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CONTENTS
BOOK I
THE DEFINITION OF MATTER
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The distinction between mind and matter-Knowable not
homogeneous-Criterion employed, enumeration not
concepts
CHAPTER II
OUR KNOWLEDGE OF EXTERNAL OBJECTS ONLY
SENSATION
Modern theories of matter-Outer world only known to
us by our sensations-Instances-Mill's approval of
proposition, and its defects-Nervous system only
intermediary between self and outer world - The
great X of Matter-Nervous system does not give
us true image Müller's law of specificity of the
nerves-The nervous system itself a sensation-Re-
lations of sensation with the unknowable the affair
of metaphysics
CHAPTER III
THE MECHANICAL THEORIES OF MATTER ARE ONLY
SYMBOLS
Physicists vainly endeavour to reduce the rôle of sensation
-Mathematical, energetical, and mechanical theories
of universe-Mechanical model formed from sensation
-Instance of tuning-fork - No one sensation any
right to hegemony over others
CHAPTER IV
ANSWERS TO SOME OBJECTIONS, AND SUMMARY
Objections of spiritualists-Of German authors who con-
tend that nervous system does give true image-Of
metaphysicians-Common ground of objection that
nervous system not intermediary-Answer to this-
Summary of preceding chapters
PAGE
27
44
BOOK II
THE DEFINITION OF MIND
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN COGNITION AND ITS
OBJECT
Necessity for inventory of mental phenomena-Objects of
cognition and acts of cognition-Definition of con-
sciousness
55
DEFINITION OF SENSATION
Sensation defined by experimental psychology—A state of
consciousness-Considered self-evident by Mill, Re-
nouvier, and Hume-Psycho-physical according to
Reid and Hamilton-Reasons in favour of last defini-
tion-Other opinions examined and refuted
60
DEFINITION OF THE IMAGE
Perception and ideation cannot be separated-Perception
constituted by addition of image to sensation-Hallu-
cinations-Objections anticipated and answered.
. 76
DEFINITION OF THE EMOTIONS
Contrary opinions as to nature of emotions-Emotion a
phenomenon sui generis-Intellectualist theory of
emotion supported by Lange and James-Is emotion
only a perception? Is effort?-Question left un-
answered
CHAPTER V
88
DEFINITION OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS-THE RELATION
SUBJECT-OBJECT
Can thoughts be divided into subject and object ?—This
division cannot apply to the consciousness-Subject
of cognition itself an object-James' opinion examined
-Opinion that subject is spiritual substance and con-
sciousness its faculty refuted
96
CHAPTER VI
DEFINITION OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS-CATEGORIES OF
THE UNDERSTANDING
Principle of relativity doubted-Tables of categories:
Aristotle, Kant, and Renouvier-Kantian idealism-
Phenomenism of Berkeley examined and rejected-
Argument of a priorists-The intelligence only an
inactive consciousness-Huxley's epiphenomenal con-
sciousness-Is the consciousness necessary?-Impos-
sibility of answering this question
b
103
CHAPTER VII
DEFINITION OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS-THE SEPARA-
BILITY OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS FROM ITS OBJECT
-DISCUSSION OF IDEALISM
Can the consciousness be separated from its object?--
Idealists consider the object a modality of the con-
sciousness and thus inseparable from it-Futility of
this doctrine-Object can exist without consciousness
CHAPTER VIII
TION OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS FROM ITS OBJECT
-THE UNCONSCIOUS
Can ideas exist without consciousness?-No conscious-
ness without an object - Can the consciousness
die?- Enfeeblement of consciousness how accounted
for-Doubling of consciousness in hysterics-Re-
lations of physiological phenomena to consciousness
-Consciousness cannot become unconscious and yet
exist
119
126
CHAPTER IX
DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Difficulty of defining psychology-Definition by sub-
stance-Psychology not the science of the soul-
Definition by enumeration: its error-Definition by
method contradicts idea of consciousness-Externo-
spection and introspection sometimes confused-
Definition by content-Facts cannot be divided into
those of consciousness and of unconsciousness-
Descartes' definition of psychology insufficient-
"Within and without" simile unanalogous-Defini-
tion by point of view-Inconsistencies of Ebbinghaus'
contention-W. James' teleological theory-Definition
by the peculiar nature of mental laws only one
possible: why?
135
BOOK III
THE UNION OF THE SOUL AND THE BODY
THE MIND HAS AN INCOMPLETE LIFE
Problem of union of mind and body stated-Axiom of
heterogeneity must be rejected
Phenomena of
consciousness incomplete-Aristotle's relatum and
correlatum applied to the terms mind and matter
SPIRITUALISM AND IDEALISM
Spiritualist view that death cuts link between soul and
body-Explanation of link fatal to system-Conscious-
ness cannot exercise functions without objects of
cognition-Idealism a kaleidoscopic system-Four
affirmations of idealism: their inconsistency — Ad-
vantages of historical method
179
191
MATERIALISM AND PARALLELISM
Materialism oldest doctrine of all: many patristic authors
lean towards it-Modern form of, receives impulse from
advance of physical science-Karl Vogt's comparison
of secretions of brain with that of kidneys--All
materialist doctrines opposed to principle of hetero-
geneity Modern materialism would make object
generate consciousness-Materialists cannot demon-
strate how molecular vibrations can be transformed into
objects Parallelism avoids issue by declaring mind
to be function of brain-Parallelists declare physical
and psychical life to be two parallel currents-Bain's
support of this-Objections to: most important that it
postulates consciousness as a complete whole
201