ILLUSTRATIONS OF VOLUME THREE RUSSO-JAPANESE PEACE CONFERENCE.. PAGE Frontispiece Reproduced in Color from a Photograph by George Grantham THE FIRST READING OF THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION BEFORE Reproduced in Black and White from a Painting by F. B. THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 902 Reproduced in Color from a Painting by James Walker GENERAL PRIM 950 Reproduced in Black and White from a Painting by Henri THE OFFICIAL CAPITULATION OF SEDAN.. 974 Reproduced in Black and White from a Painting by Anton THE DEFENSE OF CHAMPIGNY.... 998 Reproduced in Color from a Painting by Edouard Detaille THEODORE ROOSEVELT 1166 Reproduced in Black and White from a Painting by John S. DEPARTURE OF JAPANESE TROOPS FOR THE FRONT... 1286 Reproduced in Black and White from a Photograph by James MAP OF MANCHURIA (SEAT OF RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR). ....1293 MAP OF THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN. ..1317 POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE WORLD IN 1906... .1335 Map in Color. EVENTS OF 1861 Italian Patriots Take Gaeta and Messina-Unification of Italy-Death of Cavour-Emancipation of Russian Serfs-"Star of the West" Fired upon by Secessionists-Southern Governors Seize Federal Forts and Arsenals-Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas Secede-U. S. Senators from these States Resign -Convention of Seceding States Elects Jefferson Davis President and Alexander H. Stephens Vice-President of New ConfederacyIt Adopts Extreme States Rights Constitution-It_Appoints Commissions to Secure Recognition of Confederacy at Washington and European Capitals-Lincoln Declares His Purpose to Enforce Federal Authority in South-He Appoints Strong but Inharmonious Cabinet-He Refuses to Receive Confederate Commissioners-Confederates Bombard Fort Sumter-It Surrenders-Lincoln's Call for 75,000 Three Months' Men is Quickly Answered-General Lee and Other Southerners in Union Army Resign and Offer Services to Their States-Virginia Secedes-Western Virginia Remains Loyal -Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina Secede-Massachusetts Regiment is Mobbed at Baltimore-Confederates Seize Harper's Ferry-Davis Commissions Privateers-Lincoln Proclaims Blockade of Southern Coast-He Calls for 65,000 Three Years' Men-European Powers Recognize Belligerency of Confederacy-Davis Appoints Generals of Ability-Weakness of Union Military Leadership-Magruder (Confederate) Beats Pierce at Big Bethel, Va.-Beauregard and J. E. Johnston (Confederate) Beat McDowell at Bull Run, Va. -Union Congress Calls for 500,000 Volunteers-Borrows $250,000,000 and Declares Slaves of Confederates Contraband of War-Confederate Congress Confiscates Property of Alien Enemies-Secretary Seward Sends Able Envoys to Europe to Prevent Aid to Confederacy-Mason and Slidell, Southern Commissioners to Europe, are Seized on English Vessel "Trent"-Their Release by Seward Obviates Difficulty with England-Unionists Organize Provisional Government of Missouri-Frémont (Union) Commands Division of the West-Lyon (Union) is Killed at Wilson's Creek-Sterling Price (Confederate) Captures Lexington, Mo.-Frémont is Displaced by Halleck-Kentucky Legislature Remains Loyal-Rise of Grant (Union)-He is Repulsed at Belmont, Mo.-McClellan Succeeds Scott as Head of Union Army-His Policy of Organization and Practice of Procrastination-Evans (Confederate) Defeats Baker at Ball's Bluff, Va.-Baker is Killed-Federal Fleet Captures Hatteras and Port Royal-In China Ward and Burgevine Train Imperial Troops-Death of the Prince Consort of England. N Southern Italy the last blows for national union were I strack early in the year. A French squadron for some time had prevented the Sardinian fleet from bombarding Gaeta. By the middle of January, at last, the French Emperor consented to withdraw his opposition. Gaeta was bombarded by land and by sea. After a resistance of nearly a month the garrison surrendered. The young Queen and 1861 EMANCIPATION OF RUSSIAN SERFS King of Naples were conveyed to the Papal States on a French man-of-war. One month later the citadel of Messina, after a stubborn defence of half a year, capitulated. The union of Italy, with the exception of Rome and Venice, was now complete. By his steadfast adherence to the national cause, Victor Emmanuel had secured the Italian throne for the House of Savoy. Shortly after this crowning stroke of his policy, Cavour, the greatest statesman of modern Italy, passed away. As he lay on his deathbed, Cavour addressed to the priest who had come to shrive him his last words, which summed up the future policy of Italy in regard to Rome: "A free Church in a free State." The greatest event of the year was the emancipation of the Russian serfs, as announced on February 19 in an imperial ukase by Czar Alexander II. The serf population of Russia at that time aggregated 47,100,000 individuals. The Government was to organize a system of loans, which would permit the peasants attached to the soil immediately to liberate themselves from their lords, while remaining debtors to the State. The domestic servants, who were not attached to the soil, were only to receive their personal liberty on condition of serving their masters for two years. This great measure of emancipation, as Rambaud has said in his "History of Russia," was, in fact, a settlement of accounts as to the ancient community existing between masters and peasants. It imposed sacrifice on both parties. When this was brought home to the peasants many believed they had been duped. A strange ferment arose in many provinces; it was necessary to call out the soldiery, and three times the troops had to fire on the people. In the Government of Kazan 10,000 men rose at the call of the peasant Petrof, who announced to them "the true liberty." Hundreds perished, and Petrof was taken and shot. A revolution in Warsaw was suppressed by the presence of 80,000 Russian soldiers. |