Substitutes for Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns.

§ 873. In Hebrew, there is no intensive pronoun, and its place is supplied by affixing the personal pronouns to certain nouns denoting life, essence, &c., which then by a natural transition are used to signify the very being or self of the person or thing spoken of. The words most commonly used for this purpose are the following:

soul, e. g.

deliver my soul, stronger than, deliver me,

Ps. 22:21. 84: 3. 86:13, 14. 88: 15. 104: 1. 109:20.,

IT :

A that thy soul may bless me, Gen. 27: 19.
Deut. 14:26. 1 Kings 19: 2.,

his soul

shall dwell at ease, Ps. 25: 13. 105:18. 109: 31., our soul (is) dried up, Num. 11:6.,

ye shall afflict your souls, Lev. 16: 29. Num.

297. Is. 55: 2, 3. Job 16: 4.

thy watchfulness has preserved my פְּקְדָּתְךָ שָׁמְרָה רוּחִי .spirit, e. g רוּחַ

spirit, stronger than, has preserved me, Job 10:12.

into thy hands I commend my בְּיָדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי .14 : 21

spirit, Ps. 31 : 6., wherefore is thy spirit sad? 1 Kings 21:5., they provoked his spirit, Ps. 106: 33.*

let
him

tread my life in the dust, more יִרְמוֹס לָאָרֶץ חַיָּי .life, c. g חַיִּים

emphatic than, let him tread me, &c., Ps. 7:6. 64: 2.

Lam. 3:58., n now brian who redeems thy life

: IT

from destruction, Ps. 103: 4.

§874. From the above employment of pronouns in connection with the words and as intensives, is derived their further use as reflexive pronouns, viz. as equivalent to the words myself, thyself, &c., indicating that the subject and object of a verb are one and the same, e. g. I know not myself, Job 9: 21. Ps. 86: 4., UT take care of thyself, Deut. 4: 9., ip and he asked himself,

1 Kings 19:4. Amos 2: 14, 15., in the Lord swears

In the following instance the nouns and seem to lose their independent meaning, and with their suffixes are construed as pronouns of the same 78 I myself seek thee, I myself do desire thee, Is. 269.; in another instance we find one verb agreeing in person with the noun, and another with the pronoun, e. g.

... רוּחִי אֲשַׁחֲרֶךְ .person, viz

.....

but I do not find, Eccl. 7:28.

8 h my soul seeks,

VII

.

by himself, Amos 6:8. Prov. 7:23. ; take heed to yourselves, Mal. 2: 15, 16.*

flesh and

§ 875. The words and are mostly employed as intensives or reflexives when some emotion of the mind is indicated; on the other hand, the words bones are used in general with reference to the body, e. g. to draw into wine (to entertain) my flesh, i. e. my body, myself, Eccl. 2: 3., the (is) my flesh of brass? Job 6: 12. 13:14. 21:6.; yy my bones are consumed, Ps. 31: 11. 32: 3., my bones are terrified,

6:3.†

§ 876. Sometimes by the figure called metonymy a part of the person is mentioned to represent the whole, when the discourse relates more particularly to such part. Thus,

my head shall be exalted above my יָרוּם רֹאשִׁי עַל אֹיְבֵי .head, e. g ראש

face, e. g.

enemies, more emphatic than, I shall be exalted, Ps. 27:6. 110: 7., so thy blood (be) upon thy head, 2 Sam. 1:16. 1 Kings 2: 37, 44.,

his blood (shall be) upon his head, Josh. 2:19. Ps. 7 : 17.,

I will return your deed upon your אָשִׁיב בְּמִלְכֶם בְּרֹאשְׁכֶם

own head, Joel 4: 4, 7.

than, ye

ye shall not see my face, more emphatic shall not see me, Gen. 43: 3, 5. Ex. 10: 28., so I have seen thy face, Gen. 33:10. 46: 30., Dy D 217 why (are) your faces sad? 40: 7. I said in my heart, i. e. to myself, Eccl. 2:1, 3. Ps. 84: 3., if thou shalt say in thy heart, Deut. 7:17. Is. 14: 13., our heart

heart, e. g. "

shall rejoice, Ps. 33: 21.

§ 877. In like manner are employed the words mouth, my eye, ➡ bowels, ni reins, &c., for which consult the lexicons.

hand,

The corresponding terms in Arabic are frequently employed for the same

purpose, e. g.

13

بى 23 .do not trouble thyself, Loc. fab لَا تُنْعِب نَفْسَكَ مَرَّةً رَمَى

مَاء نَفْسَهُ فِي نَهْرٍ وَأَهْلَكْتُ رُوحِي

a boy once threw himself into a river, fab. 25.,

and I have destroyed myself, fab. 27.

Grammatical Agreement Neglected.

§ 878. We have seen (§ 753, et seqq.) that the grammatical agreement of predicates consisting of verbs or attributives with the subjects to which they belong is frequently neglected. This want of agreement is likewise observed to exist between pronouns and the nouns to which they refer, although to a much more limited extent; and the deviations are found to take place on the same principles (see § 754). Thus, when the gender is neglected, the masculine form of the pronoun is employed instead of the feminine, but not the contrary;* and when the number is neglected, the singular is used for the plural, but not the contrary.

A. Gender Neglected.

§879. The gender of feminine plural nouns of the second and third persons is sometimes neglected in the pronouns referring to them, which assume the masculine as being the most common form. This occurs, 1. In a few instances with separable pronouns, e. g. DAN UN which ye (the daughters of thy people) are hunting, Ezek. 13:20., ibi ne me whither (are) they (the two women) carrying the ephah, Zech. 5:10., □

and they (Naomi and Ruth) came to Bethlehem, Ruth 1:22., nên dưu there are sixty queens, Cant. 6: 8.

2. More frequently with suffixes either to nouns, verbs, or particles; as these are necessarily always separated from the antecedent noun to which they relate (see § 754). Thus with suffixes,

a. To nouns, e. g. 31:9. Ezek. 13: 20.,

your (Rachel and Leah's) father, Gen. NY their (Reuel's daughters') flocks, Ex. 2: 17.

Judg. 21 22. Is. 3: 16. Zech. 11:5. Job 1:14.

• In a very few instances the pronoun loses its terminating (+) in consequence of its close connection to the following word, and thus assumes the form of the feminine, e. g. - Num. 11: 15., 27 Deut. 5:27. (the reason evidently being to avoid in the first instance the hiatus, and in the second the uncouth combination atta-th'dhabber), Ezek. 28: 14.; it may be added that in Syriac the masc. alike. In the expression

ܐܢܬܝ .and the fem ܐܢܬ

are both pronounced

2 Sam. 4: 6., the word is not the pron. of the third pers. fem. plur. used for the masc., as is supposed by Gesenius, but the adverb of place thither (comp. Gen. 45: 8. Josh. 3:9.), so Jer. 50: 5.

b. To verbs, e. g. Do they had stopped them up, viz. the wells, Gen. 26: 15, 18. Num. 17: 3, 4. Jer. 43: 9., and they drove them (Reuel's daughters) away, Ex. 2:17. 2 Kings 18:16.

c. To prepositions and other particles, e. g. Dy with you, viz. Orphah and Ruth, Ruth 1 : 8, 11, 13., for them, the midwives, Ex. 1:21. Num. 27: 7. Judg. 19:24. Jer. 33: 24. 44: 2. Dan. 8: 9. 2 Chron. 29: 3. Ezek. 1: 6, 7, 8. &c., concubine, Judg. 19: 24., Jer. 44: 2.

is them, viz. a maiden and a behold them, viz. the cities of Judah,

B. Number Neglected.

§ 880. The suffixes of the third person sometimes retain the singular form when relating to plural nouns, though rarely except when such plural is employed collectively to indicate any or every one of the number mentioned (see § 759. 2. b.).

1. With nouns, e. g.

mouth of any one of them, Ps. 5: 10. 2. With verbs, e. g.

Thus,

there is no faithfulness in the

and I will cut off every one of them,

if thou go to war against thine enemies, and the Lord deliver them, lit. him) into thy hand, Deut. 21: 10. (the word enemies is here regarded as equivalent to hostile army, and the pronoun put in the singular accordingly, as though relating to a collective), 28: 48., p

,and she took the too men, and hid each of them אֶת־שְׁנֵי הָאֲנָשִׁים וַתִּצְפְּנוֹ

Josh. 2: 4. (or it may be rendered, she concealed it, viz. her reception of
them, comp. v. 5, 6.), room by the labour of fools wearies
them every one, Eccl. 10: 15. (or makes one weary, scil. to behold it).
3. With prepositions, e. g.

they take away the righteousness of the righteous from every one of them, Is. 5: 23., The departed not from any one of them, 2 Kings 13:2.

CHAPTER VIII.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

§881. A DEMONSTRATIVE pronoun is a word which may be said to combine the properties of a personal pronoun and a definite article : like the former it affirms the existence of a person or thing; and like the latter it directs attention to the noun to which it belongs, and thereby renders it definite (see §§ 648-650). The degree of definiteness which the demonstrative conveys is much greater than that afforded by the article; for the latter simply designates an otherwise unspecified noun as something previously mentioned, universally known, &c. (see §§ 720-722), while the former restricts the application of an appellative to some individual object or objects either actually or figu. ratively present to the speaker or writer, as this man, that house, and that of a material or abstract noun to a certain portion of the material, as this gold, that wine, or to some specific action, passion, or state of being, as this amazement, that smiting, also considered as present.

Near Demonstratives.

§ 882. As in Hebrew only the near demonstratives (demonstrativa proprinqua) this, these, are denoted by terms employed especially for the purpose (see §§ 632, 634), it is of these that we shall first and principally treat. They may appear with the noun which they specify in a subordinate or in a coördinate relation, that is to say, either as predicatives or qualificatives (§713): in the former case they precede the noun in their nude form, and in the latter are placed after it with or without the article, according as the noun is definite or indefinite (774). They likewise agree like other attributives with the noun they refer to both in gender and number (§ 731), taking the forms masc. sing., fem. sing. 7, plur. com. or (§ 634).*

• The plural demonstrative has the same form in both genders, as is also the case with the third pers. pret. sing. of verbs. Compare with these the frequent neglect of gender in the pronouns of the third person (§ 879), as also the German and English pronouns of the third person and the French and German definite article, in the plural of which no distinction of gender is made.