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exceedingly, Gen. 7:19. Num.

(see § 824. 2.), thus
14:7.; or with prefixed to the first, thus

17:2. Ex. 1:7.
exceedingly, Gen. 27: 33. 1 Sam. 11: 15.; once
16:14.

Gen.

2 Chron.

עַד־מְאֹד thus, עַד It also takes the preposition

,Jehu shall serve him much יֵהוּא יַעַבְדֶנּוּ הַרְבֵּה .much ($ 662), e. g הַרְבֵּה

2 Kings 10:18. Eccl. 5: 11.; too much, overmuch, e. g.

apy be not righteous overmuch, Eccl. 7:16, 17.; sometimes accompanied by, thus very much, exceed. ingly, 1 Sam. 26: 21. Neh. 2: 2. Other adverbs from the same

root and with a like meaning are

much, very, Ps. 123: 3. Prov.

26: 10., Ps. 89: 8. Job 31: 34., Ps. 65: 10. 129: 2.

more, Eccl. 2: 15. 7:16. Esth. 6:6.; used with adjectives to
form the comparative degree (§ 783).

,ye have soon much זְרַעְתֶּם הַרְבֵּה וְהָבֵא מְעַט .little (parum), e. g מְעַט

with reference to time, they are exalted a little

but bring in little, Hag. 1:6. Job 10:20.;
a little while (paulisper), e. g.
while, Job 24:24. Ruth 2: 7. It is sometimes repeated, thus
by by little by little, by degrees (paulatim), Ex. 23: 30. Deut.
7:22. It frequently takes the preposition, thus about,
within a little, nearly (see § 1055. 2.), Is. 1: 9. Ps. 73: 2., in a
little while, soon, Ps. 81: 15. Job 32: 22.

constr.sufficiency, enough, as a particle with different prepositions,
with all of which it indicates the fitness, correspondence, con-
formity of one thing to another: thus on account of, for, Nah.
2:13. Hab. 2:13.; according to, like, Deut. 25: 2. Judg. 6:5.;
as often as, 1 Sam. 18: 30. 2 Kings 4: 8.
wholly, entirely, Gen. 18:21. Ex. 11: 1.;

id. Lev. 6: 15.

i well, 2 Sam. 3: 13.; id. Deut. 13: 15. 17: 4.

De gratis, gratuitously, Gen 29: 15. Ex. 21: 2., in vain, Mal. 1: 10. apart, alone, Ex. 12: 37. 26: 9., only, Is. 26: 13.;

besides,

Deut. 4:35. It is most frequently employed with pronominal
suffixes, thus by himself, alone, Gen. 2:18. Num. 11:14.
Also alone, Lev. 13: 46.; 77 id. Num. 23 : 9.
together, 1 Sam. 11:11. 2 Sàm. 14: 16.;

Deut. 12:22.

id. Gen. 13: 6.

2. Adverbs specifying the time of the state or action denoted by the predicate.

y now, Germ. jetzt (lit. this time, § 651. note). This adverb always relates to the present time, or time of narration, and hence is often

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used antithetically with the particle TN then, which has reference

as my כְּכֹחִי אָז וּכְכֹחִי עַתָּה .to some past or future period, e. g

strength (was) then, so (is) my strength now, Josh. 14:11. Is. 48:7. It is occasionally employed as an emphatic introduction to a statement, like the English now, Germ. nun, e. g. - DON DY Snow shall I perish some day by the hand of Saul, 1 Sam. 27:1. 1 Kings 12:26.

TN then, referring to a period of time either anterior or subsequent to the time of narration, as is determined by the context: thus, to then said Solomon, 1 Kings 8:12.

past time, e. g.

Cant. 8: 10.,

then sang Moses, &c. Ex. 15:1.

Josh. 10: 12. (see § 967. 1. e. a.); to future time, e. g. 27
then let them speak, Is. 41: 1. Mic. 3: 4. Ps. 2:5., TN
Di
then the chiefs of Edom shall be terrified, Ex. 15:15.
(see 966. 1. c.). With the preposition, thus from that
time, since (Fr. de-puis, dès), Josh. 14: 10. Is. 45: 21. Ruth 2: 7.
not yet, before, always refers to a period antecedent to the action
or state denoted by the verb with which it is connected, and
which

may

Samuel did not yet know the Lord, &c. 1 Sam. 3: 7.,

שְׁמוּאֵל טֶרֶם יָדַע .be either a past or future tense, e. g

,ye will not yet fear the Lord God טֶרֶם תִּירְאוּן מִפְּנֵי יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים

Ex. 9:30. Sometimes, as the action takes place after the period
signified by the particle, a future tense is employed in connection

with it to denote past time (§ 967. 1. e. a.), e. g.

and they passed the night there before they crossed over,

Josh. 3:1. 1 Sam. 3:3, 7. With prepositions:

in the time before, Is. 66: 7. Prov. 8:25.;

before, Hag. 2: 15.

before, lit.

from the time

long ago, already, Eccl. 1: 10. 6:10.

first (primùm), Gen. 38:28. Lev. 5:8. Num. 2 : 9., before, formerly (priùs), Dan. 11:29. With prepositions:

in the

first place, first, Num. 10: 13, 14. Deut. 13: 10., at first, before,
Gen. 13:4.;
at first, formerly, Judg. 18: 29.
formerly, of old, Judg. 3:2. Job 17; 6. (see § 1050. I. 2. b.); so
too Jer. 30 : 20.

after, Lev. 14:43. Num. 6: 29., afterwards, Hos. 3:5. (sce
§1051. I. 2.). With the relative particles, thus after
that (postquam). Ezek. 40: 1., oftener plural

(904. 2.);

with 72, thus 7 afterwards (postea), Lev. 14:36. 1 Sam.
10 5., oftener plur. 7 Judg. 16:4. 1 Sam. 9:13.

bing or bins (§80) yesterday, Ps. 90: 4.; but usually in connection with the word the day before yesterday (§664. 1.), to signify

,heretofore אֶתְמוֹל שִׁלְשׁוֹם or תְּמוֹל שִׁלְשֵׁם past time in general, thus

formerly, Gen. 31:5. 1 Sam. 4:7.

□i♫ to-day (§ 722), Gen. 4:14. 2 Kings 6: 28., at this time, now, Deut. 1:39. Judg. 21:6.; at this day, to-day, Gen. 25:31. 1 Kings 1:51.: by day, Ex. 13: 21, 22. Deut. 1:33. Josh. 1:8.; Did. Neh. 9: 19.

to-night, Gen. 19:5, 34.; by night, Ex. 13: 21, 22. Lev. 8:35.

in the morning (mane), Ex. 16:7. Ps. 5:4.; early in the morning, Prov. 27: 14.: 7 in the evening (vespere), Ex. 16:6. to-morrow, 1 Sam. 20: 5. 2 Kings 6: 28.

to eternity, for ever, always, 1 Kings 1:31. Ps. 5:12.; frequently

מֵעוֹלָם : .15:18 .for ever and ever, Ex לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד in the phrase

from eternity, of old, Gen. 6:4. Is. 63: 16. Prov. 8:23.

Also

for ever, Ps. 9:7, 19. Job 4:20. 14:20.; and 7p always, continually, Ps. 16: 8. 34: 2.

Tagain, Gen. 4:25. Deut. 13:17. 1 Sam. 10:22., furthermore, yet more, Gen. 8: 10. 1 Sam. 18:29.

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quickly, soon, Ex. 32:8. Deut. 4: 26. Ps. 143:7.; id. Deut. 11:17. Judg. 9:54.

suddenly, Num. 12: 4. Josh. 10: 9. 11: 7.

3. Adverbs qualifying the predicate with respect to place.

there. 1. a. This particle signifies rest in a place, when it is equivalent to the English there, Gen. 2:12. 12:7. 13: 4. &c.; it is sometimes repeated antithetically, thus - here-there, Is. 28:10. b. It is also used to indicate motion to a place, signify. ing thither, Deut. 1:37. Judg. 18: 3. 1 Sam. 2: 14.; but in this case it usually receives directive, thus 22. 24:8. 39: 1. &c. : with the prep. a place, thus thence, Gen. 11: 8, 9.

11:8,

(§ 643) Gen. 19:20, it signifies motion from All these forms acquire (see § 903).

with

a relative force by connecting them 2. Sometimes it is applied, like the Latin ibi, to time; in which case it corresponds to the English then, Ps. 14:5. 132:17. here (contr. for in this place), Num. 22:8. 1 Sam. 23:3., hither, 1 Sam. 16:11. Job 38:11.; is antithetically repeated, thus side (see § 1046. IV. 1.), Ezek. 40:10, 12. for at this place), Gen. 31:37., with

with the prep.

it

on this side — on that Also here (contr. reference to manner,

like this, thus, Ex. 3:15.; repeated here and there, in every direction, Ex. 2: 12., and in antithesis with -here-there, Gen. 22:5.; with prepositions,

wise, thus, 1 Kings 22: 20.

hither (formed like its opposite

, thus

in this

by the addition of directive),

Gen. 45:8. Josh. 3: 9.; applied also to time, signifying hitherto,

1 Sam. 7:12.; repeated
tion, Josh. 8:20. So too
further off, Gen. 19: 9.,

hither or thither, in any direchither, Ex. 3:5. Judg. 18:3. beyond thee, opposed to

on this side of thee, 1 Sam. 20:21, 22.; with the preposition, thus beyond, Amos 5: 27. (see § 1046. IV. 1.). § 1060. The remaining specifications of place, with regard either to rest or motion, are made by means of nouns with

et seqq.), or by prepositions employed adverbially. the most common:

directive (see § 642, The following are

by above (§ 1046. IV. 1.), Deut. 5:8. Amos 2:9.; upwards, 1 Sam. 9: 2. 1 Kings 7 : 31., id. Is. 7:11. Prov. 15 : 24.,

by above, Gen. 6: 16. Ex. 25: 21. beneath, Ex. 20:4. Judg. 7:8.; below, downwards, Deut. 28:43. Prov. 15:24.; id. Eccl. 3:21.;

Ex. 26: 24. 39: 20.

beneath,

before, in front, Ps. 139: 5., forwards, Job 23: 8.; Dp in front, and hence, as the Orientals in naming the points of the compass place the face towards the east, eastwards, on the east, Gen. 2:8. Is. 9:11.

in backwards, Gen. 49: 17. Ps. 139: 5.; on the west (see DP), Is. 9:11.; backwards, Gen. 9: 23. 1 Sam. 4:18. to the right, Num. 20:17. 22: 26. Job 23: 9.; 45:10. Neh. 12:31.;

id. Ps.

id. Job 30:12.; 7

on the

right, 1 Kings 7:39., on the south, 1 Sam. 23: 19.

S to the left, Num. 20: 17. 1 Sam. 6:12.; id.;

on the left, 1 Kings 7:49., on the north, Gen. 14: 15.

round about, Ex. 19:12. Lev. 1:5, 11.; repeated a id. Ezek. 37:2. 2 Chron. 4: 3.

CHAPTER XVII.

NEGATIVE AND AFFIRMATIVE PARTICLES.

§ 1061. We now come to treat of the propositional particles, or those which are employed to qualify an entire proposition (§ 1057). Of these some make the qualification independently of any other sentence, and such for the most part are the negative and affirmative particles; others again serve to qualify one proposition by pointing out some relation which it bears to another. As the powers and uses of these particles are of great variety and importance, and have a marked influence on the entire structure of the language, we shall discuss them somewhat in detail, beginning with those of the kind first mentioned, viz. the particles of negation and affirmation.

Particles of Direct Negation.

.none, no אַיִן

§ 1062. The particle 7 constr. 7 is originally a noun of negation signifying non-existence, nothing, and is thus the direct converse of existence (§ 698).*

1. Hence it is used to predicate non-existence absolutely, e. g. 21 P7 there was nothing in the ark, except, &c. 1 Kings 89., if he have nothing, lit. si nihil sit ei, Ex. 22: 2., 177

there is naught to add to it, and naught to אֵין לְהוֹסִיף וּמִמֶּנּוּ אֵין לִגְרוֹעַ

take from it, Eccl. 3: 14.; or else to deny the existence of some particular object or kind of object referred to, e. g. 7 look for light, and let there be none, Job 3:9.,

is none besides thee, Ruth 4: 4.

let it for there

2. It is connected with a noun or with an attributive used instead of a noun (§737. 1.), to deny the existence of the object denoted by

It is used as a noun in the following instance: N P his anger punishes nothing, i. e. no crime, Job 35: 15.

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