Carbonate of lime-lime and charcoal united-ble, when the flower is opening; for in this stage is sometimes found in soils in large quantities, they contain the largest quantity of soluble matand when such is the fact, gypsum applied as a ter. Green crops, pond weeds, the parings of manure and oxide of iron, as a corrective, produce hedges or ditches, or any kind of fresh vegetable the best effects. "Carbonate of lime is mild lime, matter, not woody, require no preparation to be in combination with charcoal, absorbed from de- fitted for manure. When old pastures are broken cayed vegetable or animal matter." Where there up for tillage, not only is the soil enriched by the is an excess of humus-soluble or insoluble-an death and slow decay of the plants which have effectual remedy is found in paring and burning. previously deposited soluble matter in the clod; The practice is common with us of piling and but the leaves and roots of the grasses (vegetating burning the turfs, roots, &c.; but we carry the just before the change of culture) afford sacchaprocess further, and more effectually, by bogging rine, mucilaginous, and extractive matters, or plowing, and adding sand or gravel, which which become immediately the food of the crop; wonderfully facilitates the power of the soil to also the gradual decomposition of the grasses afyield a crop. The humus, or peat mud, has an ford a supply of vegetable mould for several abundance of potash, which, coming in contact years."'

MER.

with the sand applied, renders it soluble, and THE SIGNS OF THE THRIFTY FARthis furnishes another important element, silicon, which the plant must have before it can be per- That some farmers thrive while others seem fected. We seem to have advanced beyond the just to drag along is a palpable notoriety. In English practice, in the reclamation of bog mea-looking round among our farmers and noticing dows. their operations, we have concluded that we could In the improvement of low, peaty or marshy signs, even if we know but little about his affairs. tell the thrifty farmer by a few unmistakable lands, which produce aquatic plants, the initial You will notice something in his appearance, or step in improvement is draining. After this, the ideas which he appears to be following out, if the soil be foul, or to any extent infested with which will tell plainly enough that the farmer is rushes, flags, or other similar productions, it getting ahead in the world.

will perhaps, be judicious to pare off a thick turf richness of his dress or the equipage with which What are the signs? They are not seen in the and burn it. And in connection with this impor- he appears abroad, or in the display which he tant branch of rude amelioration, is a process by makes in public places. We have seen farmers which quick lime is substituted for fire, in burn-out in even splendid attire with fast horses and fine ing peaty soils. In some experiments made before trappings and carriages, who are slovenish farmthe "Worthington Agricultural Society," the ac- than swing the homestead. No, no; we do not ers, and whose out-standing debts would more tion of the lime was found to be very efficient, and take such things for evidence of the farmer's gave the most perfect satisfaction to all who wit- thrift. Then again we do not allow that it is any nessd the process.. sign that he is getting "fore hand" when he is The productiveness of peaty soils, after being seen trading and trafficking, buying, selling and drained, is often very considerably increased by swapping horses, oxen, &c., even though he be a the application of clay or sand as a top dressing. Such very frequently go "astern" by wasting sharper and makes what he calls good trades. When they contain ferruginous salts, as is their time in hunting up good bargains and negnot unfrequently the case, lime is absolutely nec- lecting their farms. These farmers do not love essary in reducing them to profitable cultivation. their farming; and they sell the sure gain and As thoroughness is at all times desirable in mat- large p.ofits of cultivation for a trifling present ters of this kind, the surface of the land should be science and moral honesty. Rather such symp advantage, often purchased at the expense of concompletely freed from all substances which can in toms are indicative of a want of thrift and healany way operate as an obstacle to successful cul- thy prosperity.

drained.

tivation. If the ground be incumbered with roots, But when we see a farmer bending all his enthey should be extracted and burned; if the sur-ergies to improve his farm, and making inquiries face be rough, the inequalities must be overcome as to the best methods of husbandry, patronizing by plowing, harrowing and rolling. But above agricultural fairs, associations, &c.; when we agricultural papers, and taking a due interest in all they must be thoroughly and systematically hear him inquiring for improved stock, seeds, and fruit trees, we say that man is bound to prosper. In reference to turning in green crops as a Then when his teams are seen round the market manure, we shall, perhaps, be pardoned for intro- places loaded with manure, ashes or other refuse ducing in this place a few remarks of SIR HUM- when engaged on a liberal scale in drawing muck, matter which can be used to improve the soil, or PHREY DAVY, whose observation on any specific turf or the like into his yard and filling his mansubject of agricultural improvement, few, proba- ure vats with it, we set it down that he is growbly, will question.

"When green crops are to be employed for enriching a soil, they should be plowed in, if possi

ing rich. Although he is making great outlays in
purchasing and preparing artificial manures, we
into a bank that will yield great dividends.
can not help thinking that he is putting capital

The farmer who will excel and thrive must be a relief to persons troubled with a cough. The farmer, and give his thought and study and ef- heat of the water is sufficient to throw off the fort to his calling, the same as the eminent physi- aroma of the resin, and gives the same relief as is cian, lawyer or clergyman gives all his energies to afforded by a combustion of the resin. It is his profession. When this is the case he will show preferable to the combustion, because the evapoit, and will be as proud of his farm frock as the ration is more durable. The same resin may be parson of his cloak. He will not be clownish or used for weeks. indifferent to his outward appearance, but he will not be ashamed to be found dressed suitably for the farm. He will feel as easy and as much at home in his working garb when visited, as the merchant is behind his counter, or the lawyer in his office. When we meet a farmer about after being used for making gas, is worth, comhis appropriate business who holds up his head pared with stable manure?

EXTRACTS AND REPLIES.

LIME FROM GAS WORKS.

MR. EDITOR: Please inform me what the lime,

and shows a manly dignity, and yet courteous, if Would it not improve pasture and mowing, if thrown among gentlemen of the cloth, we con- spread on them this fall, and if so, how much to clude, that there is a man who values his man- the acre?

hood, and is proud of his noble calling that is Would it benefit corn and potatoes next season, the man who will thrive and secure a plentiful if spread and plowed in this fall?

board for himself and family, and contribute I have used some of the lime the past season, something towards the support of the rest of for turnips, both rutabagas and flat, but it did not mankind.-Farmer and Mechanic, Lewiston Falls, answer. Either I put on too much, or it was the dry weather-the seed did not come up; where I used ashes they have done very well. New London, Oct. 27th, 1854.

Maine.

For the New England Farmer.

STATE FARM AT TEWKSBURY ONCE

MORE.

SALT LYE-GAS LIME.

T. H.

MR. BROWN:-I want information in relation to MESSRS. EDITORS :-I admire the benevolence an article made at the hard soap manufacturers, of the good Dr. B. in his willingness" to render and called by them, (at least in Hartford,) salt services to the poor gratis." Such is the char-ley. What is its value compared with stable acter of all eminent in his profession. I sin- manure, or with the same bulk of night soil? cerely believe there exists in the breasts of high- What is the best use I can make of it? My soil minded physicians more generous sympathy than is a sandy loam; swamp muck costs me, delivin any other class in the community, not more ered, 25 to 30 cents per load. Shall I pile it up, numerous. Whether their judgment of soils is and turn the ley top of it? How much ley will it equally to be relied on, I shall have some doubt, take to fertilize, in the most economical degree, a if this Dr. shall continue to say that the soil cord of muck? How much should be applied to about this State Alms House, or anywhere within the acre for corn? would you advise to spread on one hundred yards of it, is worth cultivating, or or put in the hill? Or is it better adapted to some can be made so at any reasonable expense. I other crop? How would it answer for cabbages? have seen this soil several times of late, and have Would ammoniacal liquor or gas lime be suitinquired its character of others, who understand able articles to apply to a compost heap in conthe subject much better than I do, and the uni- nection with the ley? form testimony is that it is miserably poor.

East Hartford, Čonn., 1854.

J. R. 8.

REMARKS.-Will some of our correspondents, acquainted with the subjects, reply to the questions in the two letters given above?

EARLY PEAS.

As to the interior arrangements of the establishment, I have not seen them. All I can say is, if they afford decent accommodations for 600 inmates, it shows that these State agents can build, for the same money, ten times the accommodations that the agents of the adjoining county build for theirs. I have heard of wells, 50 feet deep, having MR. EDITOR:- -I should like some light on raisbeen dug, bricked and cemented, from bottom to ing early peas. Is it better to stick or rod them, top, without a bucket of water therein except what or not? Which way do our market-gardeners do, rained in from the heavens above. Whether this with or without sticks? is the class of wells the doctor spoke of improving, I should like to be advised; and if he will tell me how such improvements can be made effectual for an adequate supply of pure water, will tender him a fee in advance.

I

Fitchburg, Oct., 1854.

A. B.

REMARKS.-To be successful in producing early peas, the first thing necessary is to get an early kind, and sow early. The product will probably Mind you, Mr. Editor, I do not attach any blame to the Dr. in this matter, knowing that he be much larger, if they are provided with sticks. had no hand in the structure; I only blame him If "pea-brush" is convenient, use it. Make the for giving the high influence of his name to experiment yourself, on the same land, crop manbolster up and justify an egregious folly.

Oct. 27th, 1854.

ured alike, and sow at the same time, with the brush, and without it, and let us know the result next August. Will you?

WORTH KNOWING.-It is said that a small piece of resin dipped in the water which is placed in a vessel on the stove, will add a peculiar property to the atmosphere of the room, which will give said

The number of hogs in the United States is to exceed that of sheep by ten millions.

IMPROVED GOVERNOR FOR WIND

to a piston rod, P, the piston of which works within a cylinder. R is a reservoir containing MILLS. water, and S is a pipe which projects over the We make no apology for occupying so much top of said reservoir; the opposite end of the space with a description of this Wind Mill, be- pipe communicates with the outside cylinder, lieving that the best machine of this kind will be reservoir, R, and a pump, T, at their bottoms, as

one of great service to the farmer. The description we copy from the Scientific American.

The annexed engravings are views of an improvement in Wind Mills, for which a patent was granted to Daniel Halladay, of Ellington, Conn., on the 24th of August last.

a

in dotted lines, figure 1. The rod, J, it will be seen, is the piston rod of the pump, T; U is a cock in the pipe, S; V is a horizontal wing atached to the cap, B, for the purpose of keeping the wings or sails, F, facing the wind. In case the shaft, A, revolves too rapidly, the cock, U, is somewhat turned so as to check the free passage Figure 1 is a perspective view, and figure 2 is of water through the pipe, S, and the water will face view of the wing or sail ring, and parts of the then be forced against the under side of the piston governor. The same letters refer to like parts. of the outside cylinder, and will raise it, and the The nature of the invention consists in having head or boss, M, will consequently be moved down the wings or sails attached to movable or rotating upon the rod, J, and the wire or rod, I, will draw spindles, having levers or equivalent devices con- downward the horizontal arm of the lever, H, nected to them, said levers being also connected while the vertical arm will force outward the to a head with wings rotating on the same shaft. head, G, on the shaft. A, arrow 2, and the levThe head has a lever connected to it, which is ers, fh, will turn the spindles, b, and the wings operated by a governor that slides the head upon or sails, F, move obliquely to the wind, and the the shaft, and causes the levers or their equiva- motion of the mill will be decreased in a correslents to turn the wings or sails, so as to present a ponding degree. When it is desired to increase proper resisting surface to the wind, and thereby the motion of the mill, the cock, U, is opened, produce a uniform velocity of the sails, which are and the water having a free passage through the made to have a greater or less obliquity, accord- pipe, S, the head or boss, M, is raised upon the ing to the velocity of the wind. rod, J, and the head, G, on the shaft, A, brought

A represents a horizontal shaft which works in back to its original position by the spring, m, the suitable bearings, a a, upon a cap, B, said cap, wings or sails presenting a greater surface to the working loosely upon a circular plate attached wind. The spring, W, causes the lever, 0, to permanently to a proper support or frame work, resume its original position, or depresses the D, figure 1. piston in the outside cylinder, when the water The shaft, A, projects some distance beyond the has a free passage through the pipe, S. edge of the cap, B, and has a wheel, E, figure 2, In figure 1 the pump is represented as drawing attached permanently to it. water through the suction pipe, t, from a well, F represents the wings or sails which are se- W, and forcing it through the air chamber into cured to spindles, b, said spindles passing radi- the reservoir. A crank being on the shaft, A, on ally through the rim of the wheel, E, and into its the horizontal revolving head, and the rod, I, hub, the spindles being prevented from withdraw- connected to this crank, a reciprocating motion is ing by collars, c, which bear against the inner given to the piston of the pump, thus drawing edge of the rim and bearings, d, figure 3, which and forcing out the water by single stroke alterare secured by screws over the spindles, the nately. With one valve opening inwards, and spindles being loose in the wheel, E, and allowed one outwards in the bed plate of the pump cylinto turn upon their axes. Four wings or sails are der, it can work as a single-acting force pump, represented, but any proper number may be used. driving the water through the air chamber into Gis a hub fitted loosely upon the shaft, A, and the reservoir without any other connections or having projections, e, at its front end, to which apparatus. This windmill is chiefly intended for projections small levers, f, are attached by pivots, farmers where a moderate power is required, and g, the outer ends of the small levers, ƒ, being se- can be applied to various kinds of work, as well cured to the ends of levers, h, by pivots, i. The as pumping water. The claim is for " attaching levers, h, are secured permanently to the spindles, the spindles, b, of the wings, F, to the sliding b, as shown in figure 2. The inner end of G has head, G, by the levers, hf, and operating said a groovej, turned on it, in which groove a forked head by the lever, H, and a governor of any lever, H, fits, figure 1. The lever, H, is bent, and proper construction for the purpose of giving the has its fulcrum at k, and to the outer end of it a desired obliquity to the wings or sails, thereby wire or rod, I, is attached, said wire or rod insuring an equal motion and power during the passing down in a groove, 1, in a vertical rod, J, variable velocity of the wind." One of these the upper end of which is connected to a crank, machines is on exhibition at the New York State K, on the inner end of the shaft, A, by a con- Fair, in this city.

necting rod, L. The lower end of the wire or More information may be obtained by letter, rod, I, is attached to a sliding head or boss, M; addressed to Halladay, McCray & Co., at Ellingon the rod, J, m, is a spring, one end of which is ton, Conn.

connected to a vertical portion of the bent lever.

H, and the opposite end to a projection on the SINGULAR CASE. The Hallowell Gazette tells inner bearing, a, of the shaft, A. The sliding the following story:

head or boss, M, on the road, J, has a recess, n, "A yearling steer belonging to Mr. Asa Morril in it, in which a fork at one end of a lever, 0, of Manchester, Me., was found in the pasture of fits, said lever having its fulcrum at p. The op- Ephraim Wadsworth of Litchfield, on Wednesday, posite end of the lever, O, is attached by a pivot 37th ult., nearly embedded in a quagmire. He

had been missed sixteen days and it is supposed chanting beauty of the woodland lake as it mirthat he was in the mud all the time. His head rors on its glassy surface, this wondrous scene? resting on the dry ground he was enabled to reach But some bushes and thus preserved his life. He is now doing nicely."

"Leaves have their time to fall,

And flowers to wither at the north wind's breath ;"

autumn swiftly recedes before stern winter's icy For the New England Farmer. tread. Aud some may ask, "Where now are the beauties of nature?" As I have said before, he that THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE. hath the spirit of beauty abiding in his soul, selThe lover of the beautiful in Nature searches dom passes a day, or hour, wherein he cannot find not in vain at any season of the year, among her something in the outward world, which answers various operations, for something to awaken with- to the spirit within. The hoar frost is beautiful in his bosom those blissful emotions, which nought as it glistens upon every twig and spire of grass, but the beautiful can awaken, and which, to in the sun's morning rays. And so is the virgin those who experience them, are of more value snow as it spreads its soft white mantle upon the than rubies. Sweet spring comes, and with its ground. But when winter holds his jubilee, and warm breath dissolves the snows of winter, melts reveals his "countless treasures," when on some the frozen lakes, unchains the ice-bound streams, keen, clear morning, which, as if glad of their release, make joyous music as they rush impetuously o'er their rocky when every object, high and low, is covered with a mountain beds, or wind their way through the thick, icy coating, and the sun, in cloudless quiet valleys. And as it continues to breathe splendor,shines upon the scene, who then can ask upon the earth, it wakens into life innumerable "Where is the beautiful?" forms of beauty, from the tender grass beneath our feet, to the tall, majestic tree of the forest. How fresh and animated Nature now appears, as she arrays herself in her summer dress of green! What delicate forms and exquisite colors the flowers assume, as they unfold their soft petals to the genial sun! Beautiful birds, arriving from their distant southern homes, visit again their old haunts in

"The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wildwood,"

and waken, with their meledious songs, the longsilent echoes of the woods and fields.

"We waken to a world of ice ;"

"A shower of gems is strewed around;
The flowers of winter, rich and rare;
Rubies and sapphires deck the ground;
The topaz, emerald, all are there.
"The morning sun, with cloudless rays,

His powerless splendor round us streams;
From crusted boughs, and twinkling sprays,

Fly back unloosed the rainbow beams." And nature also, as if to make up for the loss of some of her charms on earth, now imparts new beauties to the heavens; she gives to the skies a deeper blue, adds new brilliancy to the stars; and The glorious summer comes; and now the paints the morning and evening clouds with leaves of trees and plants having attained their fresher, brighter tints. Not only does Nature growth, assume a darker and richer green; the with lavish hand scatter her beauties o'er the growing grass and grain begin to wave luxuri- land, but the sea also, she has filled with them: antly in the soft summer wind. The flocks and

herds are quietly grazing in their green pastures

"The sea! the sea! the open sea!
The blue the fresh! the ever free!"

upon the hills, or reposing beneath some shady conceals in its heaving Fosom, and strews along grove. And now let the child of nature go forth storm-beaten shores, many things both animate into the fields or ascend some height,

"And view the landscape o'er,"

and inanimate.

How kind in our heavenly Father to give us,or stand beside rushing cataracts, or wander far not only the necessaries and comforts of life,away into the dim old woods, and if, by what he but also to satisfy to so great a degree, the insees or hears, his heart is not stirred within him, ward longings of our souls for the beautiful and the beauties of nature can have little or no charms sublime. While gazing upon some beautiful for him. scene in nature, or listening to some enchanting But nature pauses not, and summer soon rip- song, how often has the thought arisen-what, ens into mild autumn. The tall grass and gold 0, what must be the beauties, the melodies of en grain have fallen before the scythe and sickle; "those everlasting gardens where angels walk," the delicious, red, yellow and purple fruit is be- where resides the Author of all beauty, and haring gathered from the trees and vines. There is mony, if to sinful men is given such sweet music, but here and there a flower, and these are of less such glorious scenes? S. L. WHITE. brilliant hues than those of summer. The birds, many of them have ceased their songs and flown to warmer skies. But Nature, as if to compensate for the dreary aspect of the fields, and the silence of the groves, now arrays herself in a most gorgeous robe of red and yellow, brown and green, FRIEND BROWN :-In answer to your correswith all their different shades and combinations. pondent " C. W." of Johnston, Vt., I would say Let us now ascend some neighboring hill or moun- that pine seeds should be sown at about the time tain, and gaze upon the glorious picture spread they fall from the tree, which is in August and out before us-such a picture as no mortal hand September for the white pine, and from November can paint! How beautifully the dark green pine, to April for pitch pine. August is the time to spruce and hemlock contrast with the red maple save the seed of the white pine, and this kind of and oak, the brown and yellow chestnut, hickory pine is preferable to sow, as it is best for lumber, and beech. And what words can describe the en-land leaves the land in much the best condition

Groton, Oct., 1854.

For the New England Farmer. FOREST TREES.