after year.

Everyone knows how pigeons will fly back home again, at one time being made letter-carriers on

this account.

The following are some good illustrations which have come under my own notice:

I have ridden on a very intelligent mare, who was accustomed to going through bridle gates; when coming to a gate she would always go the latch end, whether in the daylight or dusk. There is no definite rule for placing the latches, so it is by no means an easy thing to remember, when there are a number of gates to pass through. She thoroughly understood the use of the latch, and when it was pulled back, if the gate opened forwards, would push the gate right open by a series of movements with her nose.

Once I wished to pass through a pathway guarded by an iron gate, which had no latch, but was kept in position by its weight. She had not been this way before, and first carefully examined one side, and found no latch; then moved over to the other side and found no latch there either, and so drew back puzzled.

This shows that the mare not only remembered the latch, but knew its use, and missed it on not finding it on the iron gate.

A horse having been driven in the night to a house at some distance, in a rather out of the way spot, surprised its owner by suddenly stopping there a few weeks later; he was at a loss at first to understand why it should do so.

There are numerous well-authenticated cases of dogs finding their way home again, when stolen or lost, from considerable distances.

The faculty of time is often very well developed in dogs; thus, a dog belonging to a master who is accustomed to come home from the city at a certain hour, will often sit on the mat waiting for him, or go to some place where he can watch for him at the expected time.

A dog will remember the correct days if he be taken out for a walk regularly on certain days and not others.

The faculty of smell is more developed in most animals than it is in man.

The best example of a special memory developed by the faculty for the perception of odours is found in bloodhounds, who are able to track a criminal down after having been allowed to smell some article of clothing belonging to him; they are able to follow the scent even across a crowded market-place, only becoming baffled by a stream of running water.

They have been able, from the remembrance of the impressions received from the article smelt, to discriminate between odours, when to us no odours are perceptible.

The following are good memory in dogs, the third reasoning.

examples of a special showing a species of

A gentleman went to visit a friend, and the dog ran out and barked at him; he gave it two or three cuts with his cane, and then went away. He did not revisit the house for eighteen months, but when he did the dog did not again bark at him, but waited till he reached the house, and then seized him by the calf of the leg. The dog had never previously bitten anyone, neither has it bitten anyone since, and there

appeared no reason, at the time, why he should have bitten this man.

A Pomeranian dog was fond of going to the station, so his master asked one of the porters to give it a good whipping, to prevent it from doing so. It never forgot this, and ever afterwards, whenever it met the porter, growled and barked at him.

This dog, though very fond of his master, would growl very fiercely at him if he pretended to strike his wife.

ཟ་

A Newfoundland dog, very much attached to his master, always used to wait on a wall between the garden and the road, and look out for his first appearance. One day, whilst sitting there, a boy came up, and, picking up a handful of stones, threw one at the dog. The dog immediately got down off the wall into the garden, and appeared to take no further notice. Next day, however, the servants noticed that instead of facing the garden, as he usually did, he faced the road. On the boy's making his appearance, he jumped down into the road and barred his progress, and would not allow him to pass, growling fiercely if he attempted to do so. The boy had, accordingly, to go right back and round another way. The dog acted in a similar manner for five or six days, and then allowed the boy to pass as usual, taking no further notice.

The following is an unusual faculty for an animal: A dog was found to possess a remarkable liking for music, but howled dismally if wrong notes were played, so being rather an inconvenience, when inefficient performers came to the house; this faculty was turned to account by putting the dog in the room whilst the children were practising.

With regard to the memory for words:

The various dogs of a pack know their own names, and many dogs learn to understand the meanings of a large number of words, even when spoken in the ordinary tone of voice.

Besides the above-named faculties, examples might be given of nearly every faculty already named, in a varying degree; the chief difference between animals and men consists in the fact that the latter have more moral and reasoning power, and more power of controlling external influences, but the above are sufficient to show that the faculties and the accompanying special memories differ in animals as they do in man; there are clever dogs and stupid dogs, brave dogs and cowardly dogs, brisk dogs and lazy dogs.

So.

It will be noticed that animals have to rely on their memories, when man has devised means to avoid doing Animals have to rely on their memories for time and locality, not having timepieces, and not being able to use directories. An animal has to rely on its own experience, or upon that which can be directly communicated to it by another animal; man is able to consult books, and to consult much more efficiently with his fellow-creatures by means of language. It is this means of communication which raises him so considerably above the lower animals; a very intelligent animal is not able to benefit its race, whilst an able man is able to not only benefit his contemporaries, but to leave a legacy to those who follow after him.

CHAPTER X

THE VARIATIONS OF MEMORY AT DIFFERENT

PERIODS OF LIFE

GREAT difference exists in the memory at different periods of life; the subject will be considered under the following heads :

a. Sensory memory.

b. Motor inemory.

c. The development of the various faculties and their predominance at different periods of life, and the special memories developed by them.

A young child has usually an enormous capacity for acquiring and recollecting impressions, and it is necessary that it should be so; if it were not, and the same difficulty found in remembering unconnected impressions as in after-life, the length of the period of childhood would be greatly increased.

What is the explanation of this? I have already shown that every impression received during an individual lifetime is retained, whether it is received in youth, childhood, or old age; and so it is, for if it were not, the old man would forget the first part of a long sentence before he had heard the remainder, and have no recollection of what he had done or whom he had seen the day before, whether he had had his dinner, etc. This is not the normal state, though it does occur; but then, if