equivalent to indeed, truly (comp. Lat. verùm, verò), e. g. bs (Ishmael shall live) but Sarah thy wife (is) about to bear a son, equivalent to, indeed Sarah shall bear a son, Gen. 17: 19., DEN DONE truly we (are) guilty, 42: 21., indeed I (am) a widow, 2 Sam. 14: 5. 2 Kings 4 : 14. 2. In the later writings and likewise in Rabbinical Hebrew it is employed, like the English but, to oppose one proposition or clause of a לֹא רָאוּ אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶה אֲבָל חֲרָדָה גְדֹלָה נָפְלָה .proposition to another, e. g they saw not the vision, but a great quaking fell upon them, Dan. 10:7, 21, n ban niweb aby so must we do (lit. so it is incumbent upon us to do), but the people (are) numerous, Ezra 10:13., (is) wrath upon thee from the Lord; nevertheless there are good things found with thee, 2 Chron. 19: 3. 33: 17. § 1074. The particle but, however (comp. of or and [Arab.]= not), is employed in a manner similar to, the negative not giving the conjunction is or the disjunctive power of but, e. g. but now put forth thy hand, Job 2:5., NNNN but I would seek after God, 5:8. 13:3. And וְאוּלָם לוּן שֵׁם .e. g וְאוּלָם prefixed, thus ו also with the conjunction but Luz (was) the name of the city at first, Gen. 28: 19. but let us fight with them 48:19. Ex. 9:16., ¬itha das Dobe in the plain, 1 Kings 20:23., beasts, Job 12:7. 33:1. but ask now the Affirmative Particles. . אָמְנָם, אָכֵן and § 1075. The particles are used to emphatically attest the truth of the statements to which they are prefixed. The difference between them is similar to that between and p: the former being employed to affirm the truth of an assertion as regards either the speaker's opinion or a preceding clause, while the latter usually makes the affirmation in an unqualified manner, without reference to any thing but the proposition in which it is found. § 1076. 1. a. The particle surely (fut. apoc. Hiph. of 75, lit. I affirm) asserts the truth of a statement in opposition to the previous opinion or state of knowledge of the speaker, which gives it the cha (is) in this place! Gen. 28: 16. (which he had not before imagined), so surely the Lord אָכֵן יְהוָה בַּמָּקוֹם הַזֶּה .racter of an exclamation, e. g אָכֵן חָלָיֵנוּ הוּא .2:4 .surely the thing is known ! Ex אָכֵן כּוֹדַע הַדָּבָר surely he has borne our griefs! Is. 53: 4. b. It also attests the truth of a following statement in opposition or antithesis to what precedes, in which case it has a force equivalent to but truly (comp. a fragment of this particle, § 1072. 2. 4.), e. g. but truly my judgment (is) with the Lord, Is. 49:4., 2 but indeed they rose early, &c. Zeph. 3:7., DN 7 surely there is a spirit in man, Job 32:8. 2. It makes an asservation without an antithesis, e. g. N but אָכֵן רוּחַ הִיא בֶאֱנוֹשׁ.82:7 .but truly ye die like men, Ps תְּמוּתוּן they will surely turn away your heart after their לְבַבְכֶם אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵיהֶם surely as a woman is אָכֵן בָּגְדָה אִשָּׁה מֵרֵעָה וגו',.11:2 gods, 1 Kings false to her husband, &c. Jer. 3: 20, 23. 8:8. § 1077. 1. The particles truly, for a certainty (§ 664. 1.), generally attests the truth of a following assertion, independently of, yet אָמְנָם יְהוָה הֶחֱרִיבוּ .in accordance with a preceding statement, e. g 2 truly, Lord, the kings of Assyria have destroyed, &c. 2 Kings 19: 17. Is. 37: 18., I know for a certainty that (it is) so, Job 9:2. 19: 4, 5., NN it is true that I (an) a near kinsman, Ruth 3:12.; also in an ironical sense, e. g. DY-DAN DEN truly ye (are) the people! Job 12: 2. 2. When asking a question, this particle takes the form, e. g. TEN DANN and shall I indeed bear a child? Gen. 18:13., Sam I not indeed able to do thee honour? Num. 22:37., will God indeed dunell on the earth? 1 Kings הַאֻמְנָם יֵשֵׁב אֱלֹהִים עַל־הָאָרֶץ 8:27. Ps. 58: 2. 2 Chron. 6:18. Optative Particles. . לוּלֵי לךְ § 1078. The particle oh that! would that! (Lat. ulinam !) is used to intimate the speaker's desire for the occurrence of the event denoted by the following verb. 1. a. It is thus placed before an absolute future form, to express a oh לוּ יִשְׁמָעֵאל יִחְיֶה .wish that a certain event might take place, e. g that Ishmael might live! Gen. 17: 18., bp bp oh that my Sp grief were thoroughly weighed! Job 6: 2.; or before an active participle, for the same purpose (see § 1034), e. g. people would hearken to me! Ps. 81:14. oh that my b. Or before an absolute past, to express a wish that an event which has not occurred might have taken place (see § 992), e. g. would that we had died in the land of Egypt! Num. 14:2. 20:3., would that we had been content! Josh. 7:7. 2. a. When a desire is thus expressed in connection with the consequence that would have resulted from its accomplishment, partakes of the nature of a conditional particle (see §§ 991. 2. a., 994.), e. g. would not slay you, i. e. had ye but saved them, I would not, &c. Judg. oh that ye had saved them alive! I לוּ הַחֲיִתֶם אֹתָם לֹא הָרַגְתִּי אֶתְכֶם oh that thou hadst לוּא הִקְשַׁבְתָּ לְמִצְוֹתַי וַיְהִי כַנָּהָר שְׁלוֹמֶךְ וגו' .18:19 hearkened to my commandments! then had thy peace been as a river, &c. Is. 48:18. Ps. 81: 14, 15. b. And sometimes it is even employed as a simple conditional, without the intimation of a wish on the subject,* e. g. i upp, ab if Joseph hate us, he will certainly repay, &c. Gen. 50: 15., if the Lord had wished to לוּ חָפֵץ יְהוָה לַהֲמִיתֵנוּ לֹא־לָקַח מִיָּדֵנוּ עֹלָה kill us, he would not have accepted a burnt offering at our hands, Judg. 13:23. Ezek. 14:15. It is thus found united with the conditional 88 i and though he live a thousand years twice over, yet he sees no good, Eccl. 6:6. Esth. 7: 4. § 1079. The particle or if not (comp. of if and or not) is used to render negative the protasis of a hypothetical proposition; it has thus a conditional force, and always relates to a verb in the absolute past tense expressed or understood (see §991. 2. b.),† my father had not been with me, thou wouldst certainly now have sent me away empty-handed, Gen. 31: 42. Deut. 32: 27. Ps. 94: 17. 106 : 23., should now have returned these two times, Gen. 43: 10. 2 Sam. 2:27. • This is the ordinary use of the corresponding Arabic , e. g. لَوْ كَانَ السباعُ مُصَوّرِينَ مِثْلَ بَنِي آدَمَ لَمْ يَقْدِرِ الْإِنْسَانُ يَخْنُقُ سَبْعًا ان lions were painters like the sons of Adam, the man would not have been able to strangle the lion, Loc. fab. 7, 22, 26, 30. ↑ So too the Arabic and II. CHAPTER XVIII. CAUSAL AND CONSEQUENTIAL PARTICLES. § 1080. An important class of those propositional particles which serve to qualify a sentence or a clause of a sentence by designating its relation to a preceding one (see § 1061), consists of such as are used to point out the statement to which they are prefixed as the cause or the consequence of some other antecedent or subsequent statement. Affirmative Particles of Causality. 127, 1223, mage, bbaa. because (fut. apoc. of 1081. The particle to answer, comp. 78, § 1076. 1. a.) is placed at the head of a clause, immediately before a verb, participle, or infinitive, for the purpose of pointing out the statement contained in it as the producing cause of an event detailed in another preceding or following clause. 1. a. This particle usually introduces a clause which describes the cause of an event related in a subsequent one, e. g. ,because ye did not believe in me .... לָכֵן לֹא תָבִיאוּ אֶת־הַקָהָל הַזֶּה וגו' therefore ye shall not bring this people, &c. Num. 20: 12. 1 Kings 20:42. 2 Kings 22: 19, 20. Prov. 1: 24., they say to you, &c. Ezek. 36 : 13., ' because because thou hast sold thyself, &c., lit. on account of thy selling thyself, 1 Kings 21: 20. Is. 30:12. 37 : 29. Jer. 5:14. 7:13. Ezek. 35:5, 10. b. Sometimes, however, the cause is placed last, e. g. nab my ha -for he alone of Jero יָבֹא לְיָרָבְעָם אֶל־קֶבֶר יַעַן נִמְצָא בוֹ דָבָר טוֹב וגו' boam shall come to the grave, because there is found in him something good, &c. 1 Kings 14:13. Jer. 35: 17. Hos. 8:1.; and for the sake of ,because יַעַן וּבְיַעַן בְּמִשְׁפָּטִי מָאָסוּ .emphasis the particle is repeated, e. g even because they despised my judgments, Lev. 26: 43. Occasionally the cause of a previously stated event is signified by a noun, to which on account of all thy יַעַן כָּל־תּוֹעֲבוֹתַיִךְ .the particle then applies, e. g abominations, Ezek. 5: 9. Hag. 1:9. 2. a. When in immediate relation to a verb, this particle is frequently accompanied by, thus because that (§ 906. 2.), e. g. .because thou hast done this thing, Gen יַעַן אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ אֶת־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה 22:16. 1 Sam. 30:22. 1 Kings 3:11., is so EN 127 because that he has wholly followed the Lord, Deut. 1: 36.; or by ", because ye have despised the יַעַן כִּי־מְאַסְתֶּם אֶת־יְהוָה .g . יַעַן כִּי thus Lord, Num. 11:20. 1 Kings 13:21. Is. 3:16. b. In the following instance the expression is used, like , to point out what follows as the design of an action before stated, in פָּנָיו יְכַסֶה יַעַן אֲשֶׁר לֹא .and is thus equivalent to in order that, e. g he shall cover his face, that he may not see יִרְאֶה לָעַיִן הוּא אֶת־הָאָרֶץ the ground with (his) eyes, Ezek. 12: 12. § 1082. 1. The particle on account of (from the same root) differs from the preceding, inasmuch as it is commonly placed before a noun, to point it out as denoting that on account of or for the sake of which something is done or left undone, e.g. Nunaby wilt thou not spare the place for the sake לַמָּקוֹם לְמַעַן חֲמִשִׁים הַצַּדִּיקִים וּבָא מֵאֶרֶץ רְחוֹקָה לְמַעַן שְׁמֶךְ,(is employed בַּעֲבוּר the corresponding of the fifty righteous? Gen. 18:24. (in the parallel clauses, v. 26, 29, but he comes out of a far country for thy name's sake, 1 Kings 8:41. 11:12, 13, 32, 34. for Zion's sake will I not hold my peace, &c. Is. 62: 1. Ps. 5:9. The personal pronouns are attached to it in the form of suffixes, e. g. for my own sake, 2 Kings 19: 34. Is. 37: 35., for thy sake, Job 18: 4, for your sake, Deut. 3: 26. Ezek. 36: 22, 32. 2. It is also placed before a verb, to intimate that something is done in order that the event denoted by such verb may take place, e. g. in order that my soul may bless thee, Gen. 27:25. Ex. 4:5. Deut. 4:1., 3. Furthermore, it is used occasionally both with nouns and verbs, they have made עָשׂוּ לָהֶם עֲצַבִּים לְמַעַן יִכָּרֵת .7:19 .themselves, Jer themselves idols, so that they shall be cut off, Hos. 8:4. Amos 2: 7. §1083. The particle on account of, because (comp. of the prep. in and transition) is closely analogous in its signification and uses to the preceding. Thus, |