b. And less frequently to introduce a clause containing the reason of a following statement (for which purpose is usually employed, because thou hast done כִּי עָשִׂיתָ זֹאת אָרוּר אַתָּה .a.), e. g .1 .1081 $ this, thou (art) cursed, Gen. 3: 14, 17., in because the Lord perceived that I (was) hated, he gave me also this one, 29: 33. 7. Hence it is used to introduce the statement of a fact as the cause on which a preceding negation depends; and thus acquires the force of the disjunctive conjunction but.* a. The particle when thus employed has especial reference to a לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי הֵנָּה כִי .preceding noun or attributive, e. g ye did not send me hither, but God, lit. ye did not send me hither, for it was God who sent me, Gen. 45:8. Ex. 16:8. Deut. 8:3., Sonbon the battle (is) not yours, but God's, Naboth is not alive, but dead, 2 Chron. 20:15., na? " ni? 7 1 Kings 21: 15. b. Or else to an entire preceding proposition expressed or understood, e. g. p and he said, Nay, but thou didst laugh, Gen. 18:15. 42:12., by priya ab e but do thou set a king over us, 1 Sam. but what! (is) thy servant a dog? 2 Kings 10:19, ,and thou saidst וַתֹּאמְרִי לֹא אֶעֶבוֹר כִּי עַל כָּל־גִּבְעָה גְבֹהָה וגו' .18:13 I will not transgress; yet upon every high hill, &c. Jer. 2: 20. 8. This particle is also used to indicate the relation between two events with regard to time, like the Eng. when, Germ. wann; and hence it acquires the force of a simple conditional particle denoting the dependence of one event upon another as that of condition and consequence, like the Eng. if, Germ. wenn. a. It is placed like the English when before a clause, to point to the event detailed in it as the cause of one contained in the following when the Philistine arose, and came, and approached to meet David, David hastened, &c. 1 Sam. 17:48. Job 1:5. 5:21., when thou passest through the waters, I (will be) with thee, Is. 43 2.; or in the preceding clause, e. g. in then shalt thou be clear from my oath, when thou comest to my kindred, Gen. 24:41. Occasionally it denotes the length of time during which an action will continue; when it answers to the English • It most commonly has this antithetical force when used in connection with (see § 1090. 6.). while, e. g. while Israel (was) a child, I loved benefit God while a prudent man benefits himself? Job 22: 2. b. Hence when an assertion is made that an event shall take place upon the occurrence of another event, or when a certain action is performed, the relative used to intimate the fact partakes of the nature of a conditional particle, and thus becomes nearly equivalent to (§ 1090. 1.), although it differs from it in having respect chiefly to the time of the action, while relates rather to the action or state itself,* servant, he shall serve six years, meaning, if at any time thou buy, &c. Ex. 21: 2, 7, 17, 20, 22, 26. (compare with these the verses 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 18.) 22: 5, 6, 9, 13., so 77...7773 773 735 832 13 HEN-İN ÜN when a man or woman shall consecrate himself bg vowing וְשֵׁכָר יַזִיר וגו' the vow of a Nazarite, he shall separate himself, &c. Num. 6: 2, 9. &c. c. Less frequently, by a further gradation of meaning, it acquires the force of a simple conditional particle entirely equivalent to N if, what מַה־שְׁמוֹ ... shalt say in thy heart, These nations (are) more numerous than I, be not afraid of them, Deut. 7: 17. 12:21. 14: 24., 5.. (is) his name, if thou knowest? Prov. 30:4. Job 38: 5.; and occasionally it becomes equivalent to although, e. g.....ENDE Abs in although the fig-tree shall not blossom, yet will I rejoice in the Lord, Hab. 3: 17, 18. 9. Lastly, this particle is sometimes used, like the Eng. how, Lat. quàm, to give emphasis to the attribute contained in a neuter verb, e. g. - 88 see now how bright my eyes are, 1 Sam. 14: 29., how high they are! Job 22: 12., how I am distressed! by họ npył Lam. 1:20.; or in an adjective, e. g. how great (is) the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah (see § 800. 3. a.), and their sin how very grievous! Gen. 18: 20., how good the Lord (is)! Gen. 34: 9. Hence, like (see § 904. 1. note), can be thus employed only in an affirmative condition, which contains a statement of an event that must take place at some particular time, and never in a negative condition, in which case must be used (comp. Num. 5: 19, 20, 28.); a distinction not noticed by Gesenius (see Lex. under "). CHAPTER XIX. CONJUNCTIVE PARTICLES. § 1092. THE conjunctive particles, or those which serve to connect two or more words or sentences in various coördinate and subordinate relations, may properly be divided into two classes, consisting of the simple relative conjunctions and is, and the emphatic conjunctions . אַף and גַּם = Relative Conjunctions. 7, ix. § 1093. The most extensively used particle of this kind in Hebrew is the so-called conjunctive, the principal letter of the verb of existence (see § 690). This particle, which may be prefixed to any part of speech, not only joins sentences or members of sentences in coördinate relation, like the Indo-European xaí, et, and; but is also used to connect such as bear to each other any of the subordinate relations, although to each of these relations a particle is expressly assigned for its representation. These several uses we will endeavour to develope from the primitive signification of the particle, in which however it but rarely occurs. 1. This particle occasionally though seldom appears with its original import signifying existence, and is then equivalent to the illustrative phrase that is. It is thus used, a. To introduce an explanation of a preceding word or phrase, e. g. herds' bag that he had, that is, in a scrip, 1 Sam. 17:40., e in Ramah, that is, in his own city, 28: 3., 1 on the day of his espousals, that is, on the day of his heart's gladness, Cant. 3: 11.,777 01 apa is (not) thy hope the uprightness of thy ways? i. c. hast thou no hope arising from the rectitude of thy conduct? Job 4:6. b. And also to point out a noun which does not signify the same as the preceding one, but serves to qualify its meaning in a manner usually וְהָיוּ לְאֹרֹת וּלְמוֹעֲדִים וגו' .denoted by the state of construction, e. g and let them be for signs, that is, for (signs of) seasons, &c. Gen. 1:14., thy pain, that is, of thy pregnancy, 3:16., so Nar) nibbų the changes of war (are) against me, Job 10:17. 2. a. This particle has sometimes the force of a relative pronoun, being equivalent to 8 he or 8 who, which, that: in which case it me whoso begets a is prefixed either to a verb, e. g. wise (son), he will rejoice in him, Prov. 23:24.; by the God of thy father, who shall help thee; and (by) the Almighty, who shall bless thee, Gen. 49: 25. Num. 23: 19. Is. 49: 7. thy inheritance that was wearied נַחֲלָתְךָ וְנִלְאָה אַתָּה כוֹנַנְתָּהּ,.1:10 .Mal thou didst strengthen, Ps. 68: 10. Is. 10: 23.; to a participle, e. g. the b. It has also sometimes the force of a relative particle, like and that, when it serves to introduce a statement depending on a preceding I perceive that the Lord has blessed נְחַשְׁתִּי וַיְבָרְכֵנִי יְהוָה בִּגְלָלֵךְ .verb, e. g me for thy sake, Gen. 30: 27., "N7 and it would please God that he should destroy me, i. e. that God would be pleased to destroy for how am I able that I כִּי אֵיכָכָה אוּכַל וְרָאִיתִי וגו' .9 :6 me, Job should see, &c., i. e. how could I bear to see? Esth. 8:6.; and frequently to point it out as the design of the action denoted by such preceding ,speak to the children of Israel דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיָשְׁבוּ וגו' .verb, e. g that they turn, &c., i. e. speak to them in order that they may turn, * believe me, Ex. 4: 1. 3. From the relative force of this particle as above described proceeds its by far most frequent use, viz. as a conjunctive conjunction to indicate a coördinate relation between words and sentences. It thus connects, • The Greek őt is not unfrequently employed in precisely the same manner, e. 5. ἴσως ἂν εἴποιεν, ὅτι Ὦ Σώκρατες, μὴ θαύμαζε τὰ λεγόμενα, κ.τ.λ. Plat. Crit. 12. a. Two or more nouns as subjects of the same proposition, e. g. ,then were finished the heavens, and the earth הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהָאָרֶץ וְכָל־צְבָאָם and all the host of them, Gen. 2:1. 3:8. 6:18. 7:7, 13., 17 while I and the lad will go yonder, 22:5. Judg. 12: 2., &c.; בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת .or as its direct or indirect objects, e. g TT God created the heavens and the earth, Gen. 1:1, 2: 4. 3 : 18. 10:13, 14, 15, 16. &c., yyy the tree of the knowledge IT T njen nan-baba brand Adam gave names to all the cattle, and to the fowls of the air, and to all the beasts of the field, 2 : 20., &c. b. Two or more attributives, whether qualificative or predicative, and he took a וַיִּקַּח בֶּן־בָּקָר רַךְ וָטוֹב .relating to the same noun, e. g calf tender and good, Gen. 18: 7., 77 ya wise and understanding people, Deut. 4:6.; his work (is) honourable and glorious, Ps. 111: 3, 4. c. Two or more verbs relating to the same subject, e. g. 7 be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters, Gen. 1: 22., pray turn aside to your servant's house, and pass the night, and wash your feet, and rise early, and proceed on your journey, 19: 2., &c. d. Two or more sentences or clauses of a sentence, e. g. in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth: and the earth was empty and void; and darkness (was) upon the surface of the deep, &c. Gen. 1: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. &c., NE your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be like gods, 3:5. Is. 11:6. 13: 20-22. Ps. 69:16, 21., &c. &c. 4. Although this particle is frequently prefixed to each except the first of several words or sentences in coördinate relation, as above described; still this is not always the case, the conjunction being often added only to some of them or else to none at all, while their connection is left to be understood from the context. The choice between these several modes of construction depends greatly on the general style of the individual writer, as also on whether his aim in a given passage is emphatical explicitness or conciseness, in the former of which cases he repeats the particle before each term, and in the latter either wholly or in part omits it. a. a. Hence, when for instance this conjunction is not prefixed to both the second and third of three words in coördinate relation, we find it as in English accompanying only the last, e. g. 2 by ΥΠ |