NOTES.

Page 31. 1. Extract from the Biographical Memoir of Daniel Webster, by Edward Everett. "An address from such an orator as Mr. Webster, on such a theme, discoursing upon an occasion of transcendent interest, and kindling with the enthusiasm of the day and the spot, may well be regarded as an intellectual treat of the highest order. Happy the eyes that saw that glorious gathering! Happy the ears that heard that heart-stirring strain !”

2. For the oratorical construction of this speech, see Introduction, "Appeal to local association," page 20.

Page 32. 1. Read Prescott's "Ferdinand and Isabella," Vol. II. Chap. XVIII.

2. Compare Webster's oration at Plymouth, on The First Settlement of New England.

Page 33. 1. Reference is here made to the Maryland Colony. (Leonard Calvert in the "Ark and Dove," with two hundred colonists, March 27, 1634.) See Bancroft's "History of the United States," Vol. I. Chap. VII.

2. The Bunker Hill Monument Association. Formed in 1823. Daniel Webster was president of the Association after the death of Governor John Brooks, the first president.

At the laying of the corner stone all the members of the Association were in the procession. Two boys also walked in it, one being Fletcher Webster, son of the orator, who died nearly forty years afterwards in the service of his country.

3. Notice here the "Proposition." See Introduction, page 20. Page 34. 1. See paper by W. W. Wheildon on "Beacon Hill, The Beacon and the Monument," in the "Proceedings of the Bunker Hill Monument Association," June 17, 1889, pages 55-59. "It was probably the only monument ever erected specially to commemorate the American Revolution as an achievement of the patriotic, publicspirited, free and independent people of the country."

Page 35.

1. One of the finest rhetorical sentences in the oration.

2. Notice the "Argument and Appeal" in the orator's presentation of his theme. See Introduction, pages 21-23.

Page 36. 1. By a careful estimate, the United States had, in 1896, a population of 71,197,652.

2. The naval force of the United States numbers (in 1897) eight battle ships, twenty monitors or coast-defense ships, eighteen cruisers, twelve look-out ships or gunboats, and ten torpedo boats.

3 What thrones seemed to be threatened by the wars of the First Napoleon? The complications arising out of the Eastern Question should also be noted.

4. See President Monroe's message to Congress in 1823, and Mr. Webster's speech on the Panama Mission in 1826. Also study the Venezuelan question (1896): see President Cleveland's Message, December 8, 1896.

5. Vastly greater changes have occurred since 1825. For an account of scientific, industrial, and other material improvements in the last seventy years, read Bryce's "American Commonwealth," Vol. II. Chap. CXV.

The first railway on the Western Continent, from the Quincy quarries, was constructed to accelerate the erection of Bunker Hill Monument.

Page 37. 1. One hundred and ninety veterans of the Revolution, of whom forty were survivors of the battle, were at the commemoration in 1825. Some wore their old fighting equipments, and others the scars of honorable wounds. See Frothingham's "Siege of Boston," chapter on Bunker Hill Monument.

Page 38. 1. When Webster gave the oration at the completion of the Monument, only one hundred and eight survivors of the Revolution remained and were present, among whom were thirteen who were in the battle of Bunker Hill.

2. Milton's "Paradise Lost," Book V. 310. Taken verbatim by Wordsworth in his 66 Prelude," Book VI., from "Paradise Lost."

3. "Him!" a rhetorical license; accusative case without the governing verb; unallowable in narration. Used by the orator here, to give emphasis, as if his emotion, later on, when he spoke of General Warren, caused him to forget the beginning of the sentence. It is more remarkable as a departure from grammatical correctness, in this oration, because the speech was written beforehand.

Page 39. 1. Trenton, December 26, 1776. Hessians made prisoners by Washington.

Bennington, August 16, 1777. Stark defeats Baum, who was killed.

Saratoga, October 17, 1777. Gates.

Burgoyne surrenders to General

Monmouth Court House, June 28, 1778. General Charles Lee rebuked by Washington. The last important conflict in the Northern States.

Camden, August 16, 1780. Gates routed by Cornwallis; DeKalb

killed.

Yorktown, October 19, 1781. The British army under Cornwallis surrenders to Washington; the British fleet, to De Grasse. See Mowry's History of the United States," § 362.

66

Page 40. 1. The orator returns to "the improved condition of mankind." He never loses the thread of his discourse.

2. For a description of the battle of Bunker Hill, read Bancroft, Vol. VII. Chaps. XXXIX. and XL. For an excellent plan of the ground, see "Proceedings of the Bunker Hill Monument Association," June 17, 1891, pages 32-34.

3. For full effect of the battle of Bunker Hill on American Colonies, read Richard Frothingham's "The Rise of the Republic of the United States," Chapters X. and XI., especially X., pages 415-417.

Page 41. 1. For an account of the patriotic feeling and action of Salem, read address of Hon. F. W. Lincoln, in "Proceedings of Bunker Hill Monument Association," June 17, 1885.

June 17, 1774. The General Court convened in Salem. The Royalist Governor of Massachusetts sent a messenger to dissolve the assembly. The door was locked, delegates were chosen to organize, as it turned out, the First Continental Congress. Then the door was opened, and the mandate of the Governor obeyed. Page 42. 1. Virgil's "Eneid," VI. 726.

Burke uses the same

quotation in his speech on American Taxation. Professor Conington translates the passage:

"A bright intelligence, which darts

Its influence through the several parts

And animates the whole."

2. Josiah Quincy in 1770, with John Adams, defended the soldiers who fired upon the mob in King Street, Boston; an event which is called "The Boston Massacre." These stanch patriots felt that the soldiers were justified in their action, and determined that they should have a fair trial. December 16, 1773, at the Old South Meeting House, Quincy made a famous address in connection with

the "Boston Tea-party." See Mowry's "History of the United States," §§ 218-223.

Page 43. 1. These "Revolutionary State Papers are embodied in the "Journals of Congress," reprinted in 1823 in four volumes. 2. At this point the orator turned to address General Lafayette, who arose and uncovered his head.

3. "too severe." Would " 99 grave or "serious" be a better word? Page 44. 1. Lafayette returned to France, after his generous services in the Revolution, burning with enthusiasm for liberty. He took an active part in the popular movements of 1787, and in 1789 formed the National Guard. He never lost his love for constitutional liberty, and his influence was always on the side of chivalrous assistance to oppressed peoples.

2. For skillful use of this parenthetical address to Lafayette, see Introduction, page 22.

Page 45. 1. Notice the delicacy of Webster's allusions to the character and services of Lafayette. He is placed with Washington and the other most illustrious heroes of the war. He is spoken of as worthy of eulogy, which his presence forbids the orator to pronounce.

An interesting reminiscence of Lafayette may be found in Quincy's "Municipal History of Boston"; Replies of Lafayette to Addresses of Welcome at Boston, August 23, and at Charlestown, August 27, 1824.

2. Compare Webster's summing up of the "great changes" between 1775 and 1825, with the "Five American Contributions to Civilization" of Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University, in the Atlantic Monthly, October, 1896.

Page 46. 1. Read paper on "International Law and Arbitration," by Lord Russell, Lord Chief Justice of England, in The Forum, October, 1896.

2. Compare the condition of the people of America in 1825 in respect to the economic conditions of living, with the average condition of the laboring classes of to-day.

Page 47. 1. To what does the orator refer as the result of popular uprisings in Europe? Read Taine's "French Revolution," translated by T. Durand.

Page 48. 1. What was the contest out of which Europe had come, and to which the orator referred ? For the best condensed account, read Professor Wilhelm Müller's "Political History of Recent Times," First Period, 1816-1830, pages 1-101.

Page 50.

1. What were the conditions under which Ajax uttered

this prayer to Jupiter? Why is this an appropriate quotation at this point in Webster's speech? See "Iliad," Book XVII. (Pope's translation.)

Page 51. 1. The slaughter of Armenians in Turkey and the riots in Constantinople (1896), with a strange inertness on the part of European governments, offer a significant commentary on this part of the oration. "Ever since the Treaty of Vienna, the Great Powers have claimed a gradually increasing right to regulate the affairs of the Porte." Now, "the Turk and his coadjutors have glutted their cruel greed with the blood of thousands of Christian men, women, and children. Europe sits quiet and sees the banner of its Christian faith trampled under foot and drowned in blood. The Turk is now the ally of Russia, etc., etc." Julia Ward Howe, in The Forum, November, 1896.

2. The Greek Revolution broke out in 1820. In 1825 brighter prospects appeared, but in April, 1826, Missolonghi fell after a remarkable siege. The heroic defense of this stronghold fired the popular heart throughout Europe. Athens fell into the hands of the Turks in 1827, but relief was at hand. Russia, England, and France joined forces, and October 20, 1827, at Navarino, the combined Turkish and Egyptian fleet was annihilated. An hereditary, constitutional monarchy was established by the allied sovereigns, with Prince Otho of Bavaria as king. Read "The Greek Revolution," Vol. VI., and "Beacon Lights of History," by John Lord. See also Webster's speech on the Greek

Revolution, January 19, 1824.

3. In Mr. Webster's speech on the Greek Revolution, he refers to "the rumored combination of the European Continental sovereigns against the newly established free states of South America." To what states does he refer? See "Century Cyclopedia of Names," Article, South American Revolution. What did Webster say in his second oration (1843) at the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument about "the ephemeral governments of South America"? Page 52. 1. Notice the fine imagery of this passage.

2. The conclusion and peroration. See Introduction, page 23. Page 54. 1. Forty-five states, with Alaska, Arizona, Indian Territory, New Mexico, and Oklahoma as territories in 1896. Utah admitted 1896. See Table of States and Territories, Appendix I., Mowry's "History of the United States."

2. Webster's style of oratory has been compared with that of Ed and Burke. In Professor C. A. Goodrich's "British Eloquence,"