Eastern Delegates Walk Out

The only political dispute which marked the Conference resulted from discussion of the extension of UNESCO's program in Germany and Japan. The extension for Germany was approved despite the fact that the delegates of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia once walked out of the Conference and, when defeated a second time, threatened further possible action by their governments. The vote was 35 to 4, Israel joining the satellite states in opposition. The Japanese program was adopted after defeat of a Philippine motion to delete a paragraph providing for inclusion of Japanese nationals in seminars.

The Polish, Hungarian, and Czechoslovakian delegates claimed that there could be no cultural unity in Germany without political unity and that, in addition, the new German state was marked by the resurgence of Nazism. They pressed for the postponement to the

Florence Conference of any consideration of UNESCO activity furthering educational and cultural interchanges with

the Western Zone in Germany.

In supporting the expanded program, Assistant Secretary of State George V. Allen, Chairman of the U.S. Delegation, said: "We have been under the sad necessity in this room today to listen to implications that, since

strongly as we can the implications that we favor any type of Nazi sentiment that may exist in that country.

"The question before us today goes to the heart of UNESCO. There are various means by which one can attempt to create the international comity which we hope will bring everlasting peace. There is the military approach. Some people are great devotees of that approach. . . . UNESCO's approach is directly opposite to the military approach. UNESCO seeks to mobilize that residue of good will which exists everywhere, on both sides of every iron curtain and in every country. We believe UNESCO should try to do what it can in Germany as well as everywhere else, in an effort to integrate Germany into the family of nations." The vital importance of National Commissions in gaining mass support for UNESCO objectives was again stressed and a meeting of repre

there is evidence that nationalism continues to exist in Germany, those of us who favor the activities of UNESCO in Germany favor the revival of Nazism there.

"That is a most unpleasant implication for anyone to hear, particularly anyone who represents a country which has contributed to the defeat of Nazism so very recently. . . . My country is opposed to the rise of Nazism or aggression. Let it be understood, therefore, that those of us who favor UNESCO activity in Germany resist as

sentatives of each Commission was approved as an important phase of the Florence Conference. Director General Torres Bodet made a successful appeal to be allowed to provide three "personal ambassadors" and seven "correspondents" for member nations without National Commissions to inspire greater participation in UNESCO.

The three evening sessions on the basic Conference theme

were held in the Maison de la Chimie, where the conferees occupied the main floor and 300 additional spectators filled the two narrow balconies. Reinhold Niebuhr was the U.S. spokesman on the theme, "What are the duties of the state in regard to education, science, and culture for the purpose of insuring a better understanding between peoples, and what practical steps should it take in order to discharge them?"

Mr. Niebuhr in advancing the theory that a world community can be built through cultural relations and spiritual cooperation among the peo

ples of the world said: "There are those who would like to create a world community by law or by police or by both and they, therefore, treat the slower cultural approach with indifference or scorn, but they forget an important part in the realm of community building, that is, that no law can create a common bond if it does not already exist. UNESCo's task . . . is to create a culture of such depth and breadth as to insure that the internal conflicts of a community will not break into overt conflicts."

He pointed out that in one sense the world community does not yet exist; and no political instruments, no constitutional systems, can call it into being, but it must grow by slow processes of mutual tolerance and forbearance. It is to this task, he said, that UNESCO calls the nations, adding that it is not easy but it is possible, if the exchange between the nations is broad and deep enough finally to create a deposit of common convictions amidst the diversity of cultures in the world community.

Evans Named to Board

Luther H. Evans, Librarian of Congress, was voted membership on UNESCO's Executive Board, replacing George D. Stoddard, president of the University of Illinois and newly elected Chairman of the U.S. National Commission. Mr. Evans, who has been a member of the National Commission since its inception, has also been a member of the U.S. Delegations to three of UNESCO's four General Conferences and has been active in furthering the UNESCO program both in this country and internationally. Kudsi Tecer of Turkey was named to replace his countryman, Resat Guntekin, on the Executive Board.

Ceylon's application for membership in UNESCO was approved. With the admission of Pakistan and Israel, announced at the opening of the Conference, UNESCo's membership will include 51 nations as soon as Ceylon takes the necessary administrative steps.

An outstanding feature of the meeting was a special exhibition on the rights of man held in the Musée Galliera. This, the largest public exhibition UNESCO has yet organized, was planned to publicize the story of mankind's age-old fight for freedom. Several governments loaned to the exhibition original documents-charters, declarations, and drafts-that in their respective countries have advanced the progress of human rights and have

Max McCullough, left, Deputy Director of the UNESCO Relations Staff, discusses the rights of man exhibit with Clive Entwistle, architect of the exhibition.

been a source of inspiration to people in other lands struggling to achieve freedom. Among United States documents loaned through the cooperation of the Library of Congress, National Archives, and Department of State were a rough draft of the Declaration of Independence in Thomas Jefferson's handwriting, 1776; an autographed reading copy of the Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln, 1863; and an original copy of the Bill of Rights proposing twelve amendments to the United States Constitution, 1789, guaranteeing individual liberties.

Various press and radio interviews featured members of the U.S. Delegation. In addition to Mr. Allen, Mr. Niebuhr, and Mr. Evans, other U.S. representatives were Milton S. Eisenhower, vice chairman, and Miss Martha B. Lucas. Representative Mike Mansfield, of Montana, was congressional adviser to the group.

Advisers to the Delegation were George D. Stoddard, Ellis Arnall, Frederick S. Dunn, Howard Hanson, Eric Johnston, Earl J. McGrath, Stanley Ruttenberg, and George F. Zook, of the National Commission; and Paul M. Gross, Oscar Hild, and Mrs. Charles W. Tillett.

State Department advisers were Otis Mulliken, Max McCullough, Miss Carol C. Laise, Herbert J. Abraham, Miss Constance Roach, Kenneth Holland, Arthur A. Compton, and Alvin Roseman, U.S. Representative for Specialized Agency Affairs, Geneva. Mrs. Alice Curran accompanied the group as special assistant to Mr. Allen. Stephen V. C. Morris was executive secretary to the Delegation, William Breese, technical secretary, Nicholas Hardy, administrative liaison officer, and Thomas M. Wittstock, administrative officer.