1. The relative future is placed after a participle having a future signi

behold I (am) about to bring the locust to-morrow within thy boundary, and it shall cover the surface of the earth, &c. Ex. 10: 4, 5, 6. 12:15, 19. 16:4. 17:6. 2 Sam. 12:11., by my neben-ng

7 behold I (am) about to take the kingdom from the hand of Solomon, and will give thee, &c. 1 Kings 11:31. 2 Kings 19:7., 75

behold a virgin shall conceive הָעַלְמָה הָרָה וְיֹלֶדֶת בֵּן וְקָרָאת שְׁמוֹ עִמָּנוּאֵל

and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel, Is. 7: 14. 8: 7, 8. 17: 1. 19: 1. 24: 1. Jer. 23: 15. 25: 9, 10, 11, 12. Mic. 1: 3. 2. After an infinitive with a future signification, e. g.

E on the day of your eating of it (i. e. when you shall eat of it), your eyes shall be opened, Gen. 3:5., in ho (I am about) to remove its hedge, and it shall be consumed, Is. 5 : 5., ga

being despised and hated, I will make thee exalted for ever, 60 : 15.

3. After an imperative, which is future in its nature, the relative tense also indicating command, e. g. Ph come up to the Lord, and worship at a distance, Ex. 24: 1. 34: 1.

.....

עֲלֵה אֶל־יְהוָה

do as he has עֲשֵׂה כַאֲשֶׁר דִּבֵּר וּפְגַע־בּוֹ וּקְבַרְתּוֹ .28 : 12 .1 :10 .Deut

take the wine cup of this fury הַיַּיִן הַחֵמָה הַזֹּאת מִיָּדִי וְהִשְׁקִיתָה וגו'

said, and fall upon him, and bury him, 1 Kings 2: 31, 36., on

from my hand, and cause to drink, &c. Jer. 25: 15. Ezek. 3:4, 11.

4:1.

§ 985. 1. The relative future is occasionally used in dependence on certain particles, without being connected to a preceding verbal form:

in a little while they will stone עוֹד מְעַט וּסְקָנִי .yet, c. g עוד thus with for in a very little while כִּי־עוֹד מְעַט מִזְעָר וְכָלָה זַעַם,.4 : 17 .me, Ex בְּעוֹד שָׁנָה וְכָלָה כָל־כְּבוֹד קֵדָר .26 ,25: 10 .the indignation shall cease, Is

within a year all the glory of Kedar shall cease, 21: 16.; with on account of, for the sake of, e. g. boy in for thy name's sake, O Lord, pardon my iniquity, Ps. 25: 11.

2. It is used also after nouns denoting time, e. g.

7

ye shall know that the Lord has brought you out of the land of Egypt, and in the morning ye shall see the glory of the Lord, Ex. 16: 6, 7.,

in the latter days, thou בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים וְשַׁבְתָּ עַד יְהוָה וְשָׁמַעְתָּ בְקוֹלוֹ

shalt turn to the Lord, and hearken to his voice, Deut. 4:30.

§ 986. 1. As a relative past form sometimes begins a verse, chapter, or even book, in consequence of the writer's viewing the events there narrated as connected to those that have preceded them (§ 976), so too a separate promise or prophecy occasionally commences with the relative future form, because viewed in connection with the series of previous promises and prophecies, whether immediately preceded by

and a rod shall proceed from the וְיָצָא חֹטֶר מִגֶזַע יִשַׁי .any or not, e. g

stem of Jesse, Is. 11:1.

2. Again, a command issued as the consequence of some preceding. statement (see § 970) frequently begins with a relative future, e. g.

,circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart ומלתם את ערלת לבבכם

Deut. 10 : 16, 19., iphoto pratis ahen my pans therefore love
thou the Lord thy God, and keep his charge, 11: 1. 8.,
act therefore according to thy wisdom, 1 Kings 2: 6.

Verbs following the Relative Future.

§ 987. The construction of the relative future also resembles that of the relative past with respect to the verbs that follow it (see § 977): for since this tense can be used only in relation to a preceding future expressed or implied, whenever the connection is interrupted by the occurrence of a noun, pronoun, or particle at the commencement of a clause, the absolute future must again be employed; although as soon as another clause appears which begins with a verb, the relative future form returns. Thus,

1. The absolute future form recurs after an initial noun, e. g. Erby

therefore circumcise the foreskin את ערלת לבבכם יערפכם לא תקשי עוד

of your heart, and be no longer sti-necked, lit. and no longer stiffen

I will make children their princes, and babes shall rule over them, Is. 3:4, 17. 6: 7. 8:21, 22. 10:34. 11 : 1, 4, 6. &c. &c., un tot Spent Open "pmp the mountains shall be melted under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, Mic, 1 : 4. 6.

thou shalt lend to many nations; but thou thyself shalt not borrow, Deut. 15: 6., ≈ 7* mem amÈNÝ and you I will be their God, and they shall be my people. Jer. 31: 33.

אם־רָאה תראה בעני אמתה יזמיתני ,Afier a negatire particle, e, g .8

NTN if thou wilt indeed consider the affliction of

thine handmaid, and wilt remember me and not forget thine handmaid,

act וְעָשִׂיתָ בְחָכְמָתֶךָ וְלֹא־תוֹרֵד שֵׁיבָתוֹ בְשָׁלם שאול,.11 : 1 .c. 1 Sam&

ובניתים ולא אהרס ונטעתים ולא .6 : 2 the grave in peace, 1 Kings

therefore according to thy wisdom, and let not his gray head go down to 1 2:6.,

and I will build them, and not pull (them) down ; and I will plant them, and not pluck (them) up, Jer. 24: 6.

§ 988. 1. The recurrence of the absolute future, like that of the absolute past (see § 978), is not strictly limited to the cases in which the connection is interrupted by some intervening word, as above described; for we sometimes find a writer preferring the absolute where he might with equal propriety have used the relative future form. This takes place for the most part in emphatic sentences expressive of strong desire, the future most frequently assuming the paragogic

pray, let my sister Tamar come and make in my presence a couple of cakes, that I may eat from her hand, 2 Sam. 13: 6. (here

אֲנִי ,(might also have been employed וּבְרִיתִי and וְלִבְּבָה the relatives I the Lord יְהוָה קְרָאתִיךָ בְצֶדֶק וְאַחֲזֶק בְּיָדָךְ וְאֶצְרְךָ וְאֶתֶּנְךָ לִבְרִית עָם

will call thee in righteousness, and will hold thee by the hand, and will keep thee, and give thee for a covenant of the people, Is. 42:6., T-by

wail and howl, I will go stripped and naked; I will make a wailing, &c. Mic. 1:8.

2. It is frequently the case in prophecies that the relative future

, וְהָיָה בַיּוֹם הַהוּא commences a verse in the emphatic phrase וְהָיָה

and is immediately followed by the principal verb (which in fact does not then begin the sentence) in the absolute future form, e. g.

and it shall come to pass in that day, that בַיּוֹם הַהוּא יִשְׁרֹק יְהוָה וגו'

the Lord shall hiss, &c. Is. 7:18. 10:27. 11:11. 17: 4.

It rarely

וְהָיָה בַיּוֹם הַהוּא וְקָרָאתִי .assumes the form of the relative future, e. g

and it shall come to pass in that day, that I will call my

servant, &c. Is. 22:20.

3. Sometimes the absolute and relative futures are employed alter

choose now twelve thousand men, and will arise and pursue David, and will come upon him, and will make him afraid; and all the people that are with him shall flee, and I will smite the king only, and will bring back all the people to thee, 2 Sam. 17: 1, 2, 3. 1 Kings 1 : 2.

§ 989. In the preceding chapter we have undertaken to show how the accident of time is specified in Hebrew verbs, without noticing the influence frequently exerted on the structure of propositions, either by the feelings of the writer or of the agent with regard to the event detailed, or by the contents of some other proposition; an influence which gives rise to what are called the personal modes of verbs. this subject we now propose to treat and in so doing, we shall endeavour to ascertain, 1st, the several kinds of dependent propositions ; and 2dly, the manner of expressing them in Hebrew.

On

I. Propositions may be dependent, either subjectively, on the will of the agent or narrator of the action, and this we shall term subjective dependence; or objectively, on the circumstances detailed in other preceding or following propositions, which we shall in like manner call objective dependence.

1. a. Subjective dependence exists when it is predicated of an occur. rence, not merely that it has been, is, or will be, but that it may, might, could, would, should be, is wished, requested, commanded to be, either affirmatively, negatively, or interrogatively.

b. Objective dependence is when a proposition is made hypothetically or conditionally, i. e. is affected by or dependent on some preceding or following statement.

2. The numerous varieties in the nature of propositions which are included under these two heads, are designated in different languages either by separate particles, by changes in the mode of inflecting the verb itself, or by both these expedients together. The verbal changes here alluded to are not equally developed in all languages: some have but one set of inflections besides the independent or indicative form, as for example the subjunctive of the Latin and of many of the tongues of modern Europe; while others have more, as for instance the subjunctive and optative in Greek, the potential, precative, and

conditional in Sancrit, &c. Some of these secondary modes of inflec. tion possess all the tenses of the indicative, but the majority of them are more or less deficient in this respect.

3. The principal characteristic of the dependent forms of the verb consists in extension; the short vowels of the indicative being lengthened in the subjunctive, while those syllables which have been contracted in the former mode, are restored in the latter to their pristine length.* In this we perceive a symbolical indication of the real distinction existing between the primary and secondary modes: the indicative makes a direct and independent statement, and its form is consequently simple and concise; but as the other modes are used to intimate contingency, possibility, necessity, &c., the speaker dwells emphatically on the verb, and thus gives rise to a protraction of its form.

II. In its manner of indicating these dependent modes, the character of the Hebrew again appears as that of a moderately inflected language. When the nature of the proposition is not left to be understood from the context, it is pointed out by means of separate particles, or else by a change in the form of the verb analogous to that which takes place in the other languages we have mentioned. These several methods are employed as follows.

1. The chief and primary use of the preterite or form is to denote a past action. It is therefore peculiarly adapted to the expression of independent propositions, since an action already performed is no longer liable to the contingencies affecting one which has yet to take place. Hence the preterite retains its form unchanged, and when employed, as is sometimes the case, in a dependent proposition, its precise accepta. tion is either pointed out by particles, or is left to be ascertained from the context.

2. The primary use of the future or up form is to denote an action yet to take place, and which may accordingly be dependent in either of the above mentioned ways. Its peculiar adaptedness and consequent frequent use for the predication of hypothetical or contingent events, occasion the future to undergo certain changes of form, which serve to point out, with greater force and precision than can be effected by particles and the context alone, the exact modification of meaning intended to be conveyed. These deviations from the independent form constitute what are called the paragogic and apocopated futures. The

Compare the subjunctive in Latin, French, and German, and the subjunctive and optative in Greek, with their respective indicatives.