BROWN'S IMPROVED PATENT GRIST addressed the literary societies at Western Reserve College; Henry Ward Beecher, at WoodThe manufacturers confidently recommend this ville; Wendell Phillips, at Union; J. P. Thomparticle to the notice of practical men who are en- where Geo. W. Perkins also preached the concio son, at Andover; and Wm. H. Seward, at Yale, gaged in,or about to establish the flouring or meal- ad clerum. The alumni at Harvard, chose Charles ing business, or who wish to erect a mill at a com- Sumner for their Vice President; Wabash College paratively small expense, for occasional use. conferred the honorary D. D., on Joshua Leavitt; Among the numerous improvements that have apand Yale College the LL. D. on W. H. Seward. -N. Y. Eve. Post. peared, there are, perhaps, none, either for simplicity, efficiency, durability, or economy, that surpass it, and as far as their experience has gone, they are led to believe it is the best portable mill, for flouring meal and grinding grain, corn, salt, may be gained by farmers, in frequently interplaster and spices extant. It is composed of the the various subjects, which pertain to their vocachanging thoughts and experience in relation to best French burr stones; and it is substantially tion, I propose saying a few words in relation to built, easily kept in order, and can be attached to the inquiries of your correspondent J. B. P. in the requisite power with great facility. the last No. of the RURAL, regarding the seeding SOWING GRASS SEED IN THE FALL. The proprietors supply this mill, of proper di- down of land. Your correspondent states that mensions for water, steam, or horse power, to or- when sown with oats, according to the time-honhe cannot get "clover or herds grass to 'catch,' der. As there are many in operation in the New ored custom," which, I suppose, is sowing it with England, and other States, which can be referred the grain in the spring. Farmers are generally to, a farther description here is unnecessary. One of the mills may be seen at the warehouse of Messrs. Ruggles, Nourse, Mason & Co., who have them for sale. quite indisposed to adopt any new manner of performing the routine of their labors,-but the repeated failures in my own case, and that of my neighbors, to get land to catch well, when seeded in the spring, induced me to question the correctness of the idea of spring being the best to sow SIGNS AMONG THE COLLEGES.-Professor Good- grass seed. After losing a good many bushels of rich made a speech at Milwaukee during the grand seed during the past five or six years, by sowing excursion, in which he stated that Yale College with oats in the spring, I concluded, last fall, was opposed to slavery, and the faculty all of one that I would try the experiment of seeding six mind on the subject, and wished the fact to be acres in the fall; and though the trial of any new known North and South. It is said that an un- mode of farming for one year only, is not sufficient usual number of Southern students have offered to establish its correctness or incorrectness, yet themselves this year. the success which attended the experiment was Among the commencement exercises the pres- most satisfactory, for I cut this year my heaviest ent year at different colleges, Frederick Douglass grass from the field thus seeded. I have not be the winter. That which I sowed in the fall was sown on stubble, without any dragging; nor do I think it needs any, for it came up very thick and nice. N. M. CARPENTER. Ellington, N. Y., August, 1854. Rural New-Yorker. fore during several years past, obtained so good whole nobility of trees, stands the white elm; no grass the first year after seeding; and I attribute less esteemed because it is an American tree, the cause entirely to the fact of seeding in the fall. known abroad only by importation, and never seen It is perfectly reasonable to suppose, that seed in all its magnificence, except in our own valleys. sown in the fall would be more likely to do well, The old oaks of England are very excellent in their than if sown in the spring, because it is well known way, gnarled and rugged. The elm has strength that grass seed self-sown or deposited by grass left as significant as they, and a grace, a royalty, which standing, almost always catches and grows better, leaves the oak like a boor in comparison. Had the than that sown in the spring. The main reason elm been an English tree, and had Chaucer seen and why it does not succeed when sown with oats in loved and sung it, and even Shakspeare, and every the spring is because it cannot withstand the dry English poet hung some garlands upon it, it would weather which we usually have during the sum- have lifted up its head now, not only the noblest mer. Where it can be sown very early, as for in- of all growing things, but enshrined in a thoustance, with winter wheat, its chances for success sand rich associations of history and literature. are greater; but, even then, I should prefer to Who ever sees a hawthorn or a sweet-briar (the seed in the fall. eglantine) that his thoughts do not, like a bolt of When sown in the fall, it should be sown in light, burst through ranks of poets, and ranges of September, or before the fall rains commence, so sparkling thoughts which have been born since that it may get sufficiently started to withstand England had a written language, and of which the rose, the willow, the eglantine, the hawthorn, and other scores of vines or trees have been the cause, as they are now and for ever the suggestions and remembrancers? Who ever looks upon an oak, and does not think of navies; of storms; of battles on the ocean; of the noble lyrics of the sea; of English glades; of the fugitive Charles, the tree-mounted monarch; of the Herne oak; HENRY WARD BEECHER ON TREES. of parks and forests; of Robin Hood and his merry men, Friar Tuck not excepted; of old baronial Every one who has read the life of Sir Walter halls with mellow light streaming through diaScott, knows his love of trees. He used to say mond-shaped panes upon oaken floors, and of elabthat of all his compositions, he was most proud of orate carved wainscotings? And who that has his compositions to make trees grow. There is yet ever travelled in English second-class cushionless at East-Hampton, flourishing in a hearty age, an cars has not other and less genial remembrances orchard set out by the hands of my father. And of the enduring solidity of the impervious, unelaswe have heard him say that after an absence from tic oak? One such oak I have,and only one, yet dishome, the first impulse, after greeting his own covered. On my west line is a fringe of forest, family, was to go out and examine each tree in through which rushes in spring, trickles in early his orchard, from root to top. No man ever plant-summer, and dies out entirely in August, the ised a tree or loved one, but knows how to sympa-sues of a noble spring from near the hill-side. thize with this feeling. Oliver Wendell Holmes On the eastern edge of this belt of trees stands spends his summer months upon a beautiful farm the monarchal oak, wide branching on the east near Pittsfield, on which are half a hundred of the toward the open pasture and the free light, but original forest trees, some of them doubtless five on its western side lean and branchless from the hundred years old; trees that heard the revolu- pressure of the neighboring trees; for trees, like tionary cannon (or heard of them,) and before men, cannot grow to the real nature that is in that the crack of the rifle in the early Colonial them when crowded by too much society. Both Indian wars, when Miahcomo, with his fugitive need to be touched on every side by sun and air, Pequots, took refuge in the Berkshire hills. It is and by nothing else, if they are to be rounded said that Dr. Holmes has measured with tape-line out into full symmetry. Growing right up to its every tree on his place, and knows each one of side, and through its branches is a long wifely elm them with intimate personal acquaintance. -beauty and grace embosomed by strength. Their To the great tree-loving_fraternity we belong. leaves come and go together, and all the summer And our first excursion in Lenox was to salute our long they mingle their rustling harmonies. Their notable trees. We had a nervous anxiety to see roots pasture in the same soil, nor could either of that the axe had not hewn, nor the lightning them be hewn down without tearing away the struck them; that no worm had gnawed at their branches and marring the beauty of the other. root, or cattle at their trunk; that their branches And a tree, when thoroughly disbranched, may, were not broken, nor their leaves failing from by time and care, regain its beauty. drought. We found them all standing in their Upon the crown of the hill, just where an artist uprightness. They lifted up their heads towards would have planted them, had he wished to have Heaven, and sent down to us from all their boughs them exactly in the right place, grew some two a leafy message of recognition and affection. hundred stalwart and ancient maples, beeches, Blessed be the dew that cools their evening leaves, ashes, and oaks, a narrow belt-like forest, formand the rains that quench their daily thirst! May ing a screen from the northern and western winds the storm be as merciful to them, when in win- in winter and a harp of endless music for the sumter it roars through their branches, as is a mer. The wretched owner of this farm, tempted harper of his harp. Let the snow lie lightly on by the devil, cut down the whole blessed band and their boughs, and long hence be the summer that brotherhood of trees, that he might fill his pocket shall find no leaves to clothe these nobles of the with two pitiful dollars a cord for the wood! pasture! First in our regard, as it is first in the Well, his pocket was the best part of him. The iron furnaces have devoured my grove, and their field fronting the house, and containing 25 acres, huge stumps that stood like gravestones, have he had laid 600 rods of drainage! A portion of been cleared away that a grove might be planted this field was still in the condition in which he in the same spot for the next hundred years to nourish into the stature and glory of that which originally found the whole. It is situated on a is gone. And in other places I find the memorial high hill, gently sloping to the north-west, and of many noble trees slain; here a hemlock that was covered with loose and fast stones, and all the carried up its eternal green a hundred feet into coarse and hardy plants with which such land is the winter air; there a huge double-trunked usually made "unprofitably gay"-such as varichestnut, dear old grandfather of hundreds of ous wild grasses, johnswort, hard-hack, life-everchildren that have for generations clubbed its boughs or shook its nut-laden top, and laughed lasting, golden-rods and cat-tails. The surface and shouted as bushels of chestnuts rattled down. was uneven and springy, and cold, the water oozNow the tree exists only as loop-holed posts and ing out in every direction and collecting in little weather-browned rails. I hope the fellow got a sliver in his finger every time he touched the hem-pools in all the low places. Some attempt at relock plank or let down the bars made of those claiming had been made on a lower portion of it, chestnut rails. What, then, it will be said, must no one touch a tree? must there be no fuel, no timber? Go to the forest for both. There are no individual trees there, only a forest.-N. Y. Independent. FARM OF HARVEY DODGE, ESQ. and timothy and red-top had been introduced. But these had vainly struggled against the influences of the cold spring water ever flowing down upon it from above, and finally gave up the conflict in despair-the natural grasses again assuming their place. After removing the cross walls-for the field was originally divided by several cross walls-and usOn the 14th July, we had the pleasure of ing the stones, together with as many from the passing over Mr. DODGE's farm, looking at his surface as were wanted for outside fencing, the recrops, and of observing his modes of operation in maining large stones were dug under and dropt its several departments. The farm is about seven below the reach of the plow. Trenches were miles from Worcester, and on one of that beauti- then cut sufficiently wide and deep to receive the ful succession of hills which prevail in that part smaller stones. Some of these trenches find an of the State. The soil is of granite formation, outlet on a lower portion of the field, and irrigate springy, bravely resisting the present severe several acres of it, while the water from the others drouth, and when once reclaimed and laid to grass, is carried across the highway and made to irrithe most permanent and fertile land we have. gate a pasture, and thus more than trebling the The young orcharding on the farm is thrifty, amount of feed obtained upon it before this course just in bearing, and extremely promising. Many was adopted. of the trees, but seven year's set, being full of In reclaiming a portion of this field, an experilarge and fair fruit. The barley had been har- ment was made in trenching. The depth to which vested, but its representative stubble showed a the earth was moved, we do not recollect, but the strong growth, which I was informed headed and effect is now-although several years have elapsed filled up well. About two acres of onions promised -as marked as it was the first year; the grass a return of four to five hundred dollars! Cab-being larger, and having a more lively and darkbages were rampant, and potato tops appeared er green, than on any other spot of similar ground. well, but we did not go below to see how they For a successful, extensive, and complete illuswere there. Several cows graced the yard, whose tration of the advantages resulting from thorough fine appearance would be noticeable by the most draining, we would refer the reader to this field. indifferent. One among them, a Devon, it would be difficult to equal. A young Deven bull had INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE.-In the kingdom also fine proportions, and promises to become a of Prussia there are five Agricultural Colleges, valuable animal. A noble stack of English hay and a sixth is about to be opened; in these are stood near the barn, containing some fifteen tons, taught, by both theory and practice, the highest and so compactly laid as to make it difficult to branches of science connected with the culture and withdraw a handful. Ranged against the stone improvement of the soil; of Agricultural schools walls, and convenient to the buildings, were about 400 barrels of vinegar, made from the juice of the apple. This we looked at and tasted, and found it as pure as the air itself upon the Sutton Hills. There was a pervading air of neatness and order, in and out of doors, and thrift undoubtedly follows the orderings of the proprietor. of a more elementary order there are ten; there are also seven schools devoted to instruction in the management of meadow lands; one for instruc tion in the management of sheep; and there are also forty-five model farms, intended to serve in introducing better modes of agriculture; in all, seventy-one public establishments for agricultural education, not to mention others of a kindred nature, or those private schools where the art and But the chief point which attracted our atten- science of good farming are taught. tion was his operations in underdraining. On a Prussia is a monarchy, with fifteen millions of When the leaves fall, people. New York is a republic with three mil-a constant drain or escape. lions, and a territory which though not quite half although vegetation has ceased, the roots still abas large, is richer and better situated, with means sorb a small quantity, and as there is no escape of transportation incomparably superior. Prussia through the leaves, the vessels of the tree graduhas seventy-one public establishments to instruct ally become filled or distended, so that on the apthe people in farming, the science of sciences and proach of warm weather, stimulating activity, the the art of arts. New York has not one; and the least wound is followed by a flow of the sap. As proposition to establish a single Agricultural Col- soon as the new leaves expand, as a general rule, lege has again and again been voted down in her this flow from incisions ceases, consequence of Legislature. Ought so shameful a contrast to ex- the drain afforded in another direction. ist between that monarchy and this republic?N. Y. Tribune. VERSES FOR THE YEAR 1900. Tell John to set the kettle on, .I want to take a drive I only want to go to Rome, And shall be back at five; Teil cook to dress those humming birds I shot in Mexico; They've now been killed at least two days, And Tom, take you the gold-leaf wings, I want some Seville oranges, 'Twixt dinner-time and tea; Fly round by France and bring a new The trip I took the other day, For, steering through the milky way, But Tom, you get the car repaired, in Now it usually happens that removing the tree in the spring, cuts off in a measure the supply from the roots at the very moment it is most wanted,-an evil quite as great as that resulting from any diminished supply in consequence of fall planting. Our correspondent speaks of the evil of “a new cold soil;"are we to understand from this that the plant has warmed the bed in which it stood, and that it is chilled, like a human being, by removal to a fresh bed? Is not the "new soil' as relatively cold in spring as in autumn? He speaks of life being "destroyed by transportation" this must refer to long distances; yet trees may be sent thousands of miles if well packed, with nearly or quite the safety attending their removal to the next farm. Ample experience has proved this to be true. Why are we not all allowed to take the same pains in saving the roots and carrying the earth upon them, for autumn as well as for spring transplanting? But throwing theory aside,-we have in the course of our practice set out many ten thousands of trees of various sizes, both in autumn and in spring, and we are satisfied that more, by at least twenty-fold, depends on a good soil, careful work, and especially on the subsequent culture, than on the season of the year; nevertheless, if it were not for the liability to be thrown out or raised by frost, and the danger to half tender sorts from the cold of winter, we think the advantages would decidedly preponderate in favor of autumn, more especially because it is not accompanied with the check we have already spoken of, at the very moment the trees should commence to grow vigorously. We have never found hardy trees to succeed better, if as well, other things being the same, as when carefully dug up in autumn and well laid in FALL AND SPRING TRANSPLANTING. till spring, when they were set out, without the A correspondent objects to the practice of those above mentioned check. Inflate with ten square miles of gas, My steam is surely up by now, — Give me the breath-bag for the way— "who still continue in the old delusion that fall is Shrubs and small plants, if inclining to be tenthe best time for transplanting trees"-stating der, are always made more tender the first winter that "some shrubs, and almost all plants, removed by transplanting; hence they should be either in the fall, when the sap, the great supporter of protected, or the work is done in spring. Hardy, their life, has gone down into their roots, vegeta- early starting perennials, as peonias, pie-plant,&c., tion ceases in them, and they, consigned to a new should always be set out in the fall; while tulips cold soil, perhaps not a single fibre of the roots and many other bulbs require setting a month or taking hold until spring, if, indeed, detached al- two earlier. The practice must be modified by most, if not entirely, from all nourishment, any circumstances, climate, and the habits of the va life remains, are destroyed by fall transportation. rious plants.-Country Gentleman. Fruit trees, being more hardy, bear up, but they are forever stricken, &c. In the spring, "if the RUNAWAY POND.-Fifty ladies and gentlemen, dirt is wet, and packed solid round the roots, be- belonging to Barton, Vt., celebrated the Fourth fore they are dug, touching or injuring as few of of July by a picnic in the basin of the celebrated the fibres and roots as possible, and carefully set-Runaway Pond," near that village. the Irasting in their new bed, vegetation goes straight burg Gazette gives the following description of on," &c. the spot, as measured by some of the engineers We give this quotation for the sake of pointing of the Passumpsic Railroad, who were of the parout a very common error, namely, that the sap ty : goes down into the roots to winter. Instead of "The water before its escape covered over this, the sap pervades usually all parts of a tree 100 acres of land being one mile long and 70 alike, and while covered with leaves, these keep up rods wide for one-half its length. The greatest depth of water which escaped was 85 feet. The there were 7,436,391 bushels of wheat received, highway which now passes through the pond is by lake, at Oswego, of which 1,781,152 bushels for nearly half a mile from 70 to 80 feet below were from foreign ports. During the same season the old water level. The lowest surface of the there were 853,950 barrels of flour shipped by bed of the pond is a bog or meadow from 40 to canal, being 195,596 barrels more than the total 50 rods wide, and nearly half a mile long, by the shipments from Buffalo. The quantity of flour side of which the highway is laid. For this manufactured at Oswego in 1853 was smaller than whole surface the average depth of water may be the two previous years, in consequence of the descalled 80 feet. The sod of most of this is very truction of four or five of the largest mills by fire. tremulous, and a pole, or even an unlucky foot, We give below a table showing the names of once through the sod, goes down without further mills at Oswego, their proprietors, run of stone, obstruction to almost any depth. From an ap- and number of barrels of flour they are capable of proximate estimate, this pond contained 1,988,- making per day :000,000 gallons, above the level of the bog, and Run of Bbls. Flour PROPRIETORS' MAMES. Stone. Per Day. it would take the full discharge of the canal of NAMES OF MILLS. Empire............Doolittle, Irwin & Wright the Boston Water Works six months to fill it. Crescent........... H. C. Wright.... Such was the size of the pond which in 1810 Ontario............G. L. A. B. Grant... burst its barriers, and swept almost in a body Palmetto....... Mollison & Hastings. down the valley." : Atlas..............Geo. Seeley.. Huron.. Premium.... ...C. F. Ulhorn.. Pearl.... ...Wm. Lewis.. Schenandoah.......J. F. Johnson...... OSWEGO---ITS MILLS AND BUSINESS. Total........ 5 500 4 400 6 600 500 500. The mills at Fulton, which should be added, are as follows: NAMES OF MILLS. PROPRIETORS' names. Pratt's Custom.....Timothy Pratt........ Cayuga......... .W. S. Nelson......... Genesee....... Case & Cheseboro... From that period the flouring business at Oswe- Telegraph......... Clark & Pond..... go has been gradually increasing in magnitude-Nelson's Custom... W. S. Nelson... slowly at first, but quite rapidly during the last Voorhees' Custom..J. L. Voorhees.. ten years. The destructive fire which occurred Run of Bbls. Flour 3 5 5 25 here on the 5th of July, 1853, destroyed most of The facilities for handling grain in Oswego are the mills and elevators on the east side of the also extensive there being ten elevators in allriver. Through indomitable energy, however, they half the number of which, however, are attached have all been rebuilt, upon a larger and more ex- to the mills. The elevating capacity is about tensive scale, with all the modern improvements. thirty-six thousand bushels per hour, and the storThere are in Oswego, at the present time, sixteen age room equal to about 2,200,000 bushels. There mills, with eighty-four run of stone, capable of are also two or three floating elevators in the harmanufacturing about nine thousand barrels of flour bor, capable of elevating from 1000 to 1500 busha day. Add to this the flouring mills twelve miles els per hour.-U. S. Economist. up the river, and we have an aggregate of one hundred and nine run of stone, capable of making about twelve thousand barrels of flour, and conCARRYING FRUIT TO MARKET. suming over fifty thousand bushels of wheat per But few days pass at this season of the year, day. during which may not be witnessed at any of our The capital invested in so many mills, the num-market-towns, the effect of carelessness in carrying ber of men employed in running them, and the fruit to market. It is well known to all salesmen capital employed in the purchase of grain to sup- that, be their wares what they may, the better ply them, must necessarily amount to a very high their appearance, the better will they sell. This figure. At the lowest calculation, the capital in- fact seems to be entirely overlooked by farmers vested in mills and elevators will reach nearly when carrying their produce, and more especially $1,000,000; the number of men directly employed fruit, to market. in running them, and in coopering, will exceed For instance, a farmer having early apples for 1,400; and the number of persons deriving sup- sale, will shake them from the tree, pick them port from the labor therein, is not less than 3000. up, bruised and all, throw them into the box of a The hydraulic power of Oswego is immense, lumber-wagon, and drive them eight or ten miles and is still more than two-thirds occupied; and at a smart pace, and over a rough road. Upon arat Oswego Fall there is almost an incalculable riving at his destination he finds them bruised, amount of water-power still unoccupied. The discolored, and withall, looking far more fit for water in the Oswego river is sufficient to drive consumption by swine than for human use. The the mills throughout the year. next effort is to sell them, and in this branch of The amount of wheat received at Oswego from the operation the results of his heedlessness are Upper Lakes and Canada, and the amount of soon made manifest. It is only after a great waste flour shipped by canal, is larger than at any other of time and words that he succeeds in disposing of lake port in the United States. In the year 1853 them, and then but for a meré trifle. It is no |