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those things of which plenty or the reverse is predicated, e. g.

וַיָּבֹא יַעֲקֹב .21 :21 .and go to the land of Benjamin, Judg אֶרֶץ בִּנְיָמִין they ment יָצְאוּ אֶת־הָעִיר .18: 33 .and Jacob came to Shalem, Gen שָׁלֵם

out of the city, Gen. 44: 4., baby and he passed over Gilead, Judg. 11:29. Josh. 15: 10., and the report was heard in Pharoah's house, Gen. 45: 16. Num. 30: 11. 1 Kings 8: 32. Amos 2:8., I am sated with burnt offerings, Is. 1:11., - it wants not liquor, Cant. 7 : 3.*

1. The majority of the verbs thus construed are active intransitive, or such as denote a motion; and the noun placed in a direct objective relation to them generally indicates the place to or from which the motion is made. The principal are the following:

to walk, to go. The object-noun frequently denotes the place through which the motion is performed, e. g.

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thy walking through the wilderness, Deut. 2:7. Job 29: 3., which (is) the way he went? 1 Kings 13: 12. Is. 35:8., thou shalt not walk in slander, i. e. shall not play the part of a slanderer, Lev. 19:16. Prov. 11:13. 20: 19., nip walking in righteousness, i. e. acting righteously, Is. 33: 15.† It frequently also signifies the place to which the motion is made, e. g. tt to go to Tarshish, 2 Chron.

her children have gone into עוֹלָלֶיהָ הָלְכוּ שְׁבִי .20:36

דו

:

captivity, Lam. 1:5. So the verbs to flee, 2,

to wander, e. g.

and he fled to Egypt,

1 Kings 11:40. Hos. 12: 13., 77 ye perish from
the way, Ps. 2:12.,
they wander through the
desert, Is. 16:8. When signifying to flow, the verb
takes as its complement the name of the fluid, e. g.
abn napban niyan the hills shall flow milk, or, as we
would say, with milk, Joel 4:18. The same is the

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land flowing with milk and honey, Ex. 3:8, 17. Lev.

20:24. &c.

• These constructions, which are not unknown in English, are found to take

place with the corresponding verbs in Arabic and Ethiopic.

†The participle thus followed by an abstract noun is usually regarded as in construction, and rendered accordingly, thus p a walker of falsehood, one

who speaks falsehood, a liar, &c.

to come, to enter. The object-noun frequently denotes the place to or into which the motion is made, e. g. 27

and they came to the land of Canaan, Gen. 45: 25. Num. 20:22. 1 Sam. 4:12.,

Tarshish, Jon. 1:3.,

a ship going to if I enter the city,

Jer. 14: 18., on your coming into Egypt, 42: 18.; and occasionally that through which the motion.

Israel mas בָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל דֶּרֶךְ הָאֲתָרִים .is performed, e. g

coming along the road to Atharim, Num. 21: 1.

to go, to go out of, leave. The object-noun denotes the place

he לֹא יָצָא הָעיר .from which the motion is made, e. g

went not out of the city, 2 Kings 20: 4., pri
that came out of the loins of Jacob, Ex.1: 5.; or to which
it is directed, e. g.
and go out to the field, Gen.

27: 3. Jer., 14: 18., and it shall go to
Hazar-addar, Num. 34: 4.

y to go up, ascend. The object-noun denotes the place to or into which

thou hast עָלִיתָ מִשְׁכְּבֵי אָבִיךָ .the ascent is made, e. g

ascended thy father's bed, Gen. 49: 4.,

and go ye up into the mountain, Num. 13: 17. Judg. 9: 48., by they ascend to heaven, Ps. 107; 26.; when signifying to spring up, the object-noun shows in what

וְעָלְתָה אַרְמְנֹתֶיהָ .e. g ,(הָלַךְ .this action is exhibited (comp

T: IT:

and her palaces shall spring up thorns, or with thorns,
Is. 34:13. The verb to descend is construed in like
manner, e. g.
and he went down to Beth-

shemesh, Josh. 15: 10. 24: 4. Is. 52: 4.,
they descend to the depths, Ps. 107: 26.,

mine eye runs down with water, Lam. 1: 16.

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2. This construction extends also to verbs which denote not an action but merely a state of being, called neuter verbs, a noun in objec tive relation to which denotes either the place in which the state exists or the cause by which it is superinduced.* The principal verbs of this kind that take after them a noun in direct objective relation are the following:

In a few instances a noun is placed after a verb of this kind for the purpose of exemplification, and may then be regarded as in apposition with the subject, e. g. 2 N O P only as regards the throne will I be greater than thou, Gen. 41: 40. 1 Kings 15: 23.

and he mas sitting at the וְהוּא יֹשֵׁב פֶּתַח הָאֹהֶל .to sit, to doell, e. g יָשָׁב

T

tent-door, Gen. 18:1,

widow in thy father's house, 38: 11.,
the south, Num. 21: 1. Ps. 9: 12.,

remain a who dwelt in iban a who

dwellest amidst the praises of Israel, Ps. 22 : 4. So like

and it וְעָמַד פֶּתַח הָאֹהֶל .to stand, e. g עָמַד wise the verb

stood at the door of the tabernacle, Ex. 33: 9. Num. 16: 18.
Josh. 20: 4.,
the sun (and) the moon

stood still in their habitation, Hab. 3: 11.

1

IT

,the earth was full of violence מָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ חָמָס .8 .to be fall, e מָלֵא now the house וְהַבַּיִת מָלֵא הָאֲנָשִׁים וְהַנָּשִׁים,.6:13 .Gen

was full of men and women, Judg. 16:27. 2 Kings 6: 17.,

the earth shall be full of the מָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ דֵעָה אֶת־יְהוָה

knowledge of the Lord (§ 833. 3.). Is. 11: 9. So too the

תִּשְׁבְּעוּ לחם .to be satisfied, sated, e. g רָוָה and שָׂבֵעַ verbs

דָּוִיד זָקֵן וְשָׂבַע,.7:4 I am full of tossings, Job שָׂבַעְתִּי נְדְדִים

ye shall be satisfied with bread, Ex. 16: 12. Eccl. 5: 9.,

David was old and was full of days, 1 Chron. 23 : 1.;

let us satisfy ourselves with love, Prov. 7: 18. to want, e. g. 70 thou hast lacked nothing, Deut. 2:7.

those who fear the דִּרְשֵׁי יְהוָה לֹא־יַחְסְרוּ כָל־טוב,.8:9

Lord shall not want any good thing, Ps. 34: 11.; so
in want of an offering, Is. 40: 20.

Indirect Objective Relations viewed as such.

§842. Whenever the objective relation of a noun to a verb either transitive or intransitive is indicated by the position alone, with or without the illustrative particle, it is evident that the Hebrew writer has viewed it as direct, whether it be of that immediate kind which is denoted by the occidental accusative or not. But when a noun standing in an indirect objective relation to a verb is viewed as such by the writer, he is careful to point out the fact with the requisite precision; and as Hebrew nouns have no inflections of case, he employs the only means for the purpose at his command, which are prepositions either separable or inseparable. Hence we often find the very same relations indicated in prose writing by prepositions which in the less precise language of poetry are left to be ascertained from the position

and the context alone.

§ 843. We are therefore not called upon to consider all the objective relations in which a noun occurs unaccompanied by a preposition as actually direct. Neither should they be regarded as instances of omission on the part of the writer, but rather as the result of his man. ner of viewing the relation and of the energetic conciseness of poetic language.

§ 844. The several relations of nouns to verbs indicated by prepositions or prepositional prefixes, as well as the manner in which these particles are used to denote such relations, will be fully discussed in the chapter on Prepositions.

§845. From the statements in this and the preceding chapter it will be perceived that the relations into which a noun may enter with another noun or with a verb in the course of speech are designated in Hebrew in a manner essentially different from that observed in any language of the Indo-European family; since neither is the noun itself inflected, nor are certain particles invariably employed to designate these relations. It is therefore utterly erroneous to apply to Hebrew nouns the grammatical terminology of the languages of Greece and Rome, and to make out genitive, dative, and accusative cases where in reality they have no existence, and then coin rule after rule for their government, as many and indeed the majority of grammarians have hitherto done.

§ 846. The result of our inquiries then is, that the Hebrew language indicates the relations of nouns in a manner peculiar to itself and to the stock of languages to which it belongs, depending both on the kind of relation to be denoted and on the manner in which it is viewed by the writer himself. The whole may be briefly summed up thus:

1. The immediate relation of one noun to another is expressed either by a close connection of the two words, termed the construct state or state of regimen; or by a looser connection, called the state of apposition.

2. When the objective relation of a noun to a verb is direct, or is viewed by the writer as such, it is indicated by the position alone, with or without the assistance of the illustrative particle

.

3. When the relation of a noun to a noun or verb is indirect, and is so regarded by the writer, it is pointed out by means of a preposition, although neither in this nor in the preceding instance does the noun itself undergo any change.

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CHAPTER VII.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

§ 847. In the varied and numerous relations in which a noun may stand to a noun or verb we also find that class of words, used for the sake of brevity to designate both persons and things with reference to the speaker (§§ 120, 121), called personal pronouns. We have therefore, as in treating of the nouns, to ascertain the modes in which are expressed, 1st, their subjective relation; 2dly, their specifying relation to nouns; and 3dly, their objective relations to verbs.

§848. But preparatory to so doing, we have first to notice a marked distinction between the forms of pronouns in a subjective relation to a verb and those they assume when in a specifying relation to a noun or objective relation to a verb. When a pronoun constitutes the subject of a proposition, it retains its full form as an independent word; but when it appears in a specifying relation to a noun or in an objective relation to a verb, it assumes the fragmentary form of a suffix attached to the noun, verb, or particle on which it depends. Or to state the fact more fully :

1. When a pronoun appears as the subject of a proposition, it assumes its full or separable form (§ 123).

2. A pronoun in an immediate specifying relation to a noun is closely connected to it in the inseparable form of a suffix (Book II., Ch. X.).

3. When the objective relation of a pronoun to a verb is direct or viewed as direct (see § 836), it is connected to such verb in the form of a suffix (Book II., Ch. VII.); except when, in order to indicate more clearly the directness of the relation, it is affixed to the illustrative particle (see §§ 676-679).

4. A pronoun in an objective relation to a verb which is both indi. rect and viewed by the writer as such, is construed with a preposition, to which it is connected in the form of a suffix (see §§ 673-681). So too when its specifying relation to a noun is expressed predicatively by means of the preposition (§ 811).

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