imperfectly, there will be a corresponding imperfection in the execution of the movement.

Examples of the first condition being deficient are found in those persons who cannot remember how a movement should be performed; of the second condition being deficient, when a person remembers what he should do, but is unable to do it ; many persons are able to write down an accurate description of the way to perform a movement, but are quite unable to execute it themselves. Nervousness often temporarily produces this condition; if the person were alone, he feels that he would be able to do what is required readily enough.

The third condition, or motor memory, is deficient, when much repetition is required to facilitate the execution of a movement.

Examples of the fourth condition being defective are found in those persons who are unable to dance, ride, or skate, becoming giddy at once on attempting a movement belonging to the second class, but finding no difficulty with those of the first.

The following case, related by Carpenter, shows that the motor memory may remember what has apparently disappeared from the conscious memory. A 'planchette,' made in Bath, which had been on a visit in various families for several months, having been asked where it was made, replied, Bath,' although the questioners all thought it came from London, and disbelieved its statement, which was afterwards verified. It is as well to mention that the planchette' acts through the involuntary muscular movements of the persons using it, and the above is easily explained in the following way: that though it had often replied

'Bath' before, the fact had been entirely forgotten as far as the conscious sensory memory was concerned, but was remembered by the motor memory; the slight impressions received, by putting the hands on the 'planchette,' and the questions asked, were sufficient to bring about the movement in the manner described in Chapter VIII.

CHAPTER V

THE FACULTIES OF THE MIND

Multiplicity of the Faculties of the Mind

IT is useless to enter into a discussion as to whether the brain is the organ of the mind or not, because I think that there are very few, if any, psychologists of the present time who would attempt to contravene that opinion. But, granted that the brain is the seat of the mind, there is still this point to be discussed, whether the brain be a single or a multiple organ. I shall endeavour to prove that the brain is a multiple organ. Before doing so, I wish to make a few remarks about phrenology. The arguments against phrenology, as expounded by Gall, are incontestible.

The following facts prove, even if the faculties were underneath the portion of skull marked out for them, the impossibility of ascertaining that such was the

case.

1. The varying thickness of the skull in different

persons.

The thickness of the skull varies very considerably. Anyone, casually comparing the skulls in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, can hardly fail to be struck by this fact; and not only this: many skulls are to be found showing very unequal thickness, being thick in one part and like tissue-paper in another.

This would greatly interfere with the possibility of ascertaining, by external manipulation, any slight deviation in the size of the brain beneath.

2. The presence of the frontal sinuses.

These vary very considerably without giving any external evidence of that variation. In the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, there is a special collection showing the want of uniformity in the development of these sinuses. Such a condition must. manifestly interfere with any estimation of the size of the brain beneath this portion of the skull.

3. Variations in the shape of the head, due to accident or disease.

I have almost invariably found, on interrogating a man presenting any striking peculiarities in the shape of his skull, that it has been due to a fall or disease, as rickets, hydrocephalus, or periostitis.

4. That a very large portion of the brain cannot be reached in any way.

Phrenologists have propounded a complete system, without taking into account those portions of brain lying at the base of the skull and the internal convolutions, which are of considerable size.

5. No account can be taken of an increased number of convolutions.

Supposing that the size of each faculty be due to the amount of grey matter in the convolution, then an additional convolution will greatly increase the amount of grey matter, but will not alter the shape. of the skull situated above this portion of the brain. This is important, as, from observations which have been made, it is found that the brain is more convoluted in persons of superior intelligence.

6. The external surface of the skull-cap does not, in many cases, correspond to the internal plate.

It is very rare indeed to find a skull-cap which has the internal and external surfaces exactly corresponding, so this would interfere with a correct estimation of the brain beneath.

7. That, even granting that in many cases a correspondence can be found between the external conformation of the head and the character of the individual, there are many exceptions.

6

With the object of finding out whether there was any truth in phrenology, I made a point of studying it, and whenever I noticed any particularly well-marked trait in the character of a man, I looked for the corresponding phrenological organ.' As might be expected, I was often disappointed, especially with the organ of Concentrativeness (which I do not believe to exist at all as a definite faculty): I have several times found a hollow in the situation of this organ,' when great power of mental concentration has been one of the leading characteristics of the person examined.

In the same way, I have found a very great deficiency of the 'organ of Tune' in a musician, who, to judge from the character of his performances, ought to have had it largely developed.

So it is with the other organs'; though, in the majority of cases, they are found (the probable reason for this will be mentioned presently), there are numerous exceptions; so, simply examining the system on its own principles, it is found inaccurate.

8. The two sides of the head often show a considerable difference in size at corresponding points.

If the circumference of the head be taken, in the