introduced into the following places in the course of this year: Heidelberg, by Fridericus Misch: his name appeared to his first work in 1488. Ratisbon, by J. Sensenschmidt and J. Bekenhaub. A man of letters declared that, having fallen their hands, nothing perplexed him so much the ignorance of the inquisitor and his coun1: and it seemed very doubtful whether they ad read even the scriptures. The Inquisition has not failed of receiving its praises. Macedo, a Portuguese Jesuit, has overed the origin of the inquisition in the terrestrial paradise, and presumes to allege that Gud was the first who began the functions of an titor over Cain and the workmen of Babel! The history of the Inquisition enters into that the human mind; and that by Limborch, ated by Chandler, with a very curious ininction, loses none of its value with the phiophical mind. This monstrous tribunal of Laan opinions aimed at the sovereignty of the intellectual world, without intellect. Vercelli, in Peidmont, by Jacob Suigus. Udino, by Gerard de Flandria. 1485. The press of Caxton was entirely occupied this year with printing romances. A Book of the noble hystoryes of kynge Arthur and of certeyn of his knyghtes. Different opinions have been entertained respecting the original author of this work: it is said to be a translation of a French romance, intituled, Lancelot. Caxton's preface commences with informing us, that, "having completed the translation of divers histories of great conquerors and princes," as well as "certain books of good examples and doctrine," he was solicited by *In what odious colours has Shakspeare made Richard III. describe himself, in the first scene of the first act of the celebrated tragedy of that name. But I, that am not shap'd for sportive tricks, Tetchy and wayward was his infancy; His school-days frightful, desperate, wild, and furious; Act 4, sc. 4. In this description what a monster of blended deformity and villany do we behold! The deformity of person anhis ingenious treatise entitled Historical Doubts, has given nouncing the depravity of soul! But Horace Walpole, in a variety of reasons to support the opinion of Rapin, that Richard was neither hunched backed nor deformed; and that personal ugliness was imputed to him, by the historians of the time, with many crimes of which he was en tirely innocent, merely to flatter his bitter enemies, his two immediate successors, Henry VII. and VIII. 14, Aug. 22. The battle of Bosworth Field, and the death of Richard III. The Tudor race were indebted to this day for their regal inheri-ground at the east of the well, in Bosworth Field. The Ia 1599, one Saavedra appeared at Lisbon as legate a ere, from the pope, to establish the inquisition in Portu. The king conceded the necessary powers, and Saaretra caused two hundred to be burnt, and collected crowns. He then departed for Spain, but being acovered to be an impostor, he was seized, but let off with a whipping and ten years in the gallies. The inquition was then established in Portugal.-Phillips. Richard III. was killed at the foot of a declivity in the bedstead and travelling treasury of Richard is still shewn at Rothley, near Leicester. It was hollow, and full of gold pieces, not discovered till 120 years afterwards. His stone coffin was for many years in the possession of Sir Richard Phillips, then a bookseller at Leicester, and afterwards actually served as a horse trough, at the White Horse Inn. "Sic transit gloria mundi.” † A perfect copy of this work is in the library at Osterley Park, belonging to the earl of Jersey. Another (unfortunately defective) is in earl Spencer's library. |