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of old age, i. e. a child begotten in old age, 37:3., by iniquity, a vile person, 1 Sam. 25: 17., so

Ps. 89: 23., a worthy man, 1 Kings 1 : 52., ing of chastisement (§ 799. 1. b.), Deut. 25: 2., so death, 1 Sam. 20:31. 26: 16.,

y

a son of

a wicked one,

one deserv one worthy of

the son of six hundred

years, i. e. a man six hundred years old, Gen. 7: 6. 17: 25. 21:5. &c.; sons of God, i. e. superior men (§791), Gen. 6: 2.,

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the children of the people, i. e. the common people, Jer. 26: 23., "y" the children of my people, my countrymen, Gen. 23 : 11., natives of the East, 29: 1. Judg. 7: 12., 7 Ps. 72: 4., so

sons of the poor, poor people, sons of afflic

valiant men, Deut. 3: 18.,

tion, afflicted ones, Prov. 31: 5.,

left behind, orphans, v. 8.,

Ps. 102:21.

sons of leaving, i. e. who are persons condemned to death,

2. This noun is likewise applied to animals and even to inanimate

things, e. g.

dove, Lev. 12:6.,

9: 2.,

his ass's colt, Gen. 49: 11.,

a young a son of oxen, a bullock, Ex. 29: 1. Lev. 4 : 3.

a lamb a year old, Ex. 12:5., a night old, sons of sheep, lambs, Ps. 114: 4., sons of lightning, i. e. swift as

said of a gourd, Jon. 4:10.;

young ravens, 147: 9.,

lightning, applied to birds of prey, Job 5: 7., np sons of the bow,

daughter.

arrows, 41: 20., also called sons of the quiver, Lam. 3:13. § 820. 1. The noun This is employed in a manner similar to the preceding, e. g. Den the daughter of women, a young woman, Dan. 11 : 17., by a wicked woman, 1 Sam. 1: 16.,

by ne a woman ninety years old, Gen. 17: 17.; it is frequently placed in construction with the names of cities and countries by the poetic writers to personify them (see § 494. II. 1. b.), and hence to denote the inhabitants, e. g. in the daughter of Zion, i. e. Zion, meaning the inhabitants of Jerusalem, Is. 1:8. 10: 32. Jer. 6 : 2, 23. Ps. 9:15. &c., called also a Is. 37:22. Zech. 9:9., the Babylonians, Zech. 2:11. Ps. 137: 8., 45:13.,

Jer. 46:11., so

the Edomites, Lam. 4:21.,

the Tyrians, Ps.

the Egyptians,

by by my countrymen, Is. 22: 4. Jer. 14: 17. ;* 77 the daughters of man, i. e. common women, Gen.

• The expression

2 Kings 19:21. Is. 23:12. Lam. 2: 13.,

where the indefinite construct is employed instead of the definite

is to be rendered the virgin daughter of Zion (see § 815. 1. note.); so ban

.17: 14 בְּתוּלַת בַּת עַמִּי .11: 45 .Jer בְּתוּלַת בַּת מִצְרַיִם,.1: 47 .Is בַּת בָּבֶל

6:2, 4., the daughters of song, songstresses, Eccl. 12:4., Dia the daughters of the Philistines, the Philistine women, Ezek. 16: 27., Brian ia the daughters of the nations, i. e. the inha. bitants of foreign lands, 32: 16.

2. Also applied to animals and inanimate things, e. g. the daughter of the ostrich, i. e. the ostrich, Lev. 11: 16.,

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a she-kid a year old, Num. 15:27., the daughter of the eye, i. e. the pupil, Ps. 17:8., a daughter of cedars, i. e. set in cedar, Ezek. 27: 6.

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§ 821. 1. The noun by master, owner. This is often placed in construction with the name of some thing or quality which characterizes its possessor, so that the compound expression fulfils the office of an attributive,* e. g. by the possessor of a wife, a married man, a husband, Ex. 21: 3, 22., a possessor of hair, a hairy man, 2 Kings 18., in by one who has dreams, a dreamer, Gen. 37: 19., a possessor of anger, a choleric person, Prov. 22: 24., who possesses desire, having a strong appetite, 23 : 2. (or it may be rendered one desirous of life), a possessor of affairs, one who has business, Ex. 24: 14.; possessors of arrows, archers, Gen. 49:23., possessors of a covenant, confederates, 14:13. 2. Applied likewise to animals and inanimate things, e. g. by possessed of wings, a bird, Prov. 1:17., by which has two horns, said of a ram, Dan. 8:6., by having many edges (teeth), said of a threshing.dray, Is. 41 : 15.

, פֶּה, לֵב, יוֹם, יָד, דָּבָר, בַּיִת For various other nouns, such as

, &c., which are idiomatically employed in like manner, the reader is referred to the lexicons.

Repetition of Nouns.

§ 822. Besides the use of two different nouns in the state of construction or apposition, to express a single specific idea, we not unfrequently meet with a repetition of the same noun, the two words being placed in apposition in order to give various emphatic meanings to the idea they convey.

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§ 823. The repetition of a word is often very appropriately used to signify a repetition of the object it denotes with regard to number. Thus, 1. a. It signifies distribution, e. g. two by two, Gen. 7:9.,

,piece by piece לִנְתָחֶיהָ לִנְתָחֶיהָ .23:30 .little by little, Ex מְעַט מְעַט

Ezek. 24: 6.

b. And thus it often supplies the place of the adjective pronoun each, e. g. 17 each drove by itself, Gen. 32: 17., MOD MOD a rod for each household, Num. 17: 17.,

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לְבֵית אָב שֵׁשׁ כְּנָפַיִם שֵׁשׁ כְּנָפַיִם .3:12 .a man to each tribe, Josh אֶחָד לַשֶׁבֶט

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each one had six wings, Is. 6 : 2., OU 17 DEIN) 1977 QUEEN the fingers of his hands and the toes of his feet were six by six, i. e. each of his hands had six fingers and each of his feet six toes, 2 Sam. 21:20. 1 Chron. 20: 6. Sometimes the entire phrase is repeated, e. g.

;.17:21 .a rod to each prince, Num מַטֶה לְנָשִׂיא אֶחָד מַטֶה לְנָשִׂיא אֶחָד

and when occasion requires, more than once, e. g. t non appl

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and a knob under each of its three pair of branches, Ex. 25:35. c. It is likewise often used to designate a whole class of objects taken individually, and then supplies the place of the adjective pronoun every; a construction most common with nouns denoting periods of time,* e. g. year by year, every year, Deut. 14: 22., so every day, Ex. 16:5. Is. 58:2., hat hat every sabbath, 1 Chron. 9:32., papa every morning, 2 Sam. 13:4. Ezek. 46: 15.

every man, Ex. 36: 4. Lev. 17:3. They are occasionally united by the conjunction, e. g. i every day, Esth. 3: 4., manman manma every city, 8: 17.t

every province, 1:22.,

2. a. It is used also to signify

several tenth deals,

sword, Ezek. 21: 14.,

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precept (added) to precept, precept to precept; line to line, to line to line; here a little, there a little, Is. 28 : 10, 13. ; or in the plural, which it serves to strengthen, ‡ e. g. ninge ning many wells, Gen.

* In the New Testament the same construction is employed, e.g. quoq xai ἡμέρα, 2 Cor. 4 : 16., εἰς γενεὰν καὶ γενεάν, Luke 1 : 50.

† Occasionally the two words, as if to extend their application to the utmost, are placed in both genders, e. g.

2: 8., or in both numbers, e. g. in

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every support, Is. 3:1. Eccl. every kind of wife, concubine, ibid.

many kinds, Kos. Chrest. p. 3.

many גֵבִים גְּבִים .10 :8 .many heaps, Ex חָמָרִים חָמָרִים .10: 14

ditches, 2 Kings 3: 16., in many multitudes, Joel 4: 14.* b. And sometimes with the additional idea of variety, e. g. 787 78 divers weights, i. e. weights of different kinds, Deut. 25:13., so

divers measures, v. 14. Prov. 20: 10., a double heart, duplicity, Ps. 12 : 3.

§ 824. 1. Repetition is used also to convey emphasis in various other ways, and especially for the purpose of adding intensity to the idea conveyed by the nouns, e. g. PP perfect justice, Deut. 16: 20., ning in violent prancings, Judg. 5: 22., or to indicate exclusiveness, e. g.

772 by the highway alone, Deut. 2:27. Sometimes a qualificative is added to the second noun, to aid it in specifying the first more precisely, either as a qualificative, e. g. the red, this red (pottage), Gen. 25: 30., iąb ninna ninna bright spots, bright white spots, Lev. 13: 38.; or as an emphatic predicate, e. g.

the voice (is) the voice of Jacob, but הקול קול יַעֲקֹב וְהַיָּדַיִם יְדֵי עֵשָׂר

the hands (are) the hands of Esau, Gen. 27: 22.,

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these daughters (are) my daughters, and these children my children, and these cattle my cattle, Gen. 31: 43.

2. When the word repeated is an attributive or an abstract noun, it represents the quality designated as of superlative intensity, e. g. Hy by very high, Deut. 28: 43., very low, ibid.,

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very proudly, 1 Sam. 2:3., pay pay very deep, Eccl. 7: 23., very much, exceedingly, Gen. 30: 43.† Sometimes the repetition is twofold, e. g. ip ip holy, holy, holy, i. e. most holy, Is. 6:3.,y my my utter destruction, Ezek. 21 : 32.

3. As in other languages, a word is emphatically repeated: a. As an exclamation of pain or grief, e. g. my head, my head!

2 Kings 4: 19., my bowels, my bowels! Jer. 4:19., my God, my God! Ps. 22: 1., EN DE DE ODWEN my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! 2 Sam. 19: 1, 5. b. In earnestly calling upon one, e. g. Abraham, Abraham! Gen. 22:11., Samuel, Samuel! 1 Sam. 3: 10. c. And occasionally

הֵיכַל יְהוָה הֵיכַל יְהוָה הֵיכַל יְהוָה .to signify perfect conviction, e. g

the very temple of the Lord, Jer. 7: 4.

* In the following instances the singular and dual forms are employed, viz. many maidens, Judg. 5: 30., many heaps, 15: 16.

IT T

† Occasionally a synonym derived from the same verb is used as the second desolate and waste, Job 30: 3. 38:27. Ezek. 6 : 14.

term, e. g.

32: 15. 33: 28, 29., jinay nay a strict sabbath, Lev. 23:3.

CHAPTER VI.

RELATIONS OF NOUNS TO VErbs.

§ 825. THE immediate relations of nouns to nouns denoted by the Hebrew construct state and discussed in the preceding chapter, correspond for the most part to those expressed by the Indo-European genitive; the relations borne by a noun to a verb or to a noun and verb, which will form the subject of the present chapter, are those that give rise to all the other cases of the occidental languages, as the nomina. tive, dative, accusative, &c. The number of cases in a given language depends on the modes it employs to designate these various relations, which modes are of two kinds, viz. the subjective, or that in which the noun denotes the author of the action, or agent, and the objective, or that in which it represents the object on which the action is directly or indirectly exerted.

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§ 826. In this as in other languages the subject always stands in a direct relation to its verb, which if transitive denotes an action proceeding from it, and if intransitive specifies its state of being. A noun employed as a subject in Hebrew, like the nominative in most other languages, retains its original form unchanged,* as

creavit.

Deus

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§ 827. All the modes employed in different languages to denote the various objective relations of nouns to verbs, may be reduced to the following either, 1. the noun remains unchanged, and its relation is

In Sanscrit the nominal theme of certain nouns receives a termination also when forming the subject of a verb.

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