wanted to send a quantity of merchandise to a short time the king and his court appear London. Having asked many questions he ed, and a cardinal began mass: at that part departed, and the next day one of the inqui- of the ceremony in which the people adore sitorial officers took Mr. Burton into custody. the wafer, Gardener, springing towards the The president, on his examination, demand- cardinal, snatched the host from him, and ed if he had said or insinuated any thing dis- trampled it under his feet. The whole conrespectful to the Roman Catholic persuasion. gregation were thunderstruck, and one perMr. Burton replied in the negative, saying, son, drawing a dagger, wounded Gardener hat he was sensible, in whatever country we in the shoulder, and would, by repeating the were, respect ought to be paid to its estab- blow, have killed him, had not the king or lished religion. This defence, however, dered him to forbear. Thinking that he had availed him nothing: they proceeded to tor- been stimulated by some other person to act ture him, in the most cruel manner, in order as he had done, the king demanded who was to gain information.

his abettor? to which he replied, "My own Failing in this, they condemned him for conscience alone. I would not hazard what invincible obstinacy, and at the next Auto I have done for any man living; but I owe da Fé he was burnt. When the flames first that and all other services to my Creator." touched him, he bore the torments with such Hereupon he was sent to prison, and an exemplary patience, and appeared with so order was issued to apprehend all Englishsmiling a countenance, that one of the priests, men in Lisbon. This order was immediately enraged at his serenity, said, with great mal- put in execution (very few escaping), and ice and absurdity, "The reason why he does many innocent persons were tortured to not seem to feel, is to me very evident; the make them confess if they knew any thing devil has already got his soul, and his body of the matter; in particular, a person who is of course deprived of the usual sensa- resided in the same house with Gardener was treated with unparalleled barbarity, to Several other Englishmen in Spain were, make him confess something which might about the time of Mr. Burton's martyrdom, throw a light upon the business. put to death by the inquisition; particularly Then Gardener himself was tormented in John Baker, William Burgate, and William the most excruciating manner: but in the Burgess, were burnt, and William Hooker midst of all his torments he gloried in the I was stoned to death.

tions."

deed. Being condemned to death, a large fire was kindled near a gibbet; Gardener WILLIAM GARDENER. was drawn up to the gibbet by pulleys, and William Gardener was born at Bristol, re- then let down near the fire, but not so close ceived a good education, and was, at a prop- as to touch it; for they burnt or rather erage, placed under the care of an eminent roasted him by slow degrees. Some of the merchant. When twenty-six years of age, sparks were blown from the fire which conhe was sent to Lisbon as factor. Here he sumed Gardener, towards the haven, burnt pplied himself to the study of the Portu- one of the king's ships of war, and did other uese language, conversed privately with a considerable damage. The Englishmen who fw, whom he knew to be zealous Protest- were taken up on this occasion were, soon ts; and, at the same time, cautiously after Gardener's death, all discharged, exvoided giving the least offence to the Ro- cept the person that resided in the same an Catholics; but hitherto he had not gone house with him, who was detained two years to any of their churches. before he could procure his freedom.

A marriage being concluded between the ng of Portugal's son and the infanta of Spain, upon the wedding-day the bride

WILLIAM LITHGOW.

William Lithgow was descended from a room, bride, and the whole court, went to good family, and having a natural propensity cathedral attended by multitudes of all to travelling, he rambled, when very young, nks of people, and among the rest William over the Northern and Western Islands; Gardener, who stayed during the whole cere- after which he visited France, Germany, ony, and was greatly shocked at the super- Switzerland, and Spain. He set out on his titions he beheld. He, therefore, formed travels in March, 1609, and went to Paris, noble, though inconsiderate design, of where he stayed for some time. He then effecting a reform in Portugal, or perishing prosecuted his travels through Germany and the attempt; and determined to sacrifice other parts, and at length arrived at Malaga prudence to his zeal, even though it in Spain.

ld cost him his life. For this purpose While he resided here, he contracted with settled all his worldly affairs, paid his the master of a French ship for his passage closed his books, and consigned over to Alexandria, but was prevented from going merchandise. by the following circumstances: in the even ing of the 17th of October, 1620, the English fleet, at that time on a cruise against the Algerine rovers, came to anchor before Mala

On the ensuing Sunday he went again to cathedral, and placed himself near the with a New Testament in his hand. In

ga, which threw the people of the town into he had been for that purpose nine months in the greatest consternation, as they imagined Seville, in order to procure intelligence of them to be Turks. The morning, however, the time the Spanish navy was expected discovered the mistake; and the governor from the Indies. They exclaimed against of Malaga perceiving that they bore the his familiarity with the officers of the fleet, English flag, went on board the admiral's and many other English gentlemen, between ship, and, on his return, banished the fears whom, they said, unusual civilities had pass of the people. ed, but all these transactions had been no Many persons from on board the fleet ticed with peculiar attention. In short, they came ashore the next day. Among these said, he came from a council of war held that were several friends of Mr. Lithgow, who morning on board the admiral's ship, in order invited him on board, which invitation he ac- to put in execution the orders assigned him. cepted, and was kindly received by the ad- They upbraided him with being accessory miral. The fleet sailing for Algiers the next to the burning of the island of St. Thomas, day, he returned on shore, and proceeded in the West Indies; wherefore," said they, towards his lodgings by a private way" these Lutherans, and sons of the devil, (being to embark the same night for Alex- ought to have no credit given to what they andria), when, in passing through a narrow say or swear."

uninhabited street, he found himself sudden- Mr. Lithgow in vain endeavored to obviate ly surrounded by nine serjeants, or officers, every accusation laid against him, and, in who threw a black cloak over him, and forci- order to prove his innocence, begged that his bly conducted him to the governor's house, papers might be examined; this request was After some little time the governor appeared, complied with; but although they consisted when Mr. Lithgow earnestly begged he of passports and letters of recommendation 'might be informed of the cause of such vio- from persons of quality, the prejudiced judges lent treatment. The governor only shook refused all belief to them, and their suspi his head, and gave orders that the prisoner cions appeared to be confirmed rather than should be strictly watched till he returned weakened by the perusal. A consultation from his devotions; directing, at the same was, then held as to. where the prisone time, that the captain of the town, the alcaid should be confined. The alcaid, or chie major, and town notary, should be summon- judge, was for putting him in the town prison ed to appear at his examination, and that all but this was objected to, particularly by th this should be done with the greatest secrecy, corregidore, who said, "In order to preven to prevent its reaching the ears of the Eng- the knowledge of his confinement from lish merchants who resided in the town. reaching his countrymen, I will take th These orders were strictly fulfilled; and matter on myself, and be answerable for th on the governor's return, Mr. Lithgow was consequences;" upon which it was agree brought before him for examination. The that he should be confined in the governor governor began by asking several questions, house, and the greatest secrecy observed. as to what country he was a native of, He was then stripped, searched, and ro whither he was going, how long he had bed of a large sum which he had about hi been in Spain, &c. The prisoner, after an- by a serjeant, and confined in an apartme swering these questions, was conducted to a of the governor's house. At midnight t closet, where he was again examined by the serjeant and two Turkish slaves released h town-captain, who inquired whether he had from his confinement, but it was to introdu lately come from Seville: and, pretending him to one much more horrible. They c great friendship, conjured him to tell the truth; finding himself, however, unable to extort any thing from Mr. Lithgow, he left him.

ducted him through several passages to chamber in a remote part of the palace, wards the garden, where they loaded h with irons, and extended his legs by me: The governor then proceeded to inquire of an iron bar above yard long, the wei the quality of the English commander, and of which was so great that he could neit the prisoner's opinion of the motives that stand nor sit, but was obliged to lie conti prevented his accepting an invitation to ally on his back. They left him in this o come on shore. He demanded, likewise, dition for some time, when they return the names of the English captains in the bringing him a pound of broiled mutton squadron, and what knowledge he had of the a loaf, with a small quantity of wine; a embarkation, or preparation for it, before its delivering which, they again left him. departure from England. His answers were He received a visit from the governor set down in writing by the notary; but the next day, who promised him his libe junto, particularly the governor, seemed sur- with many other advantages, if he w prised at his denying any knowledge of the confess being a spy; but on his protes fitting out of the fleet, and declared that he that he was entirely innocent, the gove was a traitor and a spy, and came directly left him in a rage, saying he should see from England to favor and assist in the de- no more till further torments constra signs of that country against Spain; and that him to confess; commanding the keepe

whose eare he was committed, not to allow (not having had the least sustenance for his sustenance to exceed three ounces of three days) occasioned him to groan bitterly; musty bread, and a pint of water every sec- upon which the merciless alcaid said, "Vilond day; and that he should be allowed lain! traitor! this is but the beginning of neither bed, pillow, nor coverlet. "Close what you shall endure."

up," said he, "this window in his room with As soon as his irons were off, he fell on lime and stone; stop up the holes of the his knees, uttering a short prayer, that God door with double mats; let him have nothing would be pleased to enable him to be stedthat bears any likeness to comfort." The fast, and undergo courageously the trial he unfortunate Lithgow continued in this mel- had to encounter; he was then stripped ancholy state, without seeing any person; naked, and fixed upon the rack. for several days, in which time the governor It is impossible to describe the various received an answer to a letter he had writ- tortures inflicted upon him. He lay on the ten, relative to the prisoner, from Madrid; rack for above five hours, during which time . and, pursuant to the instructions given him, he received above sixty different tortures of began to put in practice the cruelties de- the most infernal nature; and had they convised, which they hastened, because Christ- tinued them longer, he must have expired. mas approached, it being then the 47th day On being taken from the rack, and his irons since his confinement. again put on, he was conducted to his former About three o'clock in the morning, he dungeon, having received no other nourishheard the noise of a coach in the street, and ment than a little warm wine, which was some time after heard the opening of the given him rather to reserve him for future prison- doors, not having had any sleep for punishments, than from any principle of two nights. Immediately after the prison pity. doors were opened, the nine serjeants, who In this horrid situation he continued, alhad first seized him, with the notary, enter most starved, till Christmas day, when he reed the place where he lay, and without ut- ceived some relief from Marianne, waitingtering a word. conducted him in his irons woman to the governor's lady. This woman into the street, where a coach waited, in having obtained leave to visit him, carried which they laid him at the bottom, on his with her some refreshments, consisting of back, being unable to sit. Two of the ser- honey, sugar, raisins, and other articles. jeants rode with him, and the rest walked Mr. Lithgow was kept in this lothesome. by the coach side, but all observed the most dungeon till he was almost devoured with profound silence. They drove him to a vine- vermin. They crawled about his beard, lips, press house, about a league from the town, eyebrows, &c. so that he could scarce open to which place a rack had been privately his eyes; and his mortification was increased conveyed before; and here they shut him by not having the use of his hands or legs to up for that night. defend himself.

About day-break the next morning the Mr. Lithgow at length received informagovernor and the alcaid arrived, into whose tion which gave him little hopes of ever presence Mr. Lithgow was immediately being released. The substance of this inforbrought to undergo another examination. mation was, that an English seminary priest, The prisoner desired he might have an in- and a Scotch cooper, had been for some time terpreter, but was refused; nor would they employed by the governor to translate from permit him to appeal to the superior court of the English into the Spanish language, all judicature at Madrid. After a long exami-, his books and observations; and that it was nation, which lasted the whole day, there commonly said in the governor's house, that appeared in all his answers so exact a con- he was an arch and dangerous heretic. formity with what he had before said, that About two days after he had received the they declared he had learned them by heart. above information, the governor, an inquisiThey, however, pressed him again to make tor, and a canonical priest, accompanied by a full discovery; that is, to accuse himself two Jesuits, entered his dungeon, and, after of crimes never committed; the governor several idle questions, the inquisitor asked adding, "You are still in my power; I can Mr. Lithgow if he was Roman Catholic, set you free if you comply: if not, I must de- and acknowledged the pope's supremacy? liver you to the alcaid." Mr. Lithgow still He answered, that he neither was the one, persisting in his innocence, the governor or- nor did the other. In the bitterness of his dered him to be tortured immediately. soul he made use of some warm expressions.

He was then conducted to the end of a "As you have almost murdered me," said stone gallery, where the rack was placed. he, "for pretended treason, so now you inThe executioner immediately struck off his tend to make a martyr of me for my relifrons, which put him to very great pain, the gion." bolts being so closely riveted, that the sledge

After some time, the inquisitor addressed hammer tore away about half an inch of his Mr. Lithgow in the following words: "You heel in forcing off the bolt; the anguish of have been taken up as a spy, accused of which, together with his weak condition treachery, and tortured, as we acknowledge,

innocently; (which appears by the account had ever his own church, however obscure, lately received from Madrid of the intentions in the greatest time of your darkness." of the English) yet it was the divine power The Jesuits finding their arguments had that brought those judgments upon you, for not the desired effect, and that torments presumptuously treating the blessed miracle could not shake his constancy, after severe of Loretto with ridicule, and expressing menaces, left him. On the eighth day after, yourself in your writings irreverently of his being the last of their inquisition, when senholiness, Christ's vicar upon earth; therefore tence is pronounced, they returned again, you are justly fallen into our hands by their but quite altered both in their words and be special appointment: your books and papers havior. After repeating much the same kind are miraculously translated by the assistance of arguments as before, they, with seeming of Providence influencing your own country- grief, pretended they were sorry from their men." hearts he must be obliged to undergo a ter When this harangue was ended, they rible death; but above all, for the loss of his gave the prisoner eight days to consider and most precious soul; and falling on their resolve whether he would become a convert knees, cried out, "Convert, convert, O dear to their religion; during which time the in- brother, for our blessed lady's sake, conquisitor told him, he, with other religious vert!" To which he answered, "I fear persons, would attend, to give him assistance. neither death nor fire, being prepared for One of the Jesuits said, first making the sign both."

of the cross upon his breast, "My son, be- Lithgow received a sentence that night of hold, you deserve to be burnt alive; but by eleven different tortures, and if he did not the grace of our Lady of Loretto, whom you die in the execution of them, he was, after have blasphemed, we will save both your Easter holidays, to be carried to Grenada, soul and body." and there burnt to ashes. The first part of

The inquisitor, with the three ecclesiastics, the sentence was executed with great barreturned the next morning, when the former barity that night; and it pleased God to give asked the prisoner what difficulties he had him strength both of body and mind, to adon his conscience, that retarded his conver- here to the truth, and to survive the horrid sion; to which he answered, "He had not punishments.

any doubts in his mind, being confident in After these cruelties, they again put irons the promises of Christ, and assuredly believ- on, and conveyed him to his dungeon. The ing his revealed will signified in the gospels, next morning he received some little comas professed in the reformed church, being fort from a Turkish slave, who secretly confirmed by grace, and having infallible as- brought him in his shirt-sleeve some raisins surance thereby of the true Christian faith." and figs, which he licked up in the best manTo these words the inquisitor replied, "Thou ner his strength would permit with his art no Christian, but an absurd heretic, and, tongue. It was to this slave Mr. Lithgow without conversion, a member of perdition." attributed his surviving so long in such a The prisoner then told him, it was not con- wretched situation: for he found ineans to sistent with the nature of religion and chari- convey some of these fruits to him twice ty, to convince by opprobrious speeches, every week It is very extraordinary, and racks, and torments, but by arguments de- worthy of note, that this poor slave, bred up duced from the scriptures; and that all other from his infancy, according to the maxims methods would with him be totally fruitless. of his prophet, in the greatest detestation of So enraged was the inquisitor at the re- the followers of Christ, should be so affected plies made by the prisoner, that he struck at the situation of Mr. Lithgow, while those him on the face, used many abusive speeches, who called themselves Christians, not only and attempted to stab him, which he had beheld his sufferings with indifference, but certainly done had he not been prevented by even inflicted the most horrible tortures upon the Jesuits and from this time he never him. During this period, he was attended visited the prisoner again. The two Jesuits by a negro slave, who found means to furnish returned the next day, and the superior him with refreshments still more amply asked him, what resolution he had taken. than the Turk, being conversant in the house To which Mr. Lithgow replied, that he was and family. She brought him some victuals. already resolved, unless he could show sub- and with it some wine in a bottle, every day. stantial reasons to make him alter his opin- He now waited with anxious expectation ion. The superior, after a pedantic display for the day, which, by putting an end to his of their seven sacraments, the intercession life, would also end his torments. But his of saints, transubstantiation, &c. boasted melancholy expectations were, by the intergreatly of their church, her antiquity, uni- position of Providence, rendered abortive. versality, and uniformity; all which Mr. and his deliverance obtained, from the follow Lithgow denied: "For," said he, "the pro- ing circumstances.

fession of the faith I hold hath been ever A Spanish gentleman of quality came fron. since the first days of the apostles, and Christ Grenada to Malaga; who, being invited t