from its ftem or branches. It is compofed externally of fcales which are elongations of the inner bark; and these are commonly covered with a refinous varnish, to protect the bud from cold, infects, and moifture. It contains the rudiments of the leaves or flower, or both; which are to be expanded the following year. The bud appears to be rooted in, or protuberated from the pith; for wherever a new bud is generated on the ftem, or in the bofom of a leaf, a membra neous diaphragm divides the cavity, and is covered with this medullary fubftance or pith; which divifion thus diftinguifhes one bud from another. Befide the scales of the bark and the rudiments of the leaves, we difcover by fearching deeper, that the bud contains, like the feed, the parent plant in miniature. Seeds are vegetable eggs; buds foetal plants; both equally adapted to renew their fpecies. Linnæus calls a bud on a branch as well as a bulb on a root, the bibernaculum or winter quarters; as during the feverity of winter they enclofe and protect the fleep ing embryo. There are three kinds of buds; one containing a flower; another containing leaves; and a third containing both. A juft difcrimination of the three kinds of buds is important to gardeners. Leaf-buds fhould be always felected for inoculation, although flower-buds are most commonly chofen; because they are fuller, thicker, less pointed, refembling Darwin's Phitolog. p. 158. plump feed; whereas if they be tranfplanted into the bark of a tree, they are more apt to perifh than leaf-buds. An accurate knowledge of these things would explode the vague terms of " barren buds," and "fertile buds ;" for anatomical inveftigation is the only rational method of ar riving at certainty in the laws of vegetation. By the term FOLIATION, botanifts mean the complication, or folded ftate of the leaves, while concealed within the buds. This intricate and complicated structure, was firft evolved and difplayed by our great mafter LINNEUS; who has taught us, that the leaves in buds are either INVOLUTE; that is, rolled in, when their lateral margins are rolled fpirally inwards on both fides. REVOLUTE, rolled back; when their lateral margins are rolled fpirally backwards on both fides. OBVOLUTE, rolled against each other; when their respective margins alternately embrace the ftrait margin of the oppofite leaf. CONVOLUTE, rolled together when the margin of one fide furrounds the other margin of the fame leaf in the manner of a cawl or hood. IMBRICATE; when they are parallel, with a ftraight furface, and lie one over the other. EQUITANT, riding; when the fides of the leaves lie parallel, and approach in fuch a manner, as the outer embrace the inner, which is not the cafe with the CONDUPLICATE ; or doubled together, that is, when the fides of the leaf are parallel, and ap. proach each other. PLICATE, plaited; when their complication is in plaits length ways. RECLINATE, reclined; when the leaves are reflexed downwards towards the petiole. CIRCINAL, compaffed; or in rings, when the leaves are rolled in fpirally downwards.* Although Loefling's natural hiftory of buds has not been furpailed, as any naturalift will be convinced, if he perufes his paper, entitled "GEMME ARBORUM," in the Amanitates Academica; yet Darwin is more to our prefent purpose, which is to mix the utile with the dulce." DR. DARWIN, in his "philofophy of agriculture and gardening" fays, "if a bud be torn from a branch of a tree, or cut out, and planted in the earth, with a glafs cup inverted over it, to prevent the exhalation from being at firft greater than its power of abforption; or if it be inferted into the bark of another tree, it will grow, and become a plant in every respect like its parent. This evinces, that every bud of a tree is an individual vegetable being; and that a tree therefore is a family or fwarm of individual plants, like a polypus, with its young growing out of its fides, or like the branching cells of the coral infect." "When old oaks or willows lofe by decay almost all their folid internal wood, it frequently happens, that a part of the fhell of the trunk or ftem continues to flourish with a few healthy branches. Whence it appears, that no part of the tree is alive, but the buds, and the bark, and the root-fibres; that the bark is only an intertexture of the caudexes of the numerous buds, as they pafs down to shoot their radicles into the earth; and that the folid timber of a tree ceafes to be alive, and is then only of fervice to fupport the numerous family of buds in the air, above the herbaceous vegetables in their vicinity. "A bud of a tree therefore, like a vegetable arifing from a feed, confits of three parts; the plumula or leaf, the radicle or root-fibres, and the part which joins these two together, which is called caudex by LINNEUS, when applied to entire plants; and may therefore be termed caudex gemme, when applied to buds. "An embryon-bud, whether it be a leaf-bud, or a flower-bud, is the VIVIPAROUS offspring of an adult leaf-bud; and is as indias a feed, which is its OVIPAROUS offspring. * See chap. xvi. of a book well known in America, entitled "An Introduction to Botany, &c. which was compiled from the writings of LINNEUs, by an English Baronet, and published by James Lee, nursery man, at the Vine-vidual, yard, Hammersmith," near London, an honest, fenfible, hardworking, unlettered, North Briton. In this fituation a greater heat may be given them, than in hot houfes, without increafing their quantity of perfpiration, which ceafes as foon, as the air in the glafs is faturated with mioifture, Phitol. Sect. ix. "As the feafon advances the leaf-bud puts forth a plumula, like a feed, which ftimulated by the oxygen of the atmosphere, rises upwards into leaves, to acquire its adapted pabulum; which leaves conftitute its lungs. The Hower-bud under fimilar circumstances puts forth its fractes or floral-leaves; which ferve the office of lungs to the pericarp and calyx; and expands its petals, which again ferve the office of lungs to the anthers and fligmas; and thus like the leaf-bud, it becomes an adult vegetable being, with the power of producing feed." Darwin's Phitol. Člofe obfervers of nature have remarked, that about midfummer, there is a kind of paufe in vegetation, for perhaps a fortnight; and it is believed, that during this fpace, leaf-buds may be changed into flower-buds, and flower-buds into leaf-buds. The probability of this idea of tranfmuting flower-buds and leaf-buds into each other is confirmed, fays the ingenious author of "the Botanic Garden," by the curious converfion of the parts of the flowers of fome vegetable monsters into green leaves ; if they be too well nourished, after they are fo far advanced, as to be unchangeable into leaf-buds. Inftances of this luxuriancy are sometimes feen in the chaffy fcales of the calyx of the Everlafting, in the Pink, and in the Rofe-Willow. The artificial method of converting leaf-buds into flower-buds is by difturbing the natural courfe of vegetation by binding fome of the moft vigorous stalks or roots with ftrong wire. See Bradley on Gardening, vol. 2, p. 155. Alfo Mr. Fitzgerard's mode in Philos. Tranfact, for 1761, and Count Buffon's in A. Paris. An. 1738. The fuc Double, or very luxuriant flowers, however beautiful in the eyes of the forifs, are called monfiers by botanists. cefs of this operation depends on weakening or ftrengthening the growth of the last year's buds.. Inftead of planting buds in the earth, we plant them within the bark of another tree; taking care to place them fo, that the pith of the bud comes in clofe contact with the pith of the branch, in which the flit is made. This mode of propagation is cal led inoculation.§ An argument among others, that the Chinese had no communication with either Greeks or Romans, is their total ignorance of the art of ingrafting or inoculation. That the ancients were well acquainted with this opera tion appears by this paffage from VIRGIL'S Georgics. Where cruder juices fwell the leafy FLORA prefents a boquet to the Maffachusetts youth of both fexes, the muft not fprinkle poifon on her flowers. CONSTANCE TO CORNELIA. ******, Nov. 30, 1804. MY DEAR CORNELIA, its utility, we find it the bafis of that moft diftinguished and benign of arts, which fpoils disease of its prey, or difarms it of terrour. But its happiest province is to hold a bright light over FOR THE ANTHOLOGY. principles of natural theology. And every ftudent of nature, whofe mind is not darkened by fkeptical prejudices, or whole heart is not frozen with impiety, will perceive with rapture, that, in fearching into the relations of the humbleft fhrub, he is enabled to trace a few fimple laws, by which phyfical events are regu lated, and thence fatisfactorily to infer the operation of infinite wifdom in regions, which muft for ever remain unexplored by human knowledge. How evincive of this wisdom, that the divinity of its plans is developed as clearly in the minutia of nature, as in her works which astonish by their magnitude! I MISSED with regret, in the laft Anthology, the entertainment which the Botanist has afforded in the three preceding numbers. I imagine you feel the fame lofs, as I remember to have heard you fpeak of that writer with approbation. We cannot but be interested in every material for "erecting a temple" to the honour of a fcience fo ancient, so use ful, and fo fublime, as that of Natural History. And is it affuming too much, to look forward with hope, that fome of its beautiful pillars will be adorned with infcriptions of female atchievements? Already, you know, the name of is refpectfully mentioned in the botanical records of our country. If we review its antiquity, we behold one of the most accomplished princes of a remote age defcending from the heights of regal glory to inveftigate the lowly inhabitant of the wall. And here our curiofity is interested to find the refult of inquiries by fo capacious a mind, and to learn the ftate of this fcience at that early period. On the principle of mutation and tranfmutation I fay nothing. I leave the fanciful conjectures of the ancient alchymift to be tefted by the daring experiments of modern phyfiologifts. If we feek In this department of nature, analogy lends powerful aid to establish the truth of natural theology. If the hyffop, which fprings from the bofom of the barren rock, is related to every element of our earth, and the light of diftant orbs, how infinitely extenfive may be the relations of a being like man! A being, who, like the plant, is chained to the earth by his wants and neceffities, but by his fenfes is connected with the univerfe, and by his reafon and even his paffions with a world beyond the precincts of fenfe. The vegetable and anima! world exhibits fatisfactory evidence of laws adjusted to the perfection of their nature, whilft perfection is ever escaping from man, whether we view him as an ani mal, as a philofopher, or as a faint. The earth does not fhelter him in her bofom through the rigours of winter, and restore him in the fpring clothed in the lovely foliage of the lily; nor fetch from her wardrobe a golden plumage, or a comfortable fleece. No. The longer he remains on the earth fo bounteous to her native children, the lefs is he able to endure her hardfhips. She robs him of his beauty, deftroys his boafted ftrength, and at length fteals away his fenfes, fo that he willingly feeks concealment in her bowels. As a philofopher, his deepest researches, his brighteft elucidations, are often employed in forming a fyftem, which fcarcely outlives his own fhort life. As a faint, connected as he thus is with a Being, the love and adoration of whom fills his foul with a fentiment of inexpreffible tranquillity, a fentiment which diffufes a charm over every object in nature, and foothes all the wearinefs and difgufts of life, he yet confeffes with the devout potentate of the East, " If I were perfect, I would not dare acknowledge it even to myfelf." But far from perfection, he finds the ardour of his piety damped by furrounding cares, his faith weakened by the forrows of life and the frailty of nature, and the luftre of his charity dimmed by felfifh propenfities; and his decaying body and fhorn enjoyments continually remind him, that his grandeft relations can only be realized in an immortal world. And will it too far extend the limits of this letter to add, that studying the anatomy of plants, as well as animals, tends to con firm the chriftian in his belief of an exiftence feparate from the body? From every view of the nature of body he meets conviction, that it is incapable of the properties afcribed to fpirit. He grows ftronger in the faith, that the moft fublimated mechanifm of matter cannot reason, nor perceive ideas to which no fenfible object bears any analogy. Convinced that he is compofed of two different beings, and that it is not in the nature of things poffible for fpirit to be inactive or unconfcious, he already feels a near connexion with the world of fouls; his hopes and affections are become familiar with a purer mode of existence, where the government of God is immediately known, and his perfections glorioufly and unceasingly difplayed. Write foon and oblige Your friend, CONSTANCE. THE SOLDIERS.....A BRITISH TALE. Continued from p. 601. friend's departure with no little intereft; HORATIO expected the morn of his he refolved to regard the countenance and manner of both Selina and his friend with minute obfervance at the moment of departure; he hoped to difcover a clue to guide his future conduct to Selina by what they might then betray. The morning came; Selina fmiled gaily at Rodolpho, as the gave him her hand to kifs; wifhed him a fafe return, and promifed to be induftrious in his barrafiment, was vifible in the manner abfence. No lover like gloom or emof either. Horatio's heart danced with pleasure, and a multitude of happy days, nay, years, appeared in the perfpective; in five minutes he had drawn the magick circle round him, that defcribes the boundary of mortal happiness: joyful |