me forth, Gen. 4:14. 19:34. 47: 23., or of the verb of existence

behold, the הֵן הָאָדָם הָיָה כְאַחַד מִמֶּנּוּ .expressed or understood, e. g

man is become as one of us, Gen. 3:22.,

behold, (they are)

one people, 11:6.; also with the absolute future form, e. g. by DP behold, the people shall rise up like a lioness, Num. 23: 24. Jer. 3:1. Job 13: 15. 31 : 35. 2 Chron. 7: 13.; and even with a participle (see § 1034. 3. a.). This particle is rendered more emphatic by the addition of a final, thus, which has all the uses of the simple form, besides receiving the pronominal suffixes (see § 682. 1.).

2. a. The interjection (imp. of with parag., § 693) is often used as an incitement to action in company with the speaker, like the English come! (Fr. allons!) e. g.

build ourselves a city, Gen. 11: 4, 7. 38: 16.,

let us act wisely towards them, Ex. 1:10.

b. The imperative come! (imp. of

come, let us come,

with parag.) is used for

the like purpose in addressing a single person, e. g.

come, let us make a covenant, I and thou, Gen. 31:44. Num. 22:6. Judg. 19:11.; in addressing several, the plural form is employed, e. g. come, let us kill him, Gen. 37:20. 1 Sam.

9:9. 2 Kings 7:9. Hos. 6: 1. Prov. 7: 18. Neh. 6: 7.

CHAPTER XXII.

COLLOCATION.

§ 1105. THE preceding part of the Syntax describes the use made of words and their inflections as regards their mutual agreement with and dependence on one another. There remains yet another element to be considered among the means employed by language to express the operations of the human mind, and this consists in the manner of arranging words into sentences, and sentences into a continued discourse. This subject, however, we shall treat with brevity, having already had occasion to discuss separately in the course of the foregoing chapters many of the most important points which it involves.

§ 1106. The position of words in a sentence is regulated upon two principles; and on the equiponderance of these or the predominance of one of them over another depends the peculiar character of different languages as also the style of different writers in the same language. These two principles are the logical and the rhetorical. The first causes words to take their places in a sentence according to their intrinsic importance; thus following the natural order of the mind, which first takes cognizance of the principal idea before passing to the consideration of its various attributes and relations. Hence in a simple proposition in which the logical order is observed, the subject, or name of the person or thing spoken of, is placed before the predicate, or that which is declared concerning it (see § 695); and when the latter consists of an action, it has frequently an object for its complement, which is accordingly placed after it: so that the natural order of words in a proposition is subject, verb, object, as in the phrase, "God created the heavens." But as the speaker's mind is not always in a state of tranquil deliberation, and often dwells particularly on one or more of the ideas expressed in a proposition other than the subject, it frequently happens that the second or rhetorical principle prevails, the endeavour to render the language an exact transcript of the feelings giving rise to a collocation of words which differs more or less from the simple logical arrangement.

§ 1107. Of these two principles the logical one is chiefly adhered to in slightly inflected languages, in which the mutual relations of words are but imperfectly indicated by their forms, whence perspicuity requires that such terms as are closely related should be placed together; while those languages which are inflected to a considerable extent allow a greater latitude of construction, as in them the relations of words to each other are pointed out with sufficient exactness by means of their terminations. Thus for instance, we find that in the Greek, Latin, and German languages, which come under this description, while the subject usually stands at or near the commencement of the proposition, the verb is placed at its close, the subordinate terms and even entire parenthetical clauses being inserted between them. By this means the sentence is bound together into a compact whole inclosed between its two principal terms, and the attention of the auditor is kept alive by the suspension of the sense till its conclusion. The Hebrew however, as we have seen, exhibits in its entire etymological structure the character of a moderately inflected language; and hence of necessity it follows for the most part the logical order in the collocation of its words and sentences. Thus,

1. a. In a Hebrew proposition consisting of a subject and predicate, the writer's attention seems in general to rest chiefly on the declaration made by him concerning the subject: so that he places the predicate, which he hence regards as of most importance, at the head of the sentence (for examples see §§ 771, 772); and thus especially when he connects the statement to what precedes by means of the conjunction, in which case the proposition usually commences with a verbal form, which is succeeded by the subject in the form of a noun or pronoun, e. g. and God said, Gen. 1:3. &c. &c. (see §§ 969, 980).

b. When the predicate consists of a verb which has for its complement a direct or indirect object, this latter follows the subject, so that the order is verb, subject, object, e. g. Dan y

God

and the וַיֹּאמֶר הַנָּחָשׁ אֶל־הָאִשָּׁה וגו',.1:1 .created the heavens, Gen

serpent said to the woman, &c. 3: 4, 9.* In like manner a verb is followed by any other complement belonging to it, whether consisting

* When, however, the object is designated by a pronominal suffix, this, being a subordinate part of speech, is commonly placed between the verb and the noun

.Lev וְסָר מֵהֶם הַנָּגַע .1:17 .Gen וַיִּתֵּן אֹתָם אֱלֹהִים וגו' .denoting the subject, e. g

13:58. Deut. 24: 15.

of an infinitive, a finite verb, or an entire statement introduced by the relative particle or (for examples, see §§ 906, 902).

c. Each of the principal members of a proposition may be qualified and extended in various ways, in which case the qualification always follows the qualified term: as is seen in the examples of nouns with qualificative adjectives (§ 770), and of two nouns in construction or apposition (§§ 793, 814, et seqq.); so too when a term is qualified by a

לֹא־יוּכַל בַּעֲלָהּ הָרִאשון .e. g, אֲשֶׁר relative clause connected to it by

manp? müb anbüs her former husband who put her away cannot take her again, Deut. 24: 4, 11. Is. 2:20.

2. The arrangement of clauses and sentences in Hebrew is also regulated by the logical principle, that is, they are placed after each other in the natural order of narration, and connected together by a conjunctive particle, which usually stands at the beginning of the proposition, the relative clauses immediately following those on which they depend (for examples, see the several conjunctive particles).

§ 1108. Although this logical order is for the most followed in Hebrew, it is still greatly modified by means of the rhetorical principle, or in other words by the writer's endeavour to give a faithful representation of his feelings and to add variety and harmony to his style as well by the collocation as the choice of his words, while at the same time he observes to keep strictly within those limits which the nature of the language prescribes for the avoidance of ambiguity. Hence for Hebrew rhetorical construction we have the general rule, that those words which the writer desires to render emphatic are placed at the beginning of the proposition.

1. a. Thus, when a proposition consists of but two terms, a subject and a predicate, should the writer not desire to give emphasis to the predicate, or should he on the other hand wish to render the subject emphatic, he places the latter at the head of the sentence with an accompanying, which connects it to the preceding statement, e. g. anb) anh ADD Y and the earth was empty and void, Gen. 1:2. 2:6. 3: 1. 4:1., for Jehovah speaks, Is. 1:2, 3. Sometimes too to give variety to his style, he commences the first clause of a sentence with the predicate, and the second with the subject, e. g.

"T

let the waters scarm יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם שֶׁרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה וְעוֹף יְעוֹפֵף עַל־הָאָרֶץ

with creeping things that have life, and let fowl fly above the earth, Gen. 1:20. Deut. 24: 16.; which is frequently the case in poetic parallel.

the kings of the earth יִתְיַצְבוּ מַלְכֵי־אֶרֶץ וְרוֹזְנִים נוֹסְדוּ־יַחַד .isms, e. g

set themselves up, and the rulers consult together, Ps. 2: 2. 18:9.

b. Or if it consist of a verb including its subject within itself and its complement in the shape of a direct or indirect object, although the latter commonly follows the verb (§ 1107. 1. a.), yet when the writer wishes to lay upon it a particular stress, he places it first, e. g. maps I heard thy voice, Gen. 3: 10, 14, 15, 18. 9:4., 7

בַּריִץ

y thou shalt stand outside, Deut. 24:11. This construction is also used for the purpose of variety in the second clause of a parallelism,

mine enemies on the cheek bone, the teeth of the ungodly thou hast broken,

with a rod of iron; as a potter's vessel shalt thou dash them in pieces, 2:9. 18:21, 25.

2. If a proposition consist of three terms, as subject, copula, and predicate, or, as is more frequently the case, subject, verb, and object direct or indirect, the collocation of the words may be varied in all the six possible ways, so as best to answer the writer's purpose. Thus, for example,

a. A subject, verb, and direct object, composing a clause, may be arranged in either of the following ways, which we shall exhibit in the order of the frequency with which they occur: viz. 1. verb, subject,

God created the בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם .object ($ 1107. 1. 8.), C. g

TT

heavens, Gen. 1: 1. &c.; 2. subject, verb, object (§ 1108. 1. a.), e. g. ON 7 DN and Adam knew Eve, Gen. 4: 1, 4. ; 3. subject, object, verb, e. g. in and (their) bows shall slaughter the young men, Is. 13:18. Mic. 3:12. Prov. 1:5.; 4. object,

TT:

and the waste places of וְחָרְבוֹת מֵחִים גָרִים יֹאכֵלוּ .subject, verb, e. g

the fat ones shall strangers eat, Is. 5:17. 42: 4. Prov. 1: 7., in which case the object is often emphatically repeated in the form of a pronominal suffix attached to the verb, e. g. (as for) our transgressions, thou shalt cover them, Ps. 65: 4. 68:10.; 5. object, verb, subject, e. g. 77 187 DisEx n the King, the Lord

of hosts, mine eyes have seen, Is. 6:5. Hos. 8:2. Ps. 49: 8. Job 4: 4. ; 6. verb, object, subject, e. g. in evil shall slay the wicked, Ps. 34:22.

b. The same is the case with a clause consisting of a subject, verb, and indirect object: viz. 1. verb, subject, object, e. g. p P apy and Isaac called Jacob, Gen. 28: 1, 7, 16. &c.; 2. subject, verb, object, e. g. and a mist arose from the earth, Gen. 26.; 3. subject, object, verb, e. g. y his eyes look upon the nations, Ps. 66:7.; 4. object, subject, verb, e. g.